Baby Shiba Inu

Jack Kubinec

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">subscribe</a>.



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It seems like conversations about sandwich attacks on Solana — where advanced traders front-run and back-run trades to extract value at the expense of unsophisticated traders — come and go every few weeks with little resolution. Most people agree sandwiching is bad, but there’s not yet consensus on how the problem can be solved.



The discourse flared up again this week after the Solana researcher Ben Coverston <a href="https://x.com/HypoNyms/status/1866584138054242683">posted</a> on social media that the network’s top sandwich bot, dubbed arsc, was pocketing millions of dollars-worth of tokens per day from sandwich attacks. Coverston predicted that if current trends hold, arsc would become Solana’s largest staker within 1-2 years. Interestingly, one of the researcher’s proposed fixes included the reintroduction of a “mempool” staging area for transactions — which Jito got rid of earlier this year in hopes of preventing sandwiching.



Sandwich attackers exploit slippage — the gap between a trade&#8217;s expected and executed price. They front-run the target transaction by placing their own trade first, which shifts the price in their favor. Then, they back-run the same transaction by placing another trade immediately after, locking in a financial win off of the manipulated price movement. As a result, the original trader often ends up with a worse execution price, effectively subsidizing the attacker&#8217;s profit.



This is a form of maximal extractible value (MEV) where sandwichers extract value from Solana blocks at the expense of less sophisticated users. Solana has taken a number of actions meant to prevent sandwiching in recent months. In March, Solana infrastructure company Jito Labs <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/jito-labs-suspends-mempool-functionality">got rid of its public mempool</a>, which was a staging area where transactions could be arranged to create MEV revenue for validators.



Sandwiching validators then set up their own private mempools, and the attacks continued. Two months later, the Solana Foundation <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/lightspeed-newsletter-sandwich-attacks">stopped offering financial help</a> to validators who were participating in private mempools. In September, Jito blacklisted a group of private mempool validators from participating in its stake pool, which is a large pile of staked SOL Jito’s software delegates.



The criticism of the Solana Foundation and Jito’s blacklist-the-bad-guys strategy is that it’s essentially playing whack-a-mole: Blacklisted validators can always spin up a new validator and resume sandwiching.&nbsp;



That’s what’s interesting about Coverston’s proposal, which he expanded upon in a blog <a href="https://tempxyz.substack.com/p/solanas-largest-existential-risk">post</a>. The privatization of mempools has reduced the number of validators executing sandwich attacks, but the few who remain, like arsc, are staking their substantial profits back into their own operations. This has led to a concerning centralization of staked Solana within a handful of nefarious validators.



To counter this, Coverston suggests re-enabling a public mempool. While this move might make sandwiching more widespread, it could also foster competition among validators executing these strategies. The increased competition would help distribute MEV profits more evenly, preventing a single group of validators from disproportionately accumulating stake — and power — on the network.



This would essentially be a reversal from Solana’s anti-sandwiching strategy over the past nine months.



To put this all in perspective though, sandwiching may not really matter in the long run. High-frequency trading strategies that are ascendent in the US equities market are basically meant to sandwich attack other traders, Blockworks Research’s Ryan Connor <a href="https://x.com/_ryanrconnor/status/1860319636883181873">pointed out</a>. That hasn’t stopped equities trading volumes from climbing to all-time highs.



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Solana should reintroduce a public mempool, researcher says

Casey Wagner

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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The Chinese yuan fell against the US dollar Wednesday morning after Reuters <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/chinese-authorities-are-considering-weaker-yuan-trump-trade-risks-loom-sources-2024-12-11/">reported</a> Chinese officials may opt to move away from their “stable currency” policy in response to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/unpacking-trump-potential-tariff-policies">tariffs</a> under President-elect Donald Trump.&nbsp;



The key words here are “stable currency policy.” That’s not to be confused with “stablecoin policy,” which China also has (but that’s a topic for another newsletter). China’s central bank is notorious for its commitments to keep the yuan <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/on-the-margin-newsletter-china-stimulus-stagnation">stable</a>, but a strategic currency devaluation does have some historical precedent.&nbsp;



It’s a tool China used back in 2018 and 2019 during Trump’s first term. Allowing the yuan to lose value against the dollar makes exports less expensive, potentially offsetting the 10% tariff Trump has said he’d impose during his second stint in Washington; but devaluation also poses risks to the local economy. Hypothetically, foreign buyers may be paying less for Chinese goods, but Chinese consumers would be paying more.&nbsp;



The Chinese yuan slid around 0.2% Wednesday, dropping to 7.26 per dollar. Year to date, the yuan has lost 2.4% against the dollar.&nbsp;



The move comes as President Joe Biden plans to increase Section 301 tariffs designed to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/key-inflation-data-week">target</a> China’s cleantech industry during his final weeks in office.&nbsp;



“Many countries, when they&#8217;re faced with unilateral actions of that sort, look for ways to retaliate,” US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen told Bloomberg today when asked about Trump’s broad tariff plans for China. “My guess would be that [China] would do that.”&nbsp;



We’re 40 days out from the inauguration, so this story is just getting started. Keep an eye on your inbox.



