Adam Efrima is the SSV Core team Co-founder. He has been active in the crypto industry since 2013. Over eight years living in China working in the financial industry and fintech space, Adam has worked in CITIC Bank covering outbound investments for Chinese SOEs, he was also in charge of setting up the eToro Shanghai operation. Since then, Adam has been deeply involved in Ethereum staking, co-founding top performing staking project Bloxstaking as well as co-founding SSV Network, a decentralized validator infrastructure for ETH staking.

Adam Simmons is Chief Strategy Officer at RDX Works, a key contributor to the Radix public ledger. He has over 13 years of experience in building &amp; growing businesses in a range of industries including online video, blockchain &amp; digital marketing. With experience in both senior leadership &amp; hands-on roles, he has repeatedly recruited, managed, and trained highly successful teams within marketing, customer success and operations functions. Adam is also a previous member of the UK Paralympic Sprint Kayaking Team and has competed in multiple World and European Championships.


Adam Swick is the Chief Growth Officer at Marathon Digital Holdings. Prior to joining Marathon, he served as a principal at Refinery Ventures, where he was responsible for identifying and recommending business strategies to accelerate the growth of all companies in Refinery’s portfolio. Before Refinery, Swick was the director of strategic finance at Kraken Digital Asset Exchange, where he managed the company’s balance sheet, debt program, investor relations, and all forecasting activities. Prior to Kraken, he founded Swick Capital, a crypto-asset hedge fund, worked at Pritzker Group Venture Capital, and was a consultant at Boston Consulting Group. Swick holds an MBA from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and a BS in finance from the Wharton School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania.

Adrian Brink is the co-founder of Namada and Anoma, where he focuses on building privacy-preserving systems that are resilient to global crises. Previously, he was a core developer at Tendermint (Cosmos) and worked at the Web3 Foundation. He also co-founded Cryptium Labs, which was later sold to Chorus One, and Metastate, where he contributed to major upgrades to the Tezos protocol​.

Adrien Stern is the founder &amp; CEO of Reveel, the omnichain payments infrastructure that enables one-click cross-chain payments to connect people across borders and networks. Before founding Reveel, Adrien led digital transformation efforts at BNP Paribas CIB. He was also previously a venture builder, and owns Bridge Music, a record label and recording studio. Adrien has a Bachelor’s degree in Sciences of Management from The University of Lausanne and a Master’s degree in Business Administration from Esade. 

Alex Hoffman is Head of Ecosystem at Superposition Finance. Superposition is revolutionizing DeFi by addressing its core challenges through robust risk management powered by Concordia’s best-in-class risk engine, omnichain functionality, and transparency.

Alexei Zamyatin is a co-founder of BOB, a first-of-its-kind hybrid Layer-2 powered by Bitcoin and Ethereum. He has been a Bitcoin and interoperability research contributor since 2015 and is most known for his work on trustless cross-chain bridges and L2s. Alexei holds a PhD in computer science from Imperial College London.


Alison Haire is the CEO and founder of Lilypad, a serverless, decentralized compute network that democratizes access to computational power by providing scalable infrastructure for AI, machine learning and other high-demand processes. Before founding Lilypad, she held roles at companies such as Filecoin, IBM and Accenture. Under her leadership, Lilypad leverages idle GPU capacity worldwide to fuel an open AI economy, providing cost-effective and scalable compute resources. Her work focuses on making high-performance computing accessible to more developers and researchers, while challenging the dominance of large centralized cloud providers​​.

With over 20 years of experience leading and designing games and tech companies, Alun is well-versed in creating innovative products that tackle experiential and developer challenges. In addition to his stewardship of LAOS Network, he is CEO and co-founder of the company building LAOS, Freeverse, which focuses on building scalable blockchain infrastructure. His history as the co-creator of ‘Barcelona World Race - THE GAME,’ a cutting-edge video game enabling virtual participation in real-world events, and his wider passion for gaming, have fed into his vision for LAOS Network as a solution for the intersection of Web3 tech with both gaming and real-world applications. Alun also led Shar3d.io, a pioneering company enabling collaborative 3D web applications, and served as CTO of Bodypal.com, a virtual garment services company. He holds a Ph.D. in Medical Physics from University College London.



Amanda Cassatt is the founder and CEO of Serotonin. Amanda previously served as Chief Marketing Officer of ConsenSys from 2016 through 2019. Joining one year after the launch of Ethereum, Amanda played a crucial role in defining, creating, and growing the narrative for ConsenSys, Ethereum, and blockchain overall.

Amanda stewarded the ConsenSys brand through its global expansion across enterprises, governments, developers, and consumers. She created and scaled the marketing team to over 50 people, serving both the ConsenSys brand and 50+ portfolio companies such as MetaMask, Infura, Truffle, and Gitcoin; managing teams in product marketing, growth, design, content, community, events, email, analytics and SEO. Amanda’s contributions to some of the most successful product launches, token sales and fundraises landed her on Forbes 30 Under 30 in 2016. Amanda is the author of the world's first web3 marketing book, Web3 Marketing: A Handbook for the Next Internet Revolution.

Amanda Keleher currently serves as Chief People Officer at Consensys, one of the largest and fastest-growing companies in the blockchain technology space. A well-rounded business leader with an over 25-year career in the technology space, Amanda is the driving force behind the human element of Consensys where she is responsible for overseeing all of the aspects of people, from building and maintaining the company culture to harnessing human capital as a key driver of business. 

Before joining ConsenSys, Amanda served as the Head of People at ThoughtWorks, a global technology consultancy company, for nearly ten years, where she led the global scale expansion by opening offices around the world and recruiting a diverse workforce at a time when the DevOps movement had just been born and a new skill set were yet to be developed. After her time at ThoughWorks, she served as the Executive Vice President, People &amp; Culture of Index Exchange, one of the world’s premier ad tech organizations; and as VP of People at Little Bits and Intent Media where she excelled in designing effective and creative strategies to attract and retain world-class talent in hyper competitive environments

Andrea Berry is a seasoned online video strategist with 15+ years of experience in transformative media partnerships. 

Her early successes include helping to launch Qello Concerts, the first direct-to-consumer live-music OTT service, later transforming it into Qello Media Services and Vimeo’s OTT channels offering across various industries as their first strategic sales director for their enterprise.

Currently, as the Head of Business Development at Theta Labs, Andrea leverages her expertise in online video and blockchain to drive strategic partnerships and growth opportunities for the company. She helps enterprises take advantage and lean into the opportunities Web3 presents. 

Andrew Redden is the CEO and CTO of Last Network, a blockchain platform focused on sustainable cash flow and reinvestment. Previously, he worked at Gitcoin and has contributed to numerous DeFi and Web3 projects. Redden's career reflects a commitment to developing technologies that prioritize long-term viability and community engagement​.

Andrew Thurman is a Data Editor based in Washington, DC. He previously wrote for CoinDesk and Cointelegraph, and worked in various roles for Chainlink and Nansen. His analysis has been quoted in The Financial Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, Forbes, Fortune, Reuters, The BBC, CNBC, and elsewhere. Contact Andrew at andrew@blockworks.co.

Andrey Sergeenkov writes educational articles as a freelancer. His works have been published in Coindesk, Cointelegraph, Entrepreneur and CoinMarketCap. He believes that transforming society towards lifelong learning, combined with decentralization in government and business, will lead to exponential social development.

Andy Bromberg is CEO of Beam and Contributor to the Eco Protocol. Eco has raised more than $90 million from an array of leading investors, including a16z Crypto, L Catterton, Activant Capital, Founders Fund, Pantera Capital, and others. Prior to Eco, Andy was Co-founder and President of CoinList. Andy is also a founding board member at FreeWorld, a non-profit seeking to end institutionalized poverty in the United States by providing access to living-wage jobs for people with criminal histories. He studied Mathematics and Computer Science at Stanford University and co-founded the Stanford Bitcoin Group.

An established and versatile Financial Executive with over two decades of experience running multiple trading businesses across top-level banks such as HSBC, Barclays, and UBS. After running the top Agency and SSA business for both UBS and Barclays, he took over Emerging Markets macro trading for Barclays. In 2018, wanting to go deeper into Emerging Markets he took a role as Head of Latam local markets trading where he was responsible for trading activities across Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Chile. In 2021 DeMartino moved into Crypto when he became CEO and founder of Coinbase Risk Strategies focused on DeFi and Derivatives trading. More recently he started Trident Digital Group, a crypto-native solutions firm that is focused on lending and safe yield generation and stablecoin adoption.


Anthony Scaramucci is the founder and managing partner of SkyBridge, a global alternative investment firm, and founder and chairman of SALT, a global thought leadership forum and venture studio.

Prior to founding SkyBridge in 2005, Scaramucci co-founded investment partnership Oscar Capital Management, which was sold to Neuberger Berman in 2001. Earlier, he worked in Private Wealth Management at Goldman Sachs &amp; Co.

In 2022, Scaramucci was ranked #47 in Cointelegraph’s Top 100 Influencers in Crypto and Blockchain. In 2016, he was ranked #85 in Worth Magazine’s Power 100: The 100 Most Powerful People in Global Finance. In 2011, he received Ernst &amp; Young’s New York Financial Services “Entrepreneur of the Year” Award.  Anthony is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) and a board member of the Federal Enforcement Homeland Security Foundation. He is the author of five books.

Scaramucci served on President Donald J. Trump’s 16-person Presidential Transition Team Executive Committee, and in 2017 briefly served as Chief Strategy Officer of the Export-Import (EXIM) Bank and White House Communications Director.

Scaramucci, a native of Long Island, New York, holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Tufts University and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School.

Antoni is a co-founder of Aleph Zero Foundation (Switzerland), an organization overseeing the development of the Aleph Zero blockchain, and a Managing Partner of Cardinal Cryptography (Poland), firm focused on core development of the Aleph Zero ecosystem.