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Chinese yuan dips on reports government may resort to using old tricks 

Ben Strack

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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It’s been 11 months since US spot bitcoin ETFs went live on Jan. 11.&nbsp;



To mark the occasion, here are 11 facts about those products:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Combined net inflows now stand at $34.3 billion, according to Farside Investors <a href="https://farside.co.uk/bitcoin-etf-flow-all-data/">data</a>. BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) alone has <a href="https://x.com/strack_ben/status/1844096306492637199">welcomed $35 billion</a> to its coffers, while Fidelity’s product is the runner-up with flows of $12.1 billion.</li>



<li>Since Nov. 6 (the day Donald Trump was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/donald-trump-declared-president-2024-election">named</a> the election winner, removing crypto’s remaining <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/matt-hougan-crypto-reputational-risk">reputational risk</a> for many), the bitcoin ETF category has reeled in $10.8 billion of new capital. </li>



<li>The segment has collectively notched net inflows on 158 of 231 trading days (68% of the time). The best day (nearly $1.4 billion) came on Nov. 7. The <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/unprecedented-us-spot-bitcoin-etf-outflows">most outflows</a> ($564 million, on May 1) were attributed in part to a profit-taking-fueled <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/btc-record-monthly-growth-streak-jeopardized">BTC dip</a>. </li>



<li>BlackRock’s IBIT had $50.8 billion in assets, as of Dec. 10. That’s about $17 billion more than the firm’s Gold Trust (IAU), which launched in 2005; but it’s about $24 billion less than the assets in State Street’s SPDR Gold Shares (GLD), which hit the market in 2004.</li>



<li>While IBIT’s average daily inflows are $152 million, that figure for the WisdomTree Bitcoin Fund (BTCW) stands at less than $1 million.</li>



<li>On the point of varying flow success, nearly $21 billion has left the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust (GBTC) — a result <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/grayscale-fee-higher-bitcoin-etf">largely anticipated</a>. The firm’s cheaper <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/grayscales-spin-off-etf-launches-crypto-outlook">Bitcoin Mini Trust</a> (BTC), launched on July 31, has captured almost $900 million of new money.  </li>



<li>As for volumes, an average of 44.5 million IBIT shares <a href="https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/IBIT/">trade</a> per day (worth roughly $2.6 billion at IBIT’s current price). The BlackRock product <a href="https://etfdb.com/compare/volume/">ranks</a> eighth in that category (by shares) across all ETFs in the trailing three months — slightly behind the <a href="https://etfdb.com/etf/SPY/">SPDR S&amp;P 500 ETF Trust</a> (SPY).   </li>



<li>Since spot ether ETFs <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ether-etfs-approved-for-us-exchange-july-23">hit</a> US markets on July 23, capital entering the BTC products ($16.8 billion) is roughly nine times more than the net flows ($1.9 billion) going into their ETH counterparts. So ETH ETF net inflows over that span is roughly 11% that of bitcoin ETFs — below Bloomberg Intelligence <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sizing-up-demand-for-us-eth-etfs">estimates</a> that fell between 15% and 25%.</li>



<li>Institutional buyers of these ETFs have included hedge funds, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/advisers-bitcoin-etfs-client-portfolios">advisers</a> and even <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/btc-exposure-pensions-endowments">pension funds</a>. Jersey City officials told Blockworks the city’s pension fund planned to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/jersey-city-pension-funds-btc-exposure">buy bitcoin ETFs</a> this month.</li>



<li>Data <a href="https://x.com/EricBalchunas/status/1865012801997087105">shared</a> by Bloomberg Intelligence suggests bitcoin ETFs now hold more bitcoin than the estimated 1.1 million BTC held by Satoshi Nakamoto. Put another way, this is about 5% of the overall bitcoin supply.</li>



<li>Lastly, the value of each fund’s BTC stash — compared to how much they paid for the coins — may not be what you think. Blockworks’ David Canellis <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etf-performance-comparison">wrote</a> about this recently.</li>
</ol>



Bitwise executives <a href="https://bitwiseinvestments.com/crypto-market-insights/the-year-ahead-10-crypto-predictions-for-2025">predicted</a> Tuesday that bitcoin ETFs will attract more flows next year than they did in 2024. Let’s see what happens in the next few weeks and go from there.



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11 bitcoin ETF facts 11 months after US listings

Macauley Peterson

Extended, formerly X10, is ramping up its hybrid derivatives exchange to provide open access to all users today. An invite-only launch saw $300 million in trading volume, according to the <a href="https://docs.extended.exchange/about-extended/team">team</a>.



Key to its offering will be unified portfolio margining, which enables users to trade both spot and perpetuals with a single collateral pool, thus enhancing capital efficiency for traders. While commonplace in traditional finance, unified margining is still rare in DeFi. Extended further boasts ultra-low latency (10-20ms), comparable to centralized exchanges, achieved through centralized order processing with trustless onchain settlement.



This system is supported by StarkWare&#8217;s StarkEx technology, the same platform <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/dydx">dYdX</a> v3 employed prior to launching its own chain.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/dydx-staking-goes-live">dYdX tokenomics scrutinized as staking goes live</a>



The trust-minimized architecture includes permissionless withdrawals, and Extended has plans to migrate to Starknet, according to CEO Ruslan Fakhrutdinov.



&#8220;Based on our reviews and assessments, [<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/starkware">StarkWare</a> is] at least years ahead of anyone else, technologically,” Fakhrutdinov, the former head of crypto operations at Revolut, told Blockworks.



“For us, blockchain is just a settlement layer,” Fakhrutdinov said, emphasizing the platform’s chain-agnostic approach. “As long as it has the infrastructure for trustless settlement, we can always settle and migrate if necessary,” he said.



One novel feature of Extended is that user collateral is fully segregated and never comingled, even within its planned liquidity vaults launching in early 2025. Funds are held in individual sub-accounts tied directly to their contributions, with onchain settlements reflecting this separation. Unlike other platforms that offer vaults, such as Hyperliquid, which pool funds under a central manager, Extended’s approach mitigates legal risks and maintains transparency.



The vaults are nevertheless treated as a single user for efficiency during centralized processing, and splits transactions during settlement.



Fakhrutdinov credits “asynchronous, parallelized settlement,” as the key to achieving such low latency, “on par with any centralized exchange.



Extended has no token, but <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/a16z-90m-bid-optimism">raised $6.5 million</a> earlier this year and plans to launch a points program soon.



Correction Dec. 11, 2024, at 3:06 pm ET: Extended doesn&#8217;t yet offer unified margining in the current open beta.



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A Binance-like experience with decentralized settlement

Donovan Choy

Building an application or a rollup today isn&#8217;t difficult. Whether it’s the OP Stack or Arbitrum Orbit, there are a variety of blockchain technology frameworks to choose from.



These tech stacks are tremendously useful for builders to go to market quickly, but they’re also constraining in practice.&nbsp;



Crypto is still a young industry, and businesses seek increasingly differentiated architectures to suit their unique use cases.



As such, most applications do not fit into an existing technology stack framework. For instance, an application builder may want to change what happens in a block, or introduce custom cryptography, rather than being tied to the rules of how an L1 blockchain’s state is governed.



So developers frequently fork and customize to get what they need. Cosmos’ CometBFT consensus layer (itself a fork of Tendermint Core) for instance, is one of the most frequently forked consensus mechanisms by projects such as <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/sei-network">Sei</a>, Celestia, <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/dydx">dYdX</a>, Penumbra and more.



For a thousand chains or dapps to bloom, builders want even more modularity than simply choosing between data availability layers or consensus mechanisms. That’s the bet middleware blockchain infrastructure platform Commonware is making.



Commonware is an open-source “anti-framework” set of primitives that developers can use to build and reassemble their applications without resorting to a complicated fork.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Today, I&#39;m excited to share <a href="https://twitter.com/commonwarexyz?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@commonwarexyz</a> raised $9M from <a href="https://twitter.com/HaunVentures?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@HaunVentures</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/dragonfly_xyz?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@dragonfly_xyz</a>, and an experienced group of builders to rethink the way blockchains are built for the decade ahead. Unveiling Commonware: the Anti-Framework <a href="https://t.co/C5EbpHZ76b">pic.twitter.com/C5EbpHZ76b</a>&mdash; patrickogrady.xyz (@_patrickogrady) <a href="https://twitter.com/_patrickogrady/status/1866866850107363582?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">December 11, 2024</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



Led by a $9 million fundraise backed by Haun Ventures and Dragonfly Capital, Commonware wants to break the existing “one-size-fits-all” mold that comes with today’s technology stacks.



“Frameworks today like the Cosmos SDK and CometBFT is open and flexible in a few specific ways, but I argue that you get stuck eventually,” said Commonware founder Patrick O’Grady. “You have to redo and fork and rebuild a lot of stuff, and builders end up spending too much time dealing with the abstractions rather than focusing on the product.”



Existing frameworks prescribe a standard way to build an app. In contrast, Commonware does not tie developers into any specific security configurations, hardcoded block formats, mempool policies or execution rules.



Developers building with Commonware can custom design their own mempool configurations, or introduce their own execution environments, rather than having to comply with prescribed block formats. On the consensus layer, they can determine how validators are rewarded.



“We want builders to be able to use Commonware to couple their existing applications with their own custom capabilities,” O’Grady said. “Developers shouldn’t have to decide which ecosystem’s religion they want to be part of first, then build their application as a second step.”&nbsp;



For that reason, Commonware’s set of architectural primitives is best thought of as an optimized, architectural way to build in Web3.



One such primitive is the <a href="https://docs.rs/commonware-consensus/latest/commonware_consensus/">consensus::simplex</a>, a minimalistic consensus primitive that provides Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) agreements.



For Commonware chains to communicate with one another, the team plans to incorporate an optional <a href="https://commonware.xyz/blogs/commonware-cryptography.html">threshold signature</a> primitive into its consensus construction.



The threshold signature would enable any chain to generate a static public key and verify outputs from other chains, thereby enabling efficient point-to-point communication without chains sharing any similar overlapping trust assumptions.



Commonware is not striving to create another “chain of chains” architecture such as the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/optimism-interoperability-layer-superchain">OP Superchain</a>, which binds you into preset execution rules, O’Grady explains. It further extends the modular evolution of blockchains that Ethereum’s rollup-centric roadmap kickstarted and augments existing virtual machines, rather than completely replacing them.



For more, tap into the <a href="https://youtu.be/S_4_ob-KyMA">Bell Curve podcast</a> with Commonware.



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Commonware unveils ‘anti-framework’ for optimized blockchain development

Katherine Ross

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">subscribe</a>.



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Brutal week so far for altcoins.&nbsp;



In the stock market, you generally look for a Santa Claus rally at the end of December into early January as a nice, green way to close out the year and welcome a new chapter.&nbsp;



Whether we could see a similar thing in crypto is still up in the air. Right now it’s looking iffy.



On the upside, altcoin leverage managed to hold through Dec. 5, but Monday saw the biggest daily long liquidation event since May 2021, as K33 analysts noted. Ouch.&nbsp;



“Ever since the election, long bets have been rewarded. This dynamic allowed open interest to accumulate with a steadily growing long concentration. This growth is evident by looking at total open interest in altcoins relative to the total altcoin market cap,” they wrote.&nbsp;



“This metric grew from 3.57% to 4.42% from the election until December 9, amidst a very high funding rate environment in December. [Monday’s] liquidation cascade saw altcoin leverage plunge by $12.8bn, reducing the relative altcoin leverage to 3.96%.”



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXc6JmswNJEd0xTGKvFzom7c2fKBXUuUIFDcpxfVf3U0AIWhO4iecXpnZFQGTLoOqoSfmApoQ2IR4yMzPZaCpbEmDlBxWnTMdX_wJAH8dZsJa1XiYSlKGKxfANYHYIcGLpob19ik?key=3EbJpl66pmtt39sBTheYnS8N" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A look at open interest in altcoins</figcaption></figure>



To put those metrics into perspective, altcoin open interest marked the “biggest relative decline in altcoin leverage since the FTX collapse.”