Ari Juels is the Weill Family Foundation and Joan and Sanford I. Weill Professor in the Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech and the Technion and a Computer Science faculty member at Cornell University. He is a Co-Director of the Initiative for CryptoCurrencies and Contracts (IC3). He is also Chief Scientist at Chainlink Labs. He is the author of crypto thriller novel The Oracle (Talos Press), which was released on 20 February 2024.

Austin Alexander is co-founder of LayerTwo Labs, a company focused on advancing the Bitcoin ecosystem through innovative solutions and specializing in the development of Drivechain, a specific type of blockchain sidechain designed to foster creativity and scalability within Bitcoin.

Austin Campbell is the founder and managing partner of Zero Knowledge Consulting and an adjunct professor at Columbia Business School. Previously, he has run portfolio management at Paxos for the stablecoins as well as being the chief risk officer of Paxos National Trust, has managed fixed income trading desks at JP Morgan and Citi, and has been a portfolio manager and structurer at Stone Ridge, the parent of NYDIG. He holds a BS in Mathematics from CSU Chico and a MBA from NYU Stern.

Ben Mills is the co-founder of Meso, a payments platform connecting banks and blockchains. Prior to Meso, Ben spent a decade building payments products as an early team member at Braintree (acquired by PayPal), as Head of Product at Venmo, and working on Solana Pay at Solana Labs.

Ben Rubin is the CEO and co-founder of Towns, a decentralized messaging platform dedicated to redefining online communication. Rubin has a rich background and a decade of experience in creating digital spaces that build trust and foster human connection. Prior to founding Here Not There Labs, the developer of Towns, Ben founded two venture-backed startups, Meerkat and Houseparty, both of which reimagined how people interact digitally. He scaled his communication products to hundreds of millions of users and raised over $70M in funding from Sequoia Capital and Greylock. After Houseparty was acquired by Epic Games in 2019, Ben went on to found Here Not There Labs, a venture-backed startup with over $30M in funding from a16z crypto and Benchmark Capital.

Ben Strack is a senior reporter covering macro and crypto-native funds, financial advisors, structured products, and the integration of digital assets and DeFi into traditional finance. Prior to joining Blockworks, he covered the asset management industry for Fund Intelligence and was a reporter and editor for various local newspapers on Long Island. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in journalism.

Contact Ben via email at ben@blockworks.co

Bessie is a Brooklyn-based reporter covering DeFi and technology. Bessie worked as a tech journalist for The Org prior to joining Blockworks and was a management consultant for KPMG in another life. She is originally from Melbourne, Australia and holds an MA from New York University. She is also the mother of a bratty cat named Mochi. You can reach Bessie at bessie@blockworks.co

Bezalel Eithan Raviv, an ex-member of IDF Cyber Unit 8200, is a seasoned entrepreneur with deep expertise in technology and innovation. He now leads Lionsgate Network, a blockchain analysis firm specializing in professional money recovery services for digital asset investors in the +$2.5 trillion market. Prior to this role, Bezalel founded an investment banking firm supporting AI startups and developed Halleluiah, a pioneering web3 migration pattern for global music copyrights.

Billy Luedtke is the CEO and founder of Intuition, an information protocol powering a more trustful internet. Billy previously served as senior technology advisor at EY, a leading global professional services organization providing assurance, tax, audit, strategy and transactions. At EY, Billy created the company’s blockchain consulting practice, leading the technical development of blockchain-enabled distributed systems. Billy later became a senior token engineer at Consensys, a leading Ethereum developer (MetaMask, Infura, Linea). Billy continues to serve as an advisor at Consensys and MetaMask.

Billy Sebell is the Executive Director of the XDC Foundation and an early contributor to the XDC Network. Since early 2018, Billy has worked to develop the XDC community, focused on ecosystem and network growth and implementing use cases in trade finance. Billy previously spent more than 25 years in manufacturing and consumer products, dealing with the challenges businesses face in capital markets and international trade.

Blockworks Advisory leverages the curated and tested expertise developed at Blockworks Research to provide comprehensive consulting services rooted in theory and data. We utilize our distribution, conviction, and native understanding of crypto to accelerate our protocol clients' path to success.







Bob Bodily is the Provo, Utah-based CEO and Co-Founder of Bioniq, a BTC Ordinals wallet and marketplace. He has a bachelor’s degree in neuroscience and a Ph.D. in educational/instructional technology from Brigham Young University, with 25 articles and 1K citations. He is a data engineer with 100K+ lines of production Python code, and he has two previous software startups, including an EdTech SaaS that sold in 2021.


Senior Research Analyst at Blockworks Research

Bogdan is the Co-Founder and CTO of Tenderly, the full-stack infrastructure solutions provider powering Web3 developer teams with the essential tools and services throughout their development journeys. 

Prior to co-founding Tenderly, Bogdan worked as a software engineer for major software platforms such as MVP Workshop and Go Daddy where he was responsible for constructing and managing the development of distributed cloud systems before realizing the lack of infrastructural support for Web3 developers. With his vast experience in constructing, expanding, and overseeing extensive distributed cloud systems, he is well-versed in the intricacies of blockchain technologies and their practical applications. 

Brandon Truong is lead product contributor for ZetaChain. He previously co-founded social platform Yada (which was acquired in 2020) and spent time building products for BuzzFeed and Udacity. 


 Brian Pak is CEO &amp; Co-Founder of ChainLight, an award-winning blockchain security firm that specializes in smart contract audits and on-chain monitoring. He is also a co-founder of Theori, an established US-based offensive cybersecurity company, since 2016, which he still leads today, having now amassed trusted partners including Microsoft, Google and Samsung. Brian’s early career started when he co-founded and developed Kaprica Security, inventing and patenting the Skorpion Charger, an Android mobile charger that can detect malicious software with no user action required. He has worked on research and development projects with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the US. Brian is also a founder of the team PPP (Plaid Parliament of Pwning) which won DEF CON CTF, one of the most prestigious hacker competitions held in Las Vegas, in 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2022 and 2023. Brian graduated with a Masters Degree in Software Security Research from Carnegie Mellon University.

Three years ago, his act of burning a physical Banksy ignited global discourse on NFTs and Web3, exposing the industry's flaws. Now, through XION, founder Burnt Banksy leads a mission to democratize Web3 to the masses, making ownership accessible to all by removing unnecessary barriers and complications through chain abstraction. To date: XION has raised over $36M in funding with the goal of "making crypto disappear." Ultimately, Burnt Banksy wants to provide the benefits of crypto to people without requiring them to know anything about crypto.

Byron Donalds grew up in Brooklyn, New York, and he is also the proud son of a hardworking and loving single mother. His mother dedicated her time instilling in him that greatness requires sacrifice, which drives him as a devoted family man and United States Congressman.  

Byron is a graduate of Florida State University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in finance and marketing. Byron's career led him to Southwest Florida, where he worked in the banking, finance, and insurance industries. Elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 2016, Byron represented Hendry County and east Collier County in the State Capitol. During his tenure in the Florida House, Byron served as the PreK-12 Quality Subcommittee Chair during the 2018-2019 Legislative Session and served as the Insurance &amp; Banking Subcommittee's Chairman 2019-2020 Legislative Session. While serving in the Florida House, primarily focused on elder affairs, criminal justice reform, and ensuring that each child has access to a world-class education. 

Byron is committed to serving and giving back to the community that gave him so much. He has served Southwest Florida in many ways, including previously serving on the Board of Trustees for Florida Southwestern State College after being appointed by then-Governor Rick Scott. Byron continues to volunteer in his church as a youth leader and a mentor. He also enjoys volunteering as a coach in youth football and basketball leagues.

Congressman Byron Donalds lives in Naples, Florida, with his wife, Erika, and their three sons: Damon, Darin, and Mason. Byron has spent his entire adult life serving others, whether it be through volunteering, business, or leadership. He is committed to representing Florida's 19th Congressional District's conservative values in Washington DC to ensure a stronger Florida and a stronger nation.

Byron Gilliam writes The Breakdown newsletter, in which he tries to explain crypto markets to traditional investors and traditional markets to crypto investors (while trying to explain both to himself). Before joining Blockworks, Byron spent 25 years trading international equities for banks and brokers in Frankfurt, London, Paris and New York. He holds a bachelor's degree in History from Binghamton University. Contact Byron at byron@blockworks.co.

Cameron B. Pick is a partner and patent attorney at the Chicago-based intellectual property boutique law firm Marshall, Gerstein &amp; Borun. He prosecutes patents for emerging technologies, including blockchain and crypto, among other innovative areas. He may be reached at cpick@marshallip.com. 

Candace Kelly is the Chief Legal and Policy Officer for the Stellar Development Foundation (SDF), a non-profit organization that supports the development and growth of Stellar, an open-source network that connects the world's financial infrastructure. She leads the team responsible for SDF’s legal affairs and the policy team that is focused on bridging the gap between the public and private sectors. Previously, Candace worked for Uber Technologies, Inc., where she helped navigate the company’s response to regulatory investigations and advised on safety, security, privacy, consumer protection, and law enforcement response. Prior to that she served for 17 years at the United States Department of Justice.

Carlos is a Research Analyst based in Guatemala covering Solana and DeFi applications. Carlos previously held a research role at 21Shares. Contact Carlos at carlos.campos@blockworks.co.

Carlos Mercado is a data scientist at Flipside Crypto, specializing in the convergence of data science, cryptocurrency, economics, and open-source research. His expertise spans the Ethereum ecosystem and over 20 other blockchains, where he leverages SQL, R, Python, and Solidity to develop innovative data models and analytics tools. Carlos's notable contributions include the creation of the True Freeze DeFi primitive and leading the production of the 2023 Crypto Users Report, generating significant industry impact. Prior to Flipside, he applied his skills in AI strategy and product development at Guidehouse and offered data science consulting services.


Casey Wagner is a senior reporter on the scoops and investigations team, based in New York. Casey covers crypto regulation, markets and central banks. Prior to joining Blockworks, she reported on macroeconomics at Bloomberg News. She graduated from the University of Virginia with a degree in Media Studies. Contact Casey or send her tips via email at casey@blockworks.co


Charles Hoskinson is a Colorado-based technology entrepreneur and mathematician. He attended Metropolitan State University of Denver and University of Colorado Boulder to study analytic number theory before moving into cryptography through industry exposure.

His professional experience includes founding three cryptocurrency-related start-ups – Invictus Innovations, Ethereum and IOHK – and he has held a variety of posts in both the public and private sectors. He was the founding chairman of the Bitcoin Foundation’s education committee and established the Cryptocurrency Research Group in 2013.

His current projects focus on educating people about cryptocurrency, being an evangelist for decentralization and making cryptographic tools easier to use for the mainstream. This includes leading the research, design and development of Cardano, a third-generation cryptocurrency that launched in September 2017.

Chris Barrett serves as the Director of Communications at Chainlink Labs and has been involved with Chainlink since 2017. Chainlink is the only on-chain data and cross-chain platform that enables financial institutions to develop customized, flexible, compliant, and future-proof blockchain applications and tokenized assets. Before this role, he founded a leading PR agency for technology startups, where he worked with over 1,000 innovative companies. Chris is also an avid runner, having maintained a streak of running for over five consecutive years. 

Chris Brooks founded CryptoAssetRecovery.com in 2017 to help digital asset owners recover lost assets. Chris was a programmer at Fidelity Investments, VP of Technology at venture-backed Carescout (which sold to GenWorth, a spinoff of General Electric) and has founded and sold three bootstrapped internet companies. 

Chris Swenor is a seasoned entrepreneur and blockchain pioneer with a 20-year career that kicked off as a self-taught programmer at age 13. He swiftly moved from corporate roles into startups, leading several to successful acquisitions. Chris started venturing into blockchain and cryptocurrency in 2013, founding Reach in 2019, a platform that has since attracted over $13M in funding and onboarded more than 8,000 developers.

In recent years, Chris founded Humble, a decentralized exchange on Algorand, and Alloy, a blockchain gaming platform acquired in 2023. He is currently working on Voi Network, a layer 1 blockchain empowering its community with user-centric governance and economics. 

Christopher Perkins is President of CoinFund, a web3 focused Registered Investment Advisor.  He is also a member of the CFTC’s Global Markets Advisory Committee and its Digital Asset Markets Subcommittee.

Ciarán Murray is a seasoned veteran of the blockchain industry. Aside from advising on numerous blockchain projects over the years, and releasing a synthetics assets proof-of-concept last year, Ciarán previously worked in the media industry for British Sky Broadcasting. He is not only well placed to understand the issues facing the media industry but also how to apply blockchain and other distributed technologies to remedy them.

Da Hongfei is the founder of Neo, an open-source, community-driven blockchain platform designed to welcome developers into the Smart Economy. Hongfei operates as CEO of Neo Global Development (NGD), the executive arm of the Neo Foundation that is committed to developing the Neo protocol and its supporting ecosystem. He is seen as a luminary in the Web3 space and as a blockchain pioneer in Asia. Hongfei received his education at the South China University of Technology, receiving degrees in technology and English.

Damian Alvarez is a communications professional helping Web3 clients get their stories heard. He is currently the Head of Communications at Aori, an omni-chain logic layer that leverages off-chain data storage to enable high-frequency on-chain trading. He has worked at agencies such as Edelman and YAP Global to assist a variety of emerging and established clients to engage in industry-wide narratives surrounding technology. He may be contacted at damian@aori.io.

Dan Keeler is Editor-in-Chief at Blockworks. Prior to joining Blockworks, he was Frontier Markets Editor at the Wall Street Journal where he managed the Journal’s coverage of smaller emerging markets as well as created a number of high-profile events and a highly regarded newsletter. Before joining the WSJ, he was the Editor of Global Finance magazine. He is also the founder of New York’s FM Network, a group that hosts gatherings of finance professionals focused on smaller emerging markets.

Contact Dan via email at dan@blockworks.co

Dan Smith is a Senior Research Analyst based in the United States covering Curve, Convex, Aave, and Compound. Daniel previously worked in tax and valuation at EY and Bennett Thrasher. He is focused on using data visualization tools to better understand the health and profitability of various DeFi protocols. Contact Dan at daniel@blockworks.co

Daniel Batten is a ClimateTech investor, Bitcoin environmental impact analyst, CEO advisor and author. He is most widely known for his data-driven approach to Bitcoin mining research.


Daniel Cawrey has been involved full-time in the crypto space since 2013, including as an editor at CoinDesk. He is author of 2020’s “Mastering Blockchain” and 2023’s “Understanding Crypto” books, both available on Amazon.

Daranee Ganesh is Blockworks' editorial operations manager based in New Mexico. Prior to Blockworks, Daranee worked on several legal and non-profit projects aimed at integrating decentralized solutions in the social justice framework, specifically within immigration and environmental law. Contact Daranee at daranee@blockworks.co.

Darren Kleine is an Alberta-based reporter covering podcast content at Blockworks. Previously reporting for Cointelegraph, he wrote feature content and a weekly series focused on the personal stories of influential figures in the Web3 space. He has been an active participant in the NFT art scene since 2020, creating works on curated platforms including SuperRare and KnownOrigin and hosting an NFT art-focused podcast called NFP with DKleine. Contact Darren Kleine at darren@blockworks.co.

David is an Editor based in the Netherlands focused on data-driven journalism. Previously, he wrote for TheNextWeb's crypto vertical before launching Protos in 2021. He's a reformed hardline Bitcoiner passionate about permissionless and decentralized networks. Contact David at david@blockworks.co

David Schwed serves as the Chief Operating Officer at Halborn, an elite blockchain security firm. Prior to Halborn, he was the Global Head of Digital Assets Technology at BNY Mellon, the world's biggest custodian bank, where he integrated the IT strategy for the company's digital asset services. David was also CISO for Galaxy Digital, where he led the development of information security and IT infrastructure, and served as a risk committee advisor, evaluating emerging threats in financial services. He also founded the Cybersecurity Master's Program at Yeshiva University’s Katz School of Science and Health, sharing his expertise as a practitioner-in-residence.


Delphine Forma is the policy lead for Europe &amp; UK at Solidus Labs, a leading market compliance and market integrity firm in digital assets. With a career spanning roles in major banks and blockchain ventures, she brings extensive experience in compliance and legal across sectors. She is the founder of the crypto compliance and legal TG group with 1,400 members. A Sciences Po Lyon alumna, Delphine also holds advanced degrees in European Criminal Business Law and anti-money laundering.

Denelle Dixon is the CEO and Executive Director of the Stellar Development Foundation (SDF), a non-profit organization focused on working with and supporting changemakers to create equitable access to the global financial system through blockchain technology. She leads the teams that help maintain Stellar's codebase, support the communities around Stellar, and advocate on behalf of the network with international stakeholders. Before joining Stellar, Dixon served as COO of Mozilla, one of the most successful mission-driven open-source organizations.. During her tenure at Mozilla, she led the organization’s business, revenue and policy teams including the ongoing fight for net neutrality and the global effort to ensure that people can control their personal data.

Dermot O’Riordan serves as a Director at the POKT Network Foundation where he helps steer product development and strategy. From Ireland to Silicon Valley, Dermot’s career ranged from advising tech companies and VC firms to leading marquee industry events. His interest in Web3 was sparked in 2016 with the rise of DAOs, leading him to dive deeper into the blockchain space, where he served as an advisor to projects like Radix and Dusk, and later, spearheading growth at Eden Block.

Donovan is a reporter based in Singapore and the author of the Lightspeed newsletter. He previously worked in editorial at Bankless and is a huge fan of spaghetti Westerns and the Wu-Tang Clan. Contact Donovan at donovan@blockworks.co.

Elena leads product marketing at Hiro Systems, a developer tooling company bringing smart contracts to Bitcoin. She has spent the past six years working in blockchain and cryptocurrency startups. Elena co-founded Blockchain Latinx, an online community that explores what blockchain means for Latinos and for Latin America. She has an MBA from NYU Stern School of Business.

Eli Cohen is a corporate lawyer with 25+ years of experience in commercial transactions, financial services and regulatory matters and has worked in Asia, Europe and the United States. He is the General Counsel for Centrifuge, a real-world asset (RWA) tokenization and securitization platform and Chief Compliance Officer for Anemoy Capital SPC Limited a British Virgin Islands fund company issuer of the tokenized Anemoy Liquid Treasury Fund 1. He is a graduate of the Georgetown University Law Center, has a Masters in International Relations from the University of Pennsylvania and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Eli Zeger writes about democracy and its relationship with technology. His work has been published in the Boston Review, Noema Magazine, Strange Matters, Zora Zine, among numerous other publications.

Elliot is the Head of Climate Strategy at Sustainable Bitcoin Protocol, where he is helping unlock Bitcoin's clean energy potential by bridging sustainable miners and climate-conscious investors. In his role at Sustainable Bitcoin Protocol, Elliot educates policymakers and NGOs on Bitcoin’s relationship with the energy system. He is a climatetech operator focused on alleviating energy poverty, bridging the digital divide, and promoting financial inclusion through technologies such as Bitcoin. Elliot was previously a Schwarzman Scholar and has served in the military, US Department of Energy, Clinton Foundation, and more. 

Evan Thomas is General Counsel for Alluvial, a software development company supporting the Liquid Collective liquid staking protocol. He was previously at Wealthsimple, Canada’s largest consumer fintech, where he was Head of Legal for Wealthsimple’s crypto trading platform. While at Wealthsimple, Evan helped launch Canada’s first regulated staking product. Before Wealthsimple, Evan was a litigator at Osler, Hoskin &amp; Harcourt LLP for nearly 15 years. Among other notable cases, Evan was hearing counsel to 3iQ Corp. in its appeal securing regulatory approval for Canada’s first publicly traded bitcoin fund in 2019.

Felix Jauvin is the host of the On the Margin podcast. Based in British Columbia, Canada, he lives and breathes where crypto and macroeconomics intersect.