BitOoda analysts, following Monday’s sell-off, said that they expect more “sideways trading through year-end marked by periods of low liquidity and choppy price action.” And we very well may see that given the highly leveraged products and “exaggerated” price action moves.&nbsp;



The good news, however, is that while this is a decently sized bump in the road, it doesn’t sound like it’s impacting the bullish 2025 outlook shared lately by many.&nbsp;



Perhaps there’s still hope for a Santa rally.



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Santa rally? Altcoins could use a Christmas miracle

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">subscribe</a>.



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I was on a Google Meet with Benedikt Schuppli when the co-founder and CEO of Obligate began screen-sharing his email inbox.&nbsp;



“Can you see this?,” he asked, pulling up an email from a Swiss bank with a large graphic advertising a 175% participation rate for a financial product. “If this wasn’t a Swiss bank you’d be thinking, ‘Well, that’s obviously some type of scam. Someone’s trying to sell me 175% yield.’”



The Swiss bank was offering Schuppli a structured product, a financial instrument that the CEO called the “degen products of TradFi” — and he’s now trying to bring it to crypto with his new startup Margarita Finance.



The basic premise of Margarita is that users can easily mix their yield appetite and risk tolerance like a cocktail. Schuppli hopes the project’s blockchain backing can cut out intermediaries that drive up costs and let a new market segment tap into structured products, which offer the sort of risk curve that DeFi users tend to like.



Structured products are pre-packaged investments that involve a bond and a call option typically on a basket of assets or an index. Structured products don’t lose their principal investment if the optioned assets fall in value because of the bond’s appreciation in value, so they theoretically present less risk than just trading options.



Traditional structured products have lots of middlemen that charge fees, and these fees are passed onto investors, Schuppli said. With Margarita, he said, his team has created a “fully programmable digital asset” that makes fee structures less opaque.&nbsp;



Margarita currently lets users invest a minimum of 10 USDC with an option on the price of SOL. Investors can set their preferred yield and maturity date, and they’re then offered a structured product, the return of which depends on if SOL’s price falls below a given barrier. The options are priced by Bermuda-based STS digital and come with a “whole-ass legal documentation” that Schuppli, a lawyer by training, pointed out to me.&nbsp;



Margarita Finance is being developed within Obligate, an on-chain bond platform built on Polygon. The goal is to spin Margarita into a DAO once its network and token are launched. Of Obligate’s 15 employees, five are currently working on Margarita. Building Margarita on Solana was much easier than in an Ethereum-compatible environment due to Solana’s token-2022 standard, Schuppli said.&nbsp;



Margarita announced $1 million in pre-seed funding two weeks ago, and it is in the process of raising seed funding, Schuppli said. The project also received a grant from the Solana Foundation.&nbsp;



Margarita isn’t the first crypto outfit to try out structured products, but it does think it can be the most straightforward to use.&nbsp;



“They’ve been very clunky and very technical,” Schuppli said of some other structured product implementations. “DeFi and financial products oftentimes are created by people with a technical bias.”



We’ll see if that’s enough of an improvement for Margarita to make onchain structured products a thing — and whether the degen products of TradFi are degen enough for DeFi.



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Meet the project bringing TradFi’s ‘degen products’ to Solana

David Canellis

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">subscribe</a>.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



If a thriving blockchain ecosystem were a recipe, the ingredients would go something like this:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>One consensus mechanism</li>



<li>Four DeFi apps*</li>



<li>A driven founder/figurehead</li>



<li>One native stablecoin (at least)</li>



<li>Two legal entities (dev studio and foundation)</li>



<li>One token bridge (minimum)</li>



<li>Three terminally online reply guys</li>
</ul>



The secret ingredient would be one or more of the following: funding rounds, mid-cap memecoins, NFT collections, active VC funds and third-party validator clients.



*Minimum required DeFi apps: DEX w/ token launchpads, lending/collateralized debt, liquid staking, oracle



So, while there are now hundreds of smart contract platforms with halfway decent market capitalizations, not all are buzzing to quite the same degree as the majors — Ethereum, Solana and BNB.



Case in point: XRPL, which has all but $63 million <a href="https://defillama.com/chain/XRPL">TVL</a> in its onchain apps. Ripple Labs is right now working hard on finishing its own recipe, more than 12 years after its launch.



Starting easy, XRPL does have the consensus mechanism, albeit without the usual staking or mining, instead relying on trusted validators. And it already has a few token bridges.



There are also two legal entities: the San Francisco-headquartered Ripple Labs and the Estonian non-profit XRP Ledger Foundation, which was recently <a href="https://xrpl.org/blog/2024/evolving-the-xrp-ledger">rebranded</a> to the Inclusive Financial Technology Foundation.



Ripple Labs CEO Brad Garlinghouse obviously ticks the box for driven founder-slash-figurehead.



As for the reply guys, David Schwartz, Ripple Labs’ long-serving CTO, has built a following on solid <a href="https://x.com/JoelKatz/with_replies">reply</a> guy energy (check).



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcjHp4yM7YokZsMXlYr7xqLGcxzwWDssl8W-bNLlnUo36AzSf-FdkUXxBaK46uiE-Gx6KuuraefqfKPb5Gk0ZGZaNk7ZUg_dq2WQro1mR39myFjtvfWE4mzHVdJ6jwox5aF11FNuA?key=3EbJpl66pmtt39sBTheYnS8N" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Every major blockchain could do with a David Schwartz</figcaption></figure>



And anyone who has ever tweeted anything remotely critique-adjacent has likely been visited by the XRP Army — which together truly harnesses the power of much more than just two reply guys (check check).