Felix Xu, crypto geek, early adopter, and NFT collector. Felix graduated from NYU Stern and founded two crypto projects, ARPA and Bella Protocol, among the global top 500 by market cap. Felix previously worked at Fosun Investment, Sackler family office, and Vertical Research in New York and Beijing. Felix loves sailing, kitesurfing and was featured in the Wall Street Journal and The New York Times for his NFT collection.

Frank has a diverse career that spans creative writing, day trading, and a 12-year stint in financial planning. After experimenting with blockchain and being an early adapter to the Solana ecosystem, Mathis co-founded GenesysGo in 2021 to create a faster, more reliable and more secure decentralized data storage protocol. Their flagship product, shdwDrive is built on Solana and aims to bridge the gap between blockchain technology and traditional business infrastructure. GenesysGo is powered by a new type of decentralized data storage consensus mechanism, built from the ground up by the GenesysGo team.

Fraser is co-founder &amp; CTO of Cubist and an Assistant Professor at Carnegie Mellon University. She is an expert in software correctness: her research focuses on systems security, automated bug finding, and formal verification, from verifying (parts of) production systems like browser JITs, to finding exploitable bugs in real codebases. Her tools have found many zero-day bountied bugs and CVEs in the Chrome and Firefox browsers and multiple operating systems. Fraser received her BA in English and her MS and PhD in Computer Science from Stanford.


Garrett Harper is the producer for the Empire podcast. Garrett worked in private equity and product management before jumping into crypto full-time in 2021. His favorite thing about crypto? It conflates art, gaming, finance, software, and psychology into one hyper-growth industry.

Gijs op de Weegh is the CEO and Founder of StablR, where he leads the strategy, business operations, and investor relations. He founded StablR out of his passion for implementing blockchain technology in the financial industry and exploring its possibilities. Before founding StablR, Gijs co-founded Payvision, an e-commerce payment service provider, in 2002. Under his leadership, Payvision grew to over 300 employees and achieved a turnover exceeding €4 billion.

Gísli Kristjánsson is co-founder and CTO of Monerium, the first company to issue fiat onchain. He fell in love with programming at the age of 13. After working as a bonds broker, Gísli saw the inefficiencies of securities settlements firsthand and recognized the potential of Bitcoin. Prior to co-founding Monerium in 2015, Gísli founded and sold a platform to give users access to geo-blocked content. Fun fact: Gísli’s Ethereum address is among the 1% of the oldest addresses.

Haden Patrick is Director of Business Operations of Cordial Systems, a provider of institutional-grade self custody software using a Zero Trust security model.  Haden has executive experience in team leadership, engineering and education originating from his 24 year career as a Naval Officer. After co-founding SoloKeys, the first open-source security key company, he went on to manage projects connecting web3 to traditional finance at a cryptocurrency trading firm before joining Cordial Systems.

Hadley Stern, Advisor to MPCH, has extensive experience in leadership roles within TradFi and digital asset industries. As Global Head of Custody at the Bank of New York Mellon (BNYM) from 2021 to 2023, Hadley spearheaded the creation of the industry’s first bank-grade crypto-custody platform. Hadley also previously served as Chief Operating Officer at Bloq where he was responsible for the P&amp;L, product roadmap, and general operations. Hadley was Founding President of Fidelity Digital Asset Services where he led Fidelity's Blockchain Incubator and Digital Currency group and was pivotal in early product launches, including activating Bitcoin donations to Fidelity Charitable and building and running Fidelity first Bitcoin mining Operation.



Hannah Finnerty is Blockworks' head of media ops and is based in the US. Hannah previously worked in podcast production for The National in Abu Dhabi. She graduated from Bowling Green State University with a degree in multiplatform journalism and Middle Eastern politics. Contact Hannah at hannah@blockworks.co.

Hatu Sheikh is the co-founder and CMO of DAO Maker, the largest on-chain funding platform with 1.5M+ users. The platform's contracts have distributed over $600M, with a cumulative return of around 10x. Hatu has a strong background in marketing and strategy and has played a pivotal role in driving the success of various blockchain-based projects and tokens, crafting effective marketing strategies, and forging powerful synergies within the industry.

Harry Duckworth, a law graduate, embarked on a unique journey that led him to become the youngest trader at global commodities giant Trafigura. He then went on to set up desks for several hedge funds worldwide, accumulating over a decade of experience in trading, hedge funds, and emergent technologies. 

Through his work, he became fascinated by the revolutionary power of blockchain tech soon after the inception of Bitcoin. Years later he founded AgriDex International, to provide digital marketplaces and supply chain information for all participants in the global food chain. 

Hind Kurhan is a Co-Founder of Thesis Defense, a decentralized technology security auditing company whose mission is the facilitation of broad adoption of decentralized technology by improving security and audit consistency throughout the blockchain sphere.


Ian Rogers is the Chief Experience Officer at Ledger, leading the consumer-facing business delivering the world’s #1 way to buy and secure cryptocurrency.  Prior, Ian was the Chief Digital Officer at LVMH for five transformative years, working with a portfolio of nearly one hundred brands across luxury including Louis Vuitton, Dior, Sephora, and Hennessy.  Ian also sits on the boards of Dr Marten’s and Lyst.

Ian spent twenty years bringing digital music to the mainstream, first with Winamp then Yahoo!, Beats, and Apple.  Ian contributed to the 2015 launch of Apple Music including Beats 1, their digital streaming channel. Ian graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science (with honors, Phi Beta Kappa) from Indiana University in 1994.  Ian built some of the earliest music-related Web sites in the early 90s and has been working with Beastie Boys since 1993.

Igor Telyatnikov is the CEO and co-founder of the blockchain and financial services technology company AlphaPoint. Headquartered in New York, AlphaPoint supports over 10 million users, powering marketplaces and wallets in over 35 countries. With 15 years of experience in tech and innovation, Igor has empowered over 150 clients, including CME Group and Scotiabank. In 2022, he partnered with the Government of El Salvador to upgrade its Chivo Wallet into a national Bitcoin and dollar wallet, creating the first nationalized crypto ecosystem. Igor previously held roles at Cvetlo, LiftDNA, and Ingersoll Rand/Allegion, and has a Bachelor’s degree in Business Marketing from Penn State University. He is a frequent speaker at industry events.

Ishan is a University of Texas McCombs School of Business graduate with a BBA in Finance &amp; Marketing. He founded and managed a Private Equity Fund that reached an eight-figure Assets Under Management (AUM) and has also gained experience with many top 200 projects of crypto market cap. In 2022, he helped found SCRIB3, a Web3 Marketing and PR venture. He was notably among the first to raise an alert about potential deceptive and unethical business practices by FTX. Ishan contributes as a DeFi analyst, an active angel investor, and an advisor in projects like Polygon Technologies.

Jack Kubinec is a New York-based reporter and podcast host. He focuses on scoops and investigations at the intersection of money and power in crypto. In 2024, he was awarded Best Impact by a New Journalist by the Association of Cryptocurrency Journalists and Researchers. Jack can be reached for tips (not pitches) at jackkubinec.23 on Signal and jackkubinec@proton.me.













Jag is the CEO and co-founder of re.al, an L2 build to facilitate deep onchain liquidity for tokenized RWAs. re.al seeks to redefine how RWAs are integrated into DeFi, using yield-generating real-world assets as novel building blocks in existing DeFi primitives.

James Cirrone is a breaking news reporter based in New York. Prior to joining Blockworks, James was a reporter and newsletter writer at Bloomberg News. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in journalism. He also played trumpet in the university’s marching band. Contact James via email at james.cirrone@blockworks.co.

Jason Allegrante is the Chief Legal and Compliance Officer at Fireblocks. He is an experienced Counsel with a demonstrated history of working in the financial services industry with both large, traditional financial institutions as well as early stage fintech startups.



Jason Dehni is the co-founder and group CEO of Credbull, a leading DeFi platform offering structured high fixed yield solutions in SME private credit. Jason has over 25 years of senior management experience in asset management, private banking, SME lending, insurance, risk management, and crypto across North America, Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. His background includes serving as group COO &amp; MENA CEO of a publicly traded crypto asset management company, co-founder &amp; CEO of an SME trade finance platform, and senior leadership roles in asset management, wealth management,  insurance, and management consulting. Jason holds an MBA from Harvard Business School and an Honours BA in Economics &amp; Political Science from the University of Toronto. 

Jean-Marie Mognetti is Chief Executive Officer of CoinShares, a publicly listed investment firm that manages over five billion in digital assets on behalf of a global investor base, and an experienced commodities trader with a background in quantitative strategies. A veteran of the Global Advisors group of companies since 2011, Jean-Marie has served in various leadership roles throughout his tenure, most recently as CEO of Global Advisors (Jersey) Limited and director of GABI, the world’s first regulated Bitcoin fund. In addition to his management responsibilities as CEO, Jean-Marie oversees the firm’s proprietary trading arm, capital markets portfolio, and risk management practices – areas in which he has developed unique expertise over his career. Prior to joining Global Advisors, Jean-Marie was a quantitative strategist with Hermes Commodities Fund Managers, and an Energy Trader Assistant at Lehman Brothers. He holds Master of Science degrees in Mathematical Trading and Finance from Sir John Cass Business School in London, and Bank-Finance-Insurance from Université Paris Dauphine in Paris, in addition to a Bachelor of Science degree in Economics and Finance from Université Paris Dauphine.

Jeff is an editor at Blockworks, based in the United States. He has been a part of the blockchain space for nearly 15 years. His areas of focus include empowering artists and creators through technology, using proof-of-participation methods to reward self-improvement, reducing the effectiveness of Sybil attacks, seeking transparent equity for disadvantaged communities and exploring fairer models of world governance. Contact Jeff at Jeffrey@blockworks.co.


Jesper Johansen is the founder and CEO of NORTHSTAKE, a regulated custodial staking company specialized in building regulatory compliant crypto staking products for institutional investors and financial institutions. The team holds backgrounds from financial institutions, pension funds, large investment companies to consulting, technology and audit firms, such as Accenture, Deloitte, PwC as well as blockchain and crypto projects e.g. DAI Foundation (MakerDao), Ethereum and L1/L2s. 

Prior to NORTHSTAKE, Jesper held leadership positions with Accenture Strategy and Deloitte Consulting advising clients in heavily regulated industries to implement new technologies and drive business transformation. He holds a MBA from Copenhagen Business School and a B.Sc. in International Business. 

Jess is the CEO of Reown, the onchain UX platform and builders of the WalletConnect Network. Previously she led Crypto at Checkout.com, a global fintech company. Jess was also a member of the Bank of England CBDC Engagement Forum and a member of UK Finance New Digital Money Steering Group, Innovate Finance Fintech Strategy Group and Department for International Trade Fintech Group.

Jess Sun is an independent writer and content strategist. She loves bringing good ideas to light, helping the people behind them shine, and bridging gaps in understanding. Follow her on Twitter or LinkedIn. Go to her website to learn about working with her.

Jesse Knutson is the head of operations at Bitfinex Securities, where he is responsible for expanding the platform’s issuance pipeline, overseeing distribution and building its user base while ensuring compliance with regulatory standards. Prior to this role, Knutson served as vice president of financial products at Blockstream, and held roles at prominent investment banks including Macquarie Group and Barclays.

Jim Myers is an engineer, early-stage investor, and the CTO &amp; Co-Founder of Flipside Crypto, a leading blockchain data analytics and business intelligence platform. Prior to co-founding Flipside, Jim developed the core technology that took products from 0 to 1 at companies such as Mylestone, Pluralsight, and Smarterer. Jim’s journey into the crypto industry began in 2015, eventually co-founding Flipside Crypto in 2017 to help empower crypto communities to create and share data-driven insights on the projects they care most about. Jim's passion for building extends to the broader startup community via his developer event series, Stack Dive, and as an angel investor to several local Boston-area startups, including AdHawk and LinkSquares. In a previous life, Jim developed advanced models to quantify risk and abnormal returns in the market for Financial Transmission Rights, a type of energy derivative.

Byron Gilliam

This is a segment from The Breakdown newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/brand/the-breakdown" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
&#8220;I don&#8217;t see it as a bad thing, this process that they call &#8216;dollarization’&#8230; Thank god it exists.”



— Nicolás Maduro
</blockquote>



The New York Times recently <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/26/world/americas/trump-maduro-venezuela-economy.html">reported</a> that Venezuela had become “the first nation to manage a large share of its finances in crypto.”&nbsp;



Not by choice, though.&nbsp;



Roughly half of Venezuela’s revenue comes from oil sales denominated in dollars, which Venezuela, being a sanctioned country, cannot legally send or receive.&nbsp;



Previously, sanctioned governments would sell their oil for dollars through a web of shell companies and offshore banks — or barter their oil in return for goods or infrastructure investments.



Now, they have an easier option: Accept payment in stablecoins. Economist Asdrúbal Oliveros <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vp2v8fKXJg&amp;t=279s">estimates</a> that Tether’s USDT stablecoin is the means of exchange for roughly 80% of Venezuela&#8217;s oil sales. The government once banned transacting in stablecoins, which it viewed as a threat to the bolivar. But the crippling effects of US sanctions left Venezuela little choice but to embrace them.



Delcy Rodriguez, now the interim president of Venezuela, recognized the inevitability of crypto-enabled dollarization last August, when she <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/with-dollars-scarce-venezuela-currency-exchanges-turn-crypto-2025-09-03/">told</a> businesspeople that &#8220;non-traditional mechanisms of management” were being implemented to better manage the bolivar exchange rate.



“The Venezuelan government has since June allowed the use of more USDT,” Reuters <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/with-dollars-scarce-venezuela-currency-exchanges-turn-crypto-2025-09-03/">reported</a> shortly thereafter. With state approval, banks now sell the USDT earned from oil sales to local businesses, which use them to pay both domestic and international suppliers. They want stablecoins to circulate at the retail level, too: The head of the country’s National Association of Supermarkets recently <a href="https://forklog.com/en/hyperinflation-drives-venezuelas-shift-to-cryptocurrency/">told</a> state television that grocery stores were working to implement systems to accept payment in USDT.



In other words, the Venezuelan government is encouraging the use of dollars issued by Tether in place of the bolivars it issues itself.



As a result, USDT — or “Binance dollars” as many Venezuelans refer to them — is now <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/usdt-binance-dollars-replace-bolivar-in-venezuela">used</a> “for everything from groceries and condo fees to salaries and vendor payments.”



So for a stablecoin enthusiast like myself, it was disappointing to see that neither crypto nor stablecoins were deemed worthy of a mention in the US government’s <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1422326/dl">indictment</a> of Nicolás Maduro. 



Instead, prosecutors described illicit money moving the old-fashioned way: planes returning from Mexico “loaded with drug proceeds,” weapons like grenades and grenade launchers being bartered for cocaine, protection services paid for by a portion of the cocaine being transported, and a $2.5 million bribe paid in cash dollars.



Why no mention of crypto?&nbsp;&nbsp;



There are two possibilities: 1) The US government no longer says anything mean about crypto, so the prosecutors knew to judiciously leave it out, or 2) crypto and stablecoins aren’t quite capable of moving money in the size Maduro and his associates needed to move it. The former is the more fun explanation, but the latter is the more likely one.&nbsp;



“The state is struggling to liquidate these [crypto] assets expeditiously,” Asdrúbal Oliveros explains, “because moving crypto funds requires passing various controls that are not being met.”



A <a href="https://www.trmlabs.com/resources/blog/understanding-the-use-of-cryptocurrencies-by-cartels">report</a> from TRM Labs reaches a similar conclusion: “Large-scale trafficking organizations continue to rely heavily on physical cash, trade-based laundering, and state or quasi-state protection for moving core proceeds, with crypto generally playing a secondary or complementary role rather than replacing these mechanisms.”



The national security analysts at Lawfare <a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/sounding-the-alarm-on-digitally-enabled-sanctions-evasion">agree</a>: “Cryptocurrency-based sanctions evasion still represents only a drop in the bucket compared to traditional illicit financial pathways.”



Others are more upbeat about the utility of stablecoins and crypto in, um, “international payments.”



InSight Crime, for example, <a href="https://insightcrime.org/news/us-court-cases-mexico-organized-crime-digital-money/">reports</a> that Mexican drug cartels are being “sustained” by an “industrial-scale crypto laundering pipeline moving dirty cash through digital networks to Chinese chemical suppliers.”



As they detail, stablecoins have found a niche matchmaking between Chinese money brokers who need dollars to sell to clients evading China&#8217;s capital controls and Mexican cartels who need to buy the chemicals they mix into fentanyl from China.



It’s not the product-market fit we crypto enthusiasts have hoped for, but revealed preferences suggest it’s a powerful one. The DEA, for example, <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/2025NationalDrugThreatAssessment.pdf">says</a> its seizures of illicit cash are sharply lower because criminal groups are “prioritizing crypto over traditional cash-based laundering schemes.”



Seizures of “virtual currency” are correspondingly higher: From 2020 to 2024, the DEA has seized $2.5 billion of crypto vs. just $2.2 billion of cash.



That might explain why Maduro and his associates have stuck to more traditional means of payment — traceable crypto and freezable stablecoins aren’t quite ready for the largest money-laundering needs.



Nevertheless, Venezuela’s embrace of digital dollars is breaking new ground: “US adversaries have established an operational proof of concept,” Lawfare concludes, “and emerging financial technologies will likely further solidify it.”



If so, it might further solidify the dollar, too.



Being banned from using dollars didn&#8217;t make Venezuela accept, say, yuan for its oil — it just made the government use digital dollars instead.



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</ul>

Latin America

Venezuela’s sanctions are stablecoins’ proof of concept

Shaunda Devens

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Strategy has stepped back in as a visible treasury bid for BTC, but with a very different financing backdrop compared to 2024-2025



At the end of December, Strategy raised cash but barely deployed it into BTC. On Dec. 29-31, it sold 1,255,911 MSTR shares for $195.9 million net proceeds, yet bought only 3 BTC. In early January, deployment resumed: Jan. 1-4 saw another 735,000 shares sold for $116.3 million net, and 1,283 BTC bought for $116 million (avg $90,391/BTC), bringing holdings to 673,783 BTC.



The bigger signal sits in the financing backdrop. In 2024 through early 2025, Strategy funded itself cheaply via convertible debt (cash coupons 0.625% to 2.25%, then multiple 0% converts). That playbook works best when MSTR trades at a premium to Bitcoin NAV (mNAV &gt; 1) because of the equity optionality.&nbsp;



However, by mid-to-late 2025, that premium compressed and flipped to a discount (mNAV &lt; 1), making equity-linked financing harder to place and common issuance mechanically dilutive to BTC-per-share. As a result, the financing shifted toward high-cash-cost preferred, often issued below par, printing roughly 10% to 12.5% effective cash cost on proceeds. STRC&#8217;s dividend rate has been stepped up from 9% (August 2025) to 11.0% (January 2026) to keep the channel open.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110777" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Interestingly, Strategy is still funding buys by issuing common via the ATM even at an mNAV discount, accepting short-term dilution to keep accumulating and maintain liquidity. When mNAV is below 1 and marginal funding costs are double-digit, scaling purchases becomes both more dilutive and more expensive. That makes Strategy a less-reliable, less-price-setting buyer compared to prior premium regimes. It will still matter as a sentiment marker, but unless the premium reopens, its flow is more likely to be episodic clips than a sustained engine for the tape.