That leaves the four DeFi apps and a native stablecoin.&nbsp;



XRPL currently has <a href="https://dappradar.com/rankings/protocol/xrpl">four</a> DeFi apps with 100 unique active wallets interacting with them daily right now — but three of them are DEXs and one is an NFT marketplace. As of last month, it does have a <a href="https://xrpl.org/docs/concepts/decentralized-storage/price-oracles">native</a> oracle, which should help to attract builders.



And conveniently, XRPL is the exception to the rule (with no direct staking XRP as part of consensus), so it can do without the liquid staking app in any case.



The only ingredients then left are a bustling lending protocol and a native stablecoin.



Luckily, a stablecoin is very much on the way: Ripple USD (RLUSD), which the New York State Department of Financial Services just <a href="https://x.com/bgarlinghouse/status/1866571228464460215">approved</a> for offering.



It’ll be structured similarly to Circle’s USDT and Tether’s USDT, backed by cash and equivalents (mostly short-dated US Treasurys).



With XRPL so close to acquiring all the necessary ingredients to really pop, it’s no surprise then that DeFi veteran Robert Leshner is now <a href="https://www.dlnews.com/articles/defi/robert-leshner-is-looking-to-back-defi-projects-on-ripple/">open</a> to backing projects building out the Ripple ecosystem via his fund (VC bonus point get!).



The pièce de résistance for XRPL would then be a roster of its own mid-cap memecoins, as is traditional fare.&nbsp;



Like it or not, those are <a href="https://dexscreener.com/xrpl?rankBy=trendingScoreH24&amp;order=desc">cooking</a> too, although the biggest of which is an XRP Army-themed coin with a $45 million market cap (still too small).&nbsp;



The bright side: Only $15 million in tokens were <a href="https://dexscreener.com/xrpl?rankBy=trendingScoreH24&amp;order=desc">traded</a> on XRPL in the past day. Should RLUSD find decent traction, watch that number only go up from here to fully round out the recipe.&nbsp;



Bellisimo!



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Ripple could still nail this magic blockchain recipe

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The Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee on Wednesday is set to vote on whether Caroline Crenshaw will remain an SEC commissioner.&nbsp;&nbsp;



While the crypto industry has <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-crypto-anti-innovation-crusade">criticized</a> SEC Chair Gary Gensler, crypto lobbyist group Cedar Innovation Foundation (and <a href="https://x.com/JSeyff/status/1865147022812049635">others</a>) have <a href="https://x.com/CIFonX/status/1866529102309531790">called</a> Crenshaw even more anti-crypto than him.



Coinbase’s Emilie Choi last week <a href="https://x.com/emiliemc/status/1865191039495024804">pointed out</a> that Crenshaw &#8220;embarrassingly&#8221; <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/commissioner-etf-statements-signals-contention">opposed</a> spot bitcoin ETFs. Those have amassed combined net inflows of $33.9 billion and counting.



Indeed, Crenshaw called the SEC’s approval of the products in January “unsound and ahistorical” — adding “they put us on a wayward path that could further sacrifice investor protection.”



Cody Carbone, president of The Digital Chamber, argued in a <a href="https://digitalchamber.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/TDC-Crenshaw-Nomination-Letter.pdf">letter</a> to committee members that Crenshaw — in <a href="https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/speeches-statements/crenshaw-statement-spot-bitcoin-011023">her dissent</a> on spot bitcoin ETFs — cited outdated studies and ignored the industry’s maturity.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-grayscale-spot-bitcoin-etf">Judges ruled</a> in August 2023 that the SEC had arbitrarily and capriciously denied such products after greenlighting bitcoin futures funds.



Crenshaw was sworn in as an SEC commissioner in Aug. 2020. Carbone pointed out what many have before: During her tenure, “the agency leaned heavily on a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/regulation-by-enforcement-unsustainable">regulation-by-enforcement</a> approach, creating an unpredictable environment that has stifled innovation and undermined investor confidence.”



I asked a representative for Crenshaw whether the commissioner has had any change of heart on bitcoin ETFs or the crypto space more broadly. I did not get an immediate response.&nbsp;



Gensler said last month he would <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/gary-gensler-resigning">depart the SEC</a> on Jan. 20 (Inauguration Day). Fellow Democrat Commissioner Jaime Lizárraga is <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-departures-regulation-changes">also set to leave</a> the agency that day. 



That leaves crypto-friendly Hester Peirce and Mark Uyeda as commissioners — with terms ending in 2025 and <a href="https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-1">2028</a>, respectively. 



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Crypto industry sounds off on SEC’s Crenshaw ahead of vote

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There was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/microsoft-bitcoin-balance-sheet">a proposal</a> asking Microsoft’s board of directors to assess whether holding bitcoin on the company’s balance sheet would benefit shareholders long-term.&nbsp;



Shareholders voted against it, the company revealed Tuesday. This wasn’t really a surprise, as the board had pushed for that result, giving the following rationale: 



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1432" height="528" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-95226" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=1432 1432w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Board-recommendation.png?w=80 80w" sizes="(max-width: 1432px) 100vw, 1432px" /></figure>



Still, bitcoin bull <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-salesmen-michael-saylor-larry-fink">Michael Saylor</a> got some face time (sort of) with company directors and shareholders via a pre-recorded <a href="https://x.com/saylor/status/1863323760511627565">presentation</a> played at today’s meeting.



Saylor has <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-salesmen-michael-saylor-larry-fink">creatively described bitcoin</a> in many ways over the years — from an “apex property of the human race” to “a city in cyberspace that is 276 blocks wide, 276 blocks high [and] 276 blocks deep” (referencing its supply cap of 21 million).