Zooming out, 2025&#8217;s marginal bid was essentially a two-horse race: spot ETFs and Strategy. On the accumulation chart, Strategy&#8217;s cumulative purchases tracked in the same range as ETFs for much of the year, meaning Strategy was comparable in flow impact to the ETF complex at points.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110776" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The setup for 2026 looks materially weaker. With mNAV compressed and financing shifting toward double-digit preferred costs plus dilutive ATM common issuance, Strategy&#8217;s bid becomes harder to scale without worsening BTC-per-share dilution. Strategy is still a sentiment marker, but the buying pressure should be more muted and episodic, leaving ETF flows and broader crypto risk appetite as the more reliable price-setting forces.



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0xResearch Newsletter

The Strategy playbook looks different in 2026

Carlos

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Ranger’s ICO begins today and will run through Jan. 10. For context, Ranger is a full-stack trading terminal with three core products.&nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>First is Ranger Perps, a perps aggregator for Solana-based venues like Jupiter Perps, Drift, and Flash Trade, with Hyperliquid support in the works. </li>



<li>Second is Ranger Spot, a meta-aggregator that routes across other aggregators like Jupiter and DFlow for optimal price execution. </li>



<li>The third pillar is Ranger Earn, a newer product that offers curated access to institutional-grade yield strategies through Ranger’s vault infrastructure.</li>
</ul>



Ranger is seeking a minimum raise of $6 million and is selling 39% of the total RNGR supply in the ICO. Proceeds from the raise will be held in a token holder-governed treasury, with the team receiving a fixed monthly stipend of $250,000. The Ranger ICO marks an important milestone for MetaDAO: It’s the first token sale on the platform to include a project with existing pre-ICO investors. The table below shows RNGR’s supply distribution.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110768" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



ICO participants who receive an allocation will be 100% liquid at TGE (no vesting), while pre-ICO investors will follow a 24-month linear unlock schedule with no cliff. Notably, the team allocation will be tied to price performance: Up to 7.6M RNGR (30% of total supply) becomes unlockable for the team via five milestone tranches triggered at 2x / 4x / 8x / 16x / 32x of the ICO price. Each milestone must be maintained via a three-month TWAP, and there is a minimum 18-month cliff before any team tokens can unlock.



The chart below shows RNGR’s unlock schedule. The team performance pool is an estimate based on the parameters above, but realized unlocks will ultimately depend on RNGR’s sustained price performance post-ICO.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110770" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The last six MetaDAO ICOs have been heavily oversubscribed, with allocations settled pro rata. This allocation mechanism favors whales, who can afford to overcommit capital to secure a meaningful allocation. As the chart below shows, across the past six MetaDAO ICOs, participants have received an average of ~5% of their desired exposure.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110769" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Ranger will guarantee point holders access to the ICO via a dedicated allocation bucket, directly addressing the oversubscription dynamic above. I’m constructive on this structure: It rewards early users and contributors through preferential access rather than giving away 10-30% of supply via an airdrop, which can introduce unnecessary sell pressure and weaker alignment. In this regard, any allocation not taken by point holders will roll over and be pro-rated to public ICO buyers.



While the Ranger ICO is compelling on its own (and likely worth participating in, particularly for points holders), the bigger story, in my view, is what it means for MetaDAO: a catalyst that could reaccelerate launch cadence and revenue to start the year.



MetaDAO monetizes ICOs through swap fees on its Futarchy AMM and its LP position on Meteora. The Futarchy AMM charges a 0.5% fee on volume, which was originally split evenly between MetaDAO and the project raising (e.g., 0.25% to MetaDAO, 0.25% to Ranger). On Dec. 28, after mutual agreement with teams, the split was retroactively adjusted so that the full 0.5% now accrues to MetaDAO.



Since the Futarchy AMM went live on Oct. 10, 2025, MetaDAO has generated about $2.4 million in revenue, with roughly 60% coming from the Futarchy AMM and 40% from its Meteora LP position.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110765" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



That said, MetaDAO’s revenues have declined sharply since mid-December as ICO activity slowed. Today, MetaDAO’s ICOs remain curated, placing far more weight on founder quality, credibility and long-term alignment than on simply maximizing the number of launches. This approach was necessary to validate the product, but it has come with a clear tradeoff: Without a steady stream of new launches, it’s difficult for revenues to increase, and MetaDAO has fallen short on cadence over the past few weeks.



The chart below highlights why. Token volumes tend to be highest around TGE and the days immediately following, meaning sustained Futarchy AMM volumes, and by extension, revenues, are highly dependent on new launches coming through the pipeline.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110766" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Despite declining daily revenue, META has performed remarkably well, rallying roughly 40% over the past week. As a result, META’s 30-day trailing P/S has increased to ~36x, well above its prior two-month range of ~10-15x.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110771" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Markets are forward-looking, though, and I expect META’s P/S to compress back toward its historical range over the coming weeks and months as revenue reaccelerates (i.e., not through a price decline, but through higher trailing revenues).&nbsp;



The near-term catalysts are twofold. First is Ranger’s ICO, which will likely be oversubscribed and lead to a spike in Futarchy AMM volumes post-TGE. Second is the <a href="https://v1.metadao.fi/metadao/trade-v5/Bzoap95gjbokTaiEqwknccktfNSvkPe4ZbAdcJF1yiEK">Omnibus proposal</a>, which passed last night and will&nbsp;



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>migrate roughly ~90% of META liquidity from Meteora DAMM v1 into the Futarchy AMM and </li>



<li>burn roughly ~60,000 META (about $550,000 at current prices). Capturing trading volumes from RNGR and META should increase Futarchy AMM revenue in the near term. </li>
</ol>



Beyond the next few days and into the coming months, I expect MetaDAO’s revenues to trend higher as launch cadence accelerates by an order of magnitude. Two catalysts stand out: permissionless launches and Colosseum’s STAMP.



MetaDAO has debated in public comms whether to preserve a fully curated (permissioned) model or experiment with permissionless launches. The latter, despite the risk of lower-quality projects, is a necessary experiment to increase throughput and validate the platform’s scalability, and is probably the direction the team will ultimately pursue.



Finally, I think the market is underpricing what Colosseum’s STAMP could mean for MetaDAO. Colosseum sits upstream of Solana’s startup funnel, spanning hackathons, an accelerator and a venture fund. Many of the ecosystem’s top teams trace their roots back to hackathons (e.g., Jito, Kamino, Drift, Exponent, Hylo). STAMP effectively plugs MetaDAO into that deal flow, creating a steadier pipeline of high-quality launches to complement permissionless ICOs and normalize launch cadence over time.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110767" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



In conclusion, Ranger and the Omnibus proposal may help reaccelerate revenues in the near term, but permissionless launches and STAMP are what could ultimately drive a tenfold increase in MetaDAO’s ICO cadence (and, by extension, volumes and revenue) over the coming months.



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Ranger’s ICO starts today, and MetaDAO eyes a reset

Marc Arjoon

Kunal Doshi

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Markets opened the year with subtle but important shifts. BTC outperformed both equities and gold, higher beta crypto narratives reawakened, and derivatives positioning pointed to a careful rebuild of risk rather than excess. In today’s note, we break down index performance, what ETH derivatives are signaling under the surface, and the growing case for equity perps as a retail driven product nearing an inflection point.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices </h2>



BTC quietly stole the show this week, benefiting from a rare but timely negative correlation to both equities and gold. Traditional markets softened, with the Nasdaq 100 (-1.7%) and S&amp;P 500 (-1.1%) drifting lower while gold sold off sharply (-3%), BTC (+3.7%) ground higher. It was a steady, low-drama move that stood out precisely because of how long it’s been since crypto outperformed across both risk and defensive assets in the same window. The week felt less like speculative exuberance and more like BTC reminding the market of its role as a portfolio diversifier, a dynamic largely absent through much of the past year when correlations repeatedly snapped back toward one. Whether that decoupling persists will likely hinge on macro follow-through, but for now, BTC’s ability to outperform both stocks and gold marks a notable shift in tape behavior worth watching.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110750" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Last week’s winners were concentrated almost entirely in the higher-beta, most narrative-driven corners of crypto, signaling a shift toward speculative positioning. Launchpad tokens (+27.8%) led by a wide margin, benefiting from renewed retail participation and a resurgence in short-duration token launches as traders chased velocity over fundamentals. Modular (+21.0%) and AI (+19.4%) followed closely, while DePIN (+18.9%) and the Solana ecosystem (+16.1%) also stood out.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110751" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Within our Launchpad index, leadership once again belonged to MetaDAO, which extended its run of relative outperformance and reinforced its status as the bellwether for the sector. META’s sharp gains this week reflected renewed interest in token issuance infrastructure, as traders gravitated toward platforms most levered to new launches and velocity-driven flows.&nbsp;



What stood out just as much was the breadth: Nearly every constituent in the index finished higher on the week, underscoring how synchronized the move was across the complex. The lone exception was Launchcoin, which lagged while the rest of the cohort participated in the upside. That kind of near-universal participation is typically a sign of sector-level positioning rather than idiosyncratic token news. Looking ahead, the setup remains compelling, with regulatory frameworks expected to crystallize in 2026 and compliant launch infrastructure likely to move from a speculative niche to a structural pillar of the crypto stack, making Launchpads an area investors will be increasingly forced to pay attention to rather than trade opportunistically.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="850" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110752" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update&nbsp;</h2>



ETH derivatives markets in December 2025 were defined by a clear divergence between participation and positioning. Perpetual futures volumes continued to cool, with aggregate ETH perps volume falling roughly 31% month over month, extending November’s decline and reflecting fading speculative intensity amid consolidation and compressed volatility. Activity fell broadly across major venues, signaling reduced appetite for short-term directional trading, particularly during thinner holiday liquidity.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110748" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Despite this pullback in turnover, open interest rebounded sharply. Average ETH open interest rose approximately 63% over the month, reversing November’s contraction and climbing steadily as price action stabilized. The combination of falling volumes and rising OI suggest that exposure was rebuilt quietly and deliberately, pointing to longer-horizon or relative-value positioning rather than aggressive leverage-chasing.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110749" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



This measured rebuild in positioning was reinforced by a continued decline in liquidation activity. ETH liquidations remained subdued throughout December, with weekly liquidation volumes down 56% from November and well below October’s forced deleveraging extremes. Both sides of the market stayed relatively contained as prices consolidated, with short liquidations still modestly exceeding longs but at significantly lower absolute levels. The absence of large liquidation cascades alongside rising open interest underscores a healthier leverage profile, where positions were added gradually and risk was managed more tightly.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110746" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Taken together, declining volumes, rising open interest and falling liquidations characterize December as a period of risk reduction and positioning reset, rather than a return to speculative excess.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The bull case for equity perps</h2>



Equity perpetuals are often framed as a crypto-native attempt to bring traditional markets onchain. In reality, their real competition is not options but leveraged ETFs, a product class that already has massive retail adoption. The appeal is simple. Retail investors increasingly want leverage in a clean and intuitive wrapper.



JPMorgan <a href="https://www.jpmorganchase.com/institute/all-topics/financial-health-wealth-creation/a-decade-in-the-market-how-retail-investing-behavior-has-shifted-since-2015#section3">estimates</a> retail equity flows in 2025 are over 50% higher than 2024 and above the meme stock peak of 2021. Leveraged ETFs have absorbed much of this appetite, with AUM <a href="https://x.com/Kunallegendd/status/2008082680085381274?s=20">growing</a> from $41.6 billion in 2020 to $250 billion by late 2025, and monthly trading volumes exceeding $800 billion.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="989" height="609" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110745" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=989 989w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=417 417w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=424 424w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=356 356w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Bloomberg</figcaption></figure>







But leveraged ETFs are flawed: They rely on derivatives to reset exposure daily, which introduces volatility drag. Even when the underlying index goes nowhere, leveraged ETFs can lose value over time. These products are designed for short-term trading but are widely misunderstood and held longer than intended.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="853" height="238" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110743" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=853 853w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px" /></figure>



Equity perps fix this. They provide constant notional exposure without daily resets, meaning leverage does not decay mechanically. Volatility does not compound against the trader in the same way. For anyone seeking leveraged directional exposure, equity perps are simply a cleaner instrument.



Early traction supports this view. Since mid-October, equity perp volume on Hyperliquid has reached roughly $12.9 billion, with daily volumes commonly found between $200 million and $300 million. Hyperliquid currently dominates market share, followed by Lighter.&nbsp;



Accessibility matters here. It’s no coincidence that equity perp volume has emerged on the same onchain venues that dominate crypto perps.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1196" height="562" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110747" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1196 1196w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1196px) 100vw, 1196px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Hyperzap</figcaption></figure>







But there are frictions. When equity markets are closed, market makers cannot hedge, liquidity thins, and funding rates can spike. Platforms manage this differently through restricted trading hours or internal oracle adjustments. These issues explain why adoption has grown steadily rather than explosively.



The long-term winners will not be determined by venue design but by distribution. Just as centralized exchanges dominate crypto perps, equity perps will likely scale through platforms with massive retail reach. Robinhood and Coinbase are best positioned.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="928" height="536" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110744" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=928 928w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=452 452w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=379 379w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 928px) 100vw, 928px" /></figure>



Source: The BlockBoth have already taken <a href="https://www.coinbase.com/en-sg/blog/system-update-the-future-of-finance-is-on-coinbase">steps</a> toward tokenized equities, and a compliant version of equity perps could emerge as early as 2026. The opportunity is large; leveraged ETFs currently trade between $800 billion and $900 billion per month. Capturing even 5% of those flows would increase trading volumes by <a href="https://investors.robinhood.com/static-files/5e1919af-821f-4655-b088-ed732c3c9353">an estimated</a> 17% for Robinhood <a href="https://www.theblock.co/data/crypto-markets/spot/cryptocurrency-exchange-volume-monthly">and nearly</a> 70% for Coinbase. Ultimately, equity perps are not a crypto experiment. They are a retail product waiting for the right distribution channel.



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ETH derivatives reset and the next retail trade

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Despite what we hear on the news… the great story of our era is that we are witnessing the greatest improvement in global living standards ever to take place.”



— John Norberg
</blockquote>



As years go, 2025 was a pretty good one, I think.



Derek Thompson goes so far as to <a href="https://x.com/DKThomp/status/2006047834819219779">say</a> it was “an exceptional year for America,” citing, among other things, huge declines in traffic deaths, drug overdoses and suicides, the largest-ever drop in murder rates, and dramatic advances in healthcare.



“This seems to be the first period on record when every major cause of premature death — overdose, auto accident, homicide, obesity — is falling at the same time,” he <a href="https://x.com/DKThomp/status/1956014687885074507?t=_kwwOepZ0wQQ_mUwUFMm8w&amp;s=19">adds</a>.



Noah Smith similarly <a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/ten-things-that-are-going-right-in?has_completed_unsubscribed_unlock=true">lists</a> 10 reasons America might be “putting itself back together,” including rising life expectancy, peaking social media usage, and a surge in business dynamism.&nbsp;



Most comprehensively, Human Progress <a href="https://humanprogress.org/doomslayer-1084-reasons-the-world-isnt-falling-apart/">collates</a> 1,084 good-news stories reported this year: everything from the <a href="https://humanprogress.org/poverty-has-declined-for-almost-all-indians/">astonishing decline</a> of poverty in India to the <a href="https://humanprogress.org/puffins-return-to-isle-of-muckfor-first-time-in-at-least-25-years/">return of puffins</a> to the UK.



If I wasn’t a regular reader of the Human Progress website, I’m not sure I’d be familiar with any of them, because good news rarely makes headlines.



This has always been the case — as the old newsroom saying goes, “If it leads, it bleeds.”



But it’s even more true now. In the fierce competition for our scarce attention, news outlets appear to be doubling down on the traditional strategy of terrifying us with bad news.



In 2022, an <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9578611/">academic study</a> found “a pattern of increasing negative sentiment in headlines.” Specifically, headlines in 2019 were found to be 314% more likely to reflect anger, disgust, fear or sadness compared to 2000.&nbsp;



It feels like things have only gotten worse since.



“We are experiencing a contagion of negativity,” Marain Tupy <a href="https://humanprogress.org/our-editors-end-of-year-missive/">warns</a>, “driven by the hypercompetitive media environment, with newspapers, television stations, radio and websites presenting a highly skewed picture of the state of the world.”



The state of the world was far from perfect in 2025, of course. War continued to rage, the climate continued to warm, governments continued to fall ever deeper in debt, migrants everywhere continued to be persecuted.&nbsp;



But the world is almost certainly better than we think it is.&nbsp;



Consider the <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/655493/new-low-satisfied-personal-life.aspx">Gallup poll</a> that found that 81% of Americans are satisfied with the way things are going in their life — and only 20% are satisfied with the way things are going in the country.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“A country cannot be doing that poorly if a supermajority of its citizens are having an excellent time,” Malcolm Cochran <a href="https://humanprogress.org/doomslayer-1084-reasons-the-world-isnt-falling-apart/">observes</a>.



Or consider as well the “affordability crisis” that is currently making headlines. After examining the evidence, The Economist <a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2025/12/30/americas-affordability-crisis-is-mostly-a-mirage">concludes</a> that “never has life been so affordable in America for so many.”



Excellent news! But I suspect that won’t get many clicks.&nbsp;



So here’s my New Year’s resolution: Give more of my clicks to reports of good news.



Let’s check the charts.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">All the bad news that’s fit to print:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1392" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110735" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1392 1392w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px" /></figure>



Here’s the graphic from the <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9578611/">study</a> finding “a pattern of increasing negative sentiment in headlines.” Whatever the current state of the world, it’s not 314% worse than it was in 2000.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">I’m alright, but we’re not:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="835" height="649" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110728" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=835 835w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=331 331w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=336 336w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=282 282w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px" /></figure>



The aforementioned Gallup poll: 81% of Americans say they are satisfied with their lives but only 20% say they are satisfied with America.&nbsp;



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The kids are not alright:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="911" height="635" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110733" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=911 911w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=369 369w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=374 374w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=314 314w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 911px) 100vw, 911px" /></figure>



As measured by employment and parenthood, the FT <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/bd61b6e2-d455-4f90-a5e3-648f30f0afc6">reports</a> that young adults are becoming increasingly disengaged from society. I’m guessing this upward trend is at least partially caused by the upward trend in negative headlines.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Not making headlines:&nbsp;&nbsp;</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1399" height="721" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110732" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1399 1399w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1399px) 100vw, 1399px" /></figure>



For all the hand-wringing over the “affordability crisis,” wages have grown faster than prices for the last decade, at least. In other words, things have gotten more affordable, not less. (Yes, this accounts for housing.)



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Sentiment disconnect:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1225" height="589" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110734" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1225 1225w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1225px) 100vw, 1225px" /></figure>



Starting with the pandemic, consumer sentiment (in green) decoupled from real disposable income (blue) and has never recovered. More than ever, people are more pessimistic than the data suggests they should be.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Some other things that never recovered:&nbsp;</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1115" height="638" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110736" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1115 1115w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=456 456w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=383 383w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1115px) 100vw, 1115px" /></figure>



<a href="https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/winter-of-our-discontent-amv.pdf">JPMorgan</a> finds that things like restaurants and air travel have fully recovered from the&nbsp; pandemic, but the film industry and mass transit have not.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Trend change?</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="997" height="628" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110730" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=997 997w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=408 408w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=414 414w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=348 348w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px" /></figure>



The Economist <a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2025/10/24/the-world-has-become-surprisingly-less-grumpy">reports</a> that “the world has become surprisingly less grump.” Feelings of worry, stress and anger are off their highs, while feelings of laughter are recovering.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Generation alpha is here:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="490" height="314" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110729" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=490 490w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=401 401w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=407 407w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=342 342w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px" /></figure>



Over 20% of Americans now play Roblox daily. I don&#8217;t know what that means for America, but I’m sure it means something.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The changing world:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1013" height="666" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110731" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=1013 1013w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=391 391w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=397 397w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=333 333w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1013px) 100vw, 1013px" /></figure>



There are now more births per year in Nigeria than all of Europe; more in Ethiopia than the US; and more in Afghanistan than Japan.