During the Microsoft presentation, the MicroStrategy founder referred to bitcoin as:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>“The greatest digital transformation of the 21st century”</li>



<li>“A revolutionary advance in capital preservation”</li>



<li>“Highest performing uncorrelated asset”</li>



<li>“Outperforming Microsoft by 10x annually”</li>



<li>“An asset without counterparty risk”  </li>
</ul>



“It makes a lot more sense to buy bitcoin than to buy your own stock back, or to hold bitcoin rather than holding bonds,” Saylor argued.&nbsp;



The proposal rejection was not the result many in the crypto industry wanted. But Microsoft claims its management already carefully considers investing in bitcoin. And with more companies adopting BTC as a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/company-treasuries-btc-reserve-asset">reserve asset</a>, maybe the tech giant will follow suit another time.&nbsp;



If nothing else, Saylor got to say his piece to a different audience.&nbsp;



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Microsoft BTC-related shareholder proposal rejected

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US equity markets were muted Tuesday as traders await key inflation data. November’s consumer price index (CPI) report will drop tomorrow before the open, followed by the producer price index (PPI) report on Thursday morning.&nbsp;



A quick recap of expectations for tomorrow:&nbsp;



Analysts are anticipating November’s annual CPI figure to come in at 2.7%, a moderate uptick from October. Core CPI, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, is projected to show a 3.3% annual increase and a 0.3% month-over-month increase in November.&nbsp;



Housing costs will be in focus tomorrow after the shelter index in October increased by 0.4% from the prior month. Other indexes that saw monthly increases in October were used cars and trucks (+0.3%), medical care (+0.3%) and airline fares (+3.2%). The significant rise in airline fares specifically can be attributed to higher fuel prices and increased demand in the weeks leading up to holiday travel.&nbsp;



As we wrote about <a href="https://forward-guidance.beehiiv.com/p/weekday-month-day-9b1457d9b8d913de">yesterday</a>, the background for this week’s inflationary numbers is a (generally speaking) Goldilocks jobs report from last week. Goldilocks jobs report + as-expected CPI and PPI reports = rate cut. Right? Well, probably.&nbsp;



Let’s rewind to that “Goldilocks” jobs report from last week.&nbsp;



The economy added 227,000 jobs in November. That was more than the expected 202,000 and a big increase from the 36,000 positions added in October (upwardly revised from a previously reported 12,000). All in all good, right? Ah, but there were some pesky figures included in last week’s report, too.&nbsp;



Hourly wages are still on the rise. They were 4% higher annually in November, coming in just above expectations of 3.9%. Unemployment also increased, hitting 4.2% in November, up from 4.1% in October.&nbsp;



Plus, even as positions appear to be increasing, it’s getting harder to find a job. Latest initial jobless claims figures showed that continuing claims increased by 9,000 to 1.91 million for the week ended Nov. 16 — hitting the highest level since November 2021.&nbsp;



So, not the prettiest picture for the labor market.&nbsp;



Still, Fed funds futures markets appear pretty certain (86% sure, to be exact) that FOMC members will opt to cut interest rates by 25 basis points next week. This would be in line with what Fed officials told us earlier this year, and we know Chair Jerome Powell doesn’t like to surprise the market.&nbsp;



What’s going to be more of a wild card is what we see from the Fed in 2025. We’ve already seen officials start to prime markets for a slower-paced cutting cycle. Governor Michelle Bowman — who, you might remember, dissented on the FOMC’s decision to cut by 50bps in September — mirrored Powell’s language last week, saying the central bank needs to move “cautiously” going forward. 



Plus, 2025 will bring a new (old) president with some familiar and some not-so-familiar <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/unpacking-trump-potential-tariff-policies">economic policies</a>. Buckle up.



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Traders brace for key inflation data this week 

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After announcing its ME token back in August, Magic Eden finally launched the token today, alongside an impressive number of listings across several tier one and two centralized exchanges.



About 10 minutes before launch, ME saw a 47% spike from $6.04 to a high of $8.9 on its pre-launch perps on <a href="https://app.aevo.xyz/perpetual/me">Aevo</a>. Two hours after launch, however, ME has cratered to a $581 million market cap, down 60% from $1.48 billion.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcm5Eqhy-Q5NOlHJwY9TEplLoNEDYHWYwQRhfqRQ5devtzlNteOkTvDXVhbeguQeDJDHoW9OT9PrX72b27Bc1qroT5mHQjAOa6U7ANCBQY5uU3RI6SdGdUNVnLnZ-Pt6xuDxwXy8Q?key=tMqbuyp0Co6UjV-kx_GiQ3m8" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://www.okx.com/trade-spot/me-usdt?channelid=43776722">OKX</a></figcaption></figure>



Users are reporting technical <a href="https://x.com/TheCryptoLif7/status/1866486622231068732">difficulties</a> <a href="https://x.com/punk9059/status/1866489409790681538">trying</a> to claim the airdrop on the Magic Eden wallet. As part of Magic Eden’s criteria, users had to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/magic-eden-confirms-token-expansion-beyond-nfts">install its mobile walle</a>t and link their other wallets to prove eligibility for claiming.



Magic Eden originally launched as a NFT trading platform <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/solana-marketplace-magic-eden-to-offer-ethereum-nfts">on Solana</a> in 2021, and later also deployed on Polygon and Base.



Magic Eden successfully capitalized on the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/runes-bitcoin-token-standard-ordinals">Bitcoin NFT</a> craze in early 2024, processing about <a href="https://www.nftpulse.org/marketplaces?chain=bitcoin">83%</a> ($1.7 billion) of all Ordinals and Runes NFTs trading volumes in the past year.



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NFT marketplace Magic Eden airdrops ME

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The Interchain Foundation (ICF) has acquired Skip, a 20-person team deeply embedded in the Cosmos ecosystem, signaling a transformative shift in its operational model. The acquisition establishes a new subsidiary, Interchain Inc., which will oversee product development, ecosystem strategy and execution, led by Skip co-founders Barry Plunkett and Maghnus Mareneck.



The move departs from ICF’s previous model of funding independent teams to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/cosmos-ecosystem-receives-funding">develop parts</a> of the Cosmos stack. Instead, it centralizes development efforts to align work across the Cosmos Hub, its tech stack and the broader ecosystem.



Ethan Buchman, Cosmos co-founder and an outgoing ICF Foundation Council member, praised the acquisition as a pivotal step forward.



“[It’s] time to realize all the latent potential seething beneath the surface of the [Cosmos] and the [Cosmos Hub],” Buchman <a href="https://x.com/buchmanster/status/1866451086590300634">said</a>. His company, Informal Systems, previously coordinated major upgrades like <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/cosmos-greenlights-interchain-security">Interchain Security</a> (ICS) and had identified Skip as its top choice for leadership in the ecosystem.



Informal Systems had made a “small angel investment” in Skip in 2022, but Buchman emphasized that the investment was repurchased by Skip to eliminate any perceived conflict of interest.



Plunkett described the acquisition as a deeply emotional moment for Skip, rooted in his ideological alignment with Cosmos’ mission. “Cosmos is the last ecosystem and stack that truly upholds the values of our movement: sovereignty for users and developers, permissionlessness, and trust-minimization,” <a href="https://x.com/BPIV400/status/1866457471348343261">Plunkett said</a> on X.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tackling Cosmos’ ‘liquidity crisis’</h2>



Skip aims to resolve what Plunkett calls a liquidity crisis in Cosmos. The lack of liquidity has hindered developers, driving many to alternative ecosystems. The Cosmos Hub and its native token, <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/atom">ATOM</a>, will play a central role in addressing this issue.



The <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/cosmos">Cosmos</a> tech stack — including the Cosmos SDK, IBC protocol, and CometBFT consensus — is utilized by over 115 interconnected blockchains and secures billions in assets. However, fragmentation, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/cosmos-fork-jae-kwon">political strife</a> and a lack of unifying leadership have created challenges for developers in recent years.



“The Cosmos Hub right now doesn’t serve any kind of functions for the broader ecosystem, and it’s extremely hard to build on,” Plunkett told Blockworks. “We need to fix that by making it easier for builders and ensuring the Hub provides services to grow and scale chains, especially in terms of liquidity.”



The acquisition is part of ICF’s broader strategy to centralize engineering, growth and marketing efforts, creating a cohesive vision for the development of the Cosmos Hub and the Interchain Stack.



Skip and ICF will seek endorsement from Cosmos Hub governance for their plan in January.



“But ultimately, we don’t have control over that at all,&#8221; Mareneck said.



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Radical change at the ICF: A new era for the Cosmos ecosystem?

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Abe Simpson’s <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DlTexEXxLQ">rant</a> about the difficulties of staying hip as you age is just as insightful when applied to crypto.



Five years ago, you might have been with “it.” You might’ve stacked your portfolio with coins like litecoin, XRP, stellar and cardano, and maybe even zilliqa, waltonchain, lisk or omisego.



But the market soon changed what “it” was. Now what you’re holding isn’t “it” anymore, and what’s “it” seems weird (<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ai-agent-crypto-innovation">AI agent memecoins</a>) and scary (<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/pumpdotfun-suspends-livestream-feature">pump.fun rugs</a>).



It’ll happen to you!



While looking back, 2019 does feel like another world — years before Bored Apes, Ethereum <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-layer-2-blockspace">layer-2s</a> and memecoins other than DOGE — some things haven’t changed at all.&nbsp;



The top three coins this morning were BTC, ETH and XRP, just as they were back then. You can even go further into the past to July 2016 and <a href="https://coinmarketcap.com/historical/20160701/">find</a> the exact same projects in podium positions.



Still, outside of those three, much of the market indeed looks vastly different than it did in previous cycles. Hundreds or even thousands of coins have fallen off.&nbsp;



NEO, IOTA, Tezos, Ontology, NEM and Zcash were top-25 projects in May 2019. Now Tezos is the only one barely in the top 100, replaced by Solana, Toncoin, Avalanche and Chainlink.



But as we all <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/altcoin-market-returns-against-btc">wait for altcoin season</a> to lift boats, a string of dino coins are doing their best to keep ahead of the curve.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfR_-fvLkXUkkz8Q0_2rPQ3UZ71ozfuJsCLgi2bHyTG8oytf35gDINeGyz5vssJfyVipmjxhxmjyOUhj1YQV4MmFFmFyblCNu78mJ9Fywfd0eUt-LA5jiz5ZYwjp_y2dvZS5qFzyQ?key=MYZswGjgDNxlCAK6SVo5sWGe" alt=""/></figure>



I spent the morning filtering price data for coins in the current top 250 by market cap, specifically their bitcoin ratios (their price in BTC).



You probably know, but when bitcoin goes up, the market tends to move everything else up to compensate. USD-denominated prices are then mostly noise — the signal is easier to find by comparing how coins are doing against bitcoin itself.



As it turns out, of the 188 coins in the top 250 that aren’t stablecoins, liquid staking or wrapped tokens, one-third (61) have had their bitcoin ratios rise in the past year (they’ve outperformed BTC).



And of those coins, almost one-third (20) are what you might consider dino coins — tokens tied to projects that were launched at least five years ago. Those are shown in purple on the chart above.



Still, newer coins absolutely dominate. The best-performing dino coin in the past year, CHEX, the native token for license-heavy RWA chain Chintai, has returned about 300% against bitcoin in the past year.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, I had to remove seven newer tokens from the first chart as their bitcoin ratios had ballooned by thousands of percent, completely dwarfing the rest of the coins. Four of them were memecoins (WIF, BRETT, POPCAT and MOG) as well as mantra, virtuals and aerodrome.



What’s cool is that the market also does seem to be paying attention to some more obscure dino coins.&nbsp;



There are the obvious ones: DOGE, XRP, XLM, BNB and TRX. which all rallied hard in the past few weeks. But there’s also coins like livepeer, telcoin, nervos, reserve rights and XYO, which rarely show up on many radars.



Calling it now: This altcoin season is one for the eclectic crypto hipster that doesn’t care what “it” is at all.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



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Staying hip in crypto is no easy feat

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">subscribe</a>.



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Max Resnick, who has in recent months become one of Ethereum’s more notable online figures, has joined Solana core development shop Anza, he announced on X today.&nbsp;



Resnick previously worked at a Consensys subsidiary named Special Mechanisms Group and became known for his contrarian beliefs on <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/0xresearch-newsletter-eip-7977">Ethereum’s roadmap</a> — arguing that some thinking around layer-2s was misguided and Ethereum should focus on scaling <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-consensus-beam-chain">the base layer</a>. In classic crypto fashion, much of Resnick’s rising star originated on X: Kaito AI <a href="https://yaps.kaito.ai/">ranks</a> him as having the 40th-highest mindshare on Crypto Twitter over the past three months.&nbsp;



Consensys is a software company started by Ethereum co-founder Joseph Lubin in 2014, and is perhaps best known for creating the MetaMask wallet. Anza is a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/lightspeed-newsletter-solana-core-governance">Solana Labs spin-out</a> that is responsible for continuing to develop the original Solana software.



The move was celebrated in the Solana world, where Resnick’s move to Solana was viewed as something of a coup. For Ethereum, Resnick doesn’t quite reach household name status like Justin Drake or Dankrad Feist do, but another high-profile defection following Resnick’s could certainly “raise some eyebrows,” said Paul Dylan-Ennis, a professor researching crypto at University College Dublin.



Resnick&#8217;s transition to Anza was helped along by Solana co-founder Anatoly Yakovenko, who encouraged the researcher to take the leap, Resnick shared with me today. The process started around three months ago. Resnick was also considering moves to Ethereum layer-2s or non-MetaMask crypto wallets.



Resnick <a href="https://x.com/MaxResnick1/status/1866168109289160842">said</a> on X that he would be spending his first 100 days at Anza focusing on fee markets and consensus while getting up to speed on how Solana works at a core level. On a call today, Resnick added that his “moonshot” vision for Solana would be to add “multiple leaders” to the protocol.&nbsp;



On Ethereum and Solana today, one so-called leader is chosen to propose a block for validators to check. Under this model, the single leader has a “ton” of economic power which makes the protocols economically inefficient, Resnick said. Having multiple leaders compete to propose blocks could put downward pressure on how much economic value leaders can extract from validators.&nbsp;



Resnick credits himself with widening Ethereum’s overton window to allow for more serious conversations around how the layer-1 can scale, pointing out Ethereum Foundation researcher Dankrad Feist’s recent focus on scaling the L1 as an example.



But ultimately, Resnick sees Solana&#8217;s culture as more open to unconventional ideas, such as having multiple leaders — in comparison to Ethereum, which can tend to be bogged down by “political bullshit.”



“The ETH culture is really downstream of core development, and people who actually want to get things done are changing their personality, changing what they&#8217;re suggesting in order to make sure that they preserve political capital with the core dev community,” Resnick said.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



Explore the growing intersection between crypto, macroeconomics, policy and finance with Ben Strack, Casey Wagner and Felix Jauvin. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/onthemargin">Subscribe to the Forward Guidance newsletter</a>.



Get alpha directly in your inbox with the <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">0xResearch newsletter</a> — market highlights, charts, degen trade ideas, governance updates, and more.



The Lightspeed newsletter is all things Solana, in your inbox, every day. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Subscribe to daily Solana news</a> from Jack Kubinec and Jeff Albus.

Ethereum researcher Max Resnick makes surprise jump to Solana

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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US equities pulled back Monday, easing off last week’s gains as geopolitical tensions, a looming rate decision from the Fed and pending inflation data come to a head.&nbsp;



The S&amp;P 500 and Nasdaq Composite indexes dipped after Monday’s open, each trading 0.4% lower at 2:15 pm ET.&nbsp;



The share price of Nvidia — Big Tech’s darling that has <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/on-the-margin-newsletter-nvda-market-breadth">surged</a> almost 200% this year — slipped on Monday on news that China opened a probe into the chipmaker on suspicions of anti-monopoly law violations. The investigation comes days after President Joe Biden expanded limits on exports of semiconductors to China. This is part of an effort, the administration says, to limit China’s access to cutting-edge AI technology.&nbsp;



China last week also banned exports of three rare minerals and imposed new sanctions on US defense firms and executives. It’s starting to look like a full-on supply chain war in the final weeks before President-elect Donald Trump takes office.&nbsp;



After opting to respond with parallel tariffs against the US during Trump’s first term, the Chinese government appears to be taking a more aggressive approach this time around. Trade War 2 is going to be a much dirtier fight.&nbsp;



Nvidia did not respond to Blockworks’s request for comment and has not made any public statements on the probe. Nvidia does have a less powerful version of its chips that it has made available to China in the wake of Biden’s policies. Shares were trading 2.4% lower Monday at 2:15 pm ET.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



Explore the growing intersection between crypto, macroeconomics, policy and finance with Ben Strack, Casey Wagner and Felix Jauvin. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/onthemargin">Subscribe to the Forward Guidance newsletter</a>.



Get alpha directly in your inbox with the <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">0xResearch newsletter</a> — market highlights, charts, degen trade ideas, governance updates, and more.



The Lightspeed newsletter is all things Solana, in your inbox, every day. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Subscribe to daily Solana news</a> from Jack Kubinec and Jeff Albus.

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