In 2026, maybe there will be more optimists than pessimists, too.



I doubt it would make the news, though.



Have a great year, headline readers.



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The Breakdown Newsletter

Friday charts: Finding good news, in spite of bad headlines

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It was a mixed week for crypto, with BTC ending higher but sharp divergence across sectors. DePIN and Gaming led a surprising rebound after a rough year, while L2s, RWAs and the treasury trade continued to grind lower as flows stayed choppy. 



To add some insight to the new year, we’ve rounded up some weekend reads on stablecoin yield, payments infrastructure, interoperability and last year’s fastest-moving narratives.



<h1 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h1>



With a shortened equity trading week due to the holidays, the focus shifts to crypto performance over the past week. BTC finished the week up 1.6%, though performance across altcoins remains highly fragmented.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1177" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110723" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1177 1177w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1177px) 100vw, 1177px" /></figure>



The biggest movers may come as a surprise. DePIN and Gaming led all sectors with gains of 13.1% and 12.6%, respectively. These have been two of the weakest performers in 2025, down -79.5% and -81.3% on the year, making the rebound notable.



DePIN strength was driven by FIL and RENDER, which rose 22% and 13% on the week and together account for 49% of the index. Gaming followed a similar pattern, with IMX up 11%, doing most of the heavy lifting for the sector.



On the downside, L2s and RWAs lagged, falling -2.67% and -0.84% over the week. L2 weakness was led by MNT and ZORA, down -5.7% and -6.4%. At the same time, other L2 names such as OP, ARB, and ZK posted gains between 10% and 20%, highlighting sharp divergence within the sector. RWAs were pressured by a pullback in Gold after its strong run this year, with PAXG and XAUT both down around -3.4%.



Flows remain choppy. On Dec. 31, ETFs saw $417.8 million of outflows, nearly offsetting the $428.2 million of inflows recorded the day prior.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="951" height="366" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110718" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=951 951w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px" /></figure>



Digital asset treasuries continue to feel the strain, with mNAV multiples compressing further. MSTR and BMNR now trade at mNAV levels of 0.69 and 0.85, underscoring the pressure on the treasury trade as the new year begins.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="738" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110721" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recommended end-of-year analyses</h2>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/neutrl-unlocking-institutional-otc-yield-for-stablecoins">Neutrl: Unlocking Institutional OTC Yield for Stablecoins</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1409" height="781" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110724" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1409 1409w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1409px) 100vw, 1409px" /></figure>



<a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/neutrl-unlocking-institutional-otc-yield-for-stablecoins">Blockworks Research finds</a> that Neutrl brings institutional-grade OTC arbitrage into a stablecoin wrapper, offering market neutral yields that are less reliant on funding cycles than existing synthetic dollars. Early traction and double-digit sNUSD yields suggest strong demand, supported by deep token unlock pipelines and privileged OTC access via STIX. The core upside rests on scalable deployment into hedged OTC deals, while risks center on execution, counterparty performance and liquidity management. If yields hold as TVL grows, Neutrl could mirror early Ethena dynamics in a more structurally defensive form. 



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://polaris.fund/articles/crypto-card-moats">Crypto Card Moats</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="866" height="468" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110722" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=866 866w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px" /></figure>



<a href="https://polaris.fund/articles/crypto-card-moats">Polaris Fund finds</a> that crypto cards and neobanks have reached a real inflection point where value is shifting away from rewards and branding toward infrastructure, compliance and liquidity control. The analysis shows that durable moats come from owning primitives like regulated access, programmable liquidity and deep integrations, not cashbacks. Infra rail providers and DeFi native card models capture the most leverage through recurring fees and aligned economics, while CeFi distributors face margin compression. As regulation tightens, scale will increasingly favor players that control licensing, settlement and compliance workflows rather than consumer-facing incentives.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/25-stats-explaining-how-crypto-accelerated-in-2025">25 Stats Explaining How LayerZero Accelerated Crypto in 2025</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="695" height="383" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110720" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=695 695w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /></figure>



<a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/25-stats-explaining-how-crypto-accelerated-in-2025">LayerZero finds</a> that 2025 marked the shift of interoperability from a theory into core infrastructure for crypto. Data shows tokenized assets and stablecoins increasingly distributed across many chains, with interoperability accelerating asset velocity, capital mobility and global access. Rather than chains competing in isolation, crypto now functions as a connected network where value moves freely to where demand exists. Adoption of message-based transfers and open primitives reduced costs and friction, making cross-chain activity feel more like software than finance. Interoperability is no longer the bottleneck, but the default layer enabling scale.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://reports.tiger-research.com/p/2025-recap-eng?triedRedirect=true">2025: The Year Narratives Moved Too Fast</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="595" height="508" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110719" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=595 595w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=301 301w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=306 306w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=257 257w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px" /></figure>



<a href="https://reports.tiger-research.com/p/2025-recap-eng?triedRedirect=true">Tiger Research finds</a> that 2025 was defined by rapid narrative cycles that generated attention faster than they could be validated, leading to widespread fatigue and skepticism. Most narratives faded quickly, but a subset translated into real use cases that pushed the market forward, particularly where retail access was simple and intuitive. Memecoins showed how quickly users can onboard, but also how fragile engagement is without retention. Experiments like InfoFi highlighted incentive-driven growth but exposed quality and trust issues. The clearest progress came where crypto demonstrated product-market fit, including stablecoins, prediction markets and payment rails, showing that durable value emerges only when narratives align with real utility.



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DePIN and crypto gaming led a surprising end-of-year rebound

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As we step into the new year, <a href="https://x.com/0xNairolf/status/2003775659571925224?s=20">mindshare</a> across crypto has rotated meaningfully. Prediction markets, stablecoins and RWAs have emerged as the clear winners, while AI, modularity and memecoins have fallen out of favor. One protocol that stood out this week touches two of the three leading narratives and has quietly been putting up impressive metrics: the Canton Network.



Canton is a blockchain built specifically for financial institutions, designed to enable secure, interoperable and privacy preserving transactions. Its token became transferable on Nov. 10 and, after an initial drawdown of more than 50%, it has fully recovered. It’s now up 47.6% over the past month.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1544" height="815" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110673" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1544 1544w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1544px) 100vw, 1544px" /></figure>



The scale of RWA activity on the network is already notable. As of <a href="https://x.com/CantonNetwork/status/2003073143108465130?s=20">Q4 2025</a>, Canton has processed $6 trillion in real-world assets and currently handles about $350 billion per day in US treasury activity. Much of this traction comes from institutional partners like <a href="https://www.broadridge.com/about/">Broadridge Financial Solutions</a>, a global fintech leader in trading and settlement infrastructure. Broadridge’s Distributed Ledger Repo platform runs on Canton and processes more than <a href="https://www.canton.network/ecosystem/broadridge-dlr">$8 trillion per month</a> in repo transactions, using blockchain rails to improve efficiency in one of the largest markets in global finance.



Momentum has continued to build through deeper integrations. A <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/nasdaq-and-qcp-set-new-standard-capital-efficiency-connecting-canton-network-nasdaq-0">partnership</a> with Nasdaq connects Canton to Nasdaq Calypso, enabling automated margin and collateral management and allowing institutions to move and reuse capital more efficiently across traditional and digital assets. More recently, DTCC, the central clearing and settlement backbone of US financial markets, <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/news/2025/december/17/dtcc-and-digital-asset-partner-to-tokenize-dtc-custodied-us-treasury-securities">selected</a> Canton to support RWA tokenization. The initial rollout will allow a subset of US treasurys held at DTCC’s depository to be issued on Canton following SEC approval. Given that DTCC clears roughly <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/dtcc-connection/articles/2024/april/09/dtcc-delivering-for-the-industry">$10 trillion</a> of securities transactions every day, the ability to move settlement from T+2 to near real-time could meaningfully improve efficiency and free up capital within existing market infrastructure.



The network usage is closely tied to the token. Canton’s Global Synchronizer coordinates cross-institution transactions, with predictable fees paid in CC that are burned as network activity increases. Over the past 20 days, the network has burned a median of 6.71 million tokens daily, equating to about $627,000 per day, with peaks between $750,000 and $850,000. For context, Solana averaged roughly <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/analytics/solana">$670,700</a> in REV daily over the last seven days, yet trades at a FDV about 16x higher than Canton.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110676" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Usage metrics complete the picture. Since November, Canton has averaged around 28,500 daily active users and 678,300 daily transactions, putting it <a href="https://app.nansen.ai/macro/blockchains">in line</a> with networks like Monad on DAUs and Ton on transaction count.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1148" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110674" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=358 358w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=364 364w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=305 305w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



There is still much more to unpack around architecture, validators and long-term token design, but the early signals are hard to ignore. With exposure to narratives such as tokenization, stablecoins and privacy, Canton is shaping up as one of the more interesting protocols to watch as we head into 2026.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Lighter’s TGE</h2>



Lighter airdropped and launched LIT on Dec. 30, closing out a timeline that traders had been stress-testing via a Polymarket contract that effectively functioned as a TGE proxy. Odds briefly slipped to ~60% intraday before the launch went through. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/4dcc8b99-cee4-44c7-b0e6-e0523d2378e4" width="624" height="351">



LIT&#8217;s max supply is 1 billion with 250 million circulating at TGE, a 25% day-one float. The airdrop was funded by Seasons 1 and 2 points, with 12.5 million points converted into LIT, implying roughly ~20 LIT per point on the headline math. Allocation splits are 50% ecosystem (25% now, 25% later), 26% team, and 24% investors. Team and investors sit behind a one-year cliff followed by three-year linear vesting. Against that backdrop, premarket points pricing has repriced sharply post-TGE, with points buyers down around 50% from peak levels that implied roughly $100 per point at the top.



The more interesting debate is not the airdrop, but token holder protection. Lighter is leaning directly into the token equity mismatch critique, arguing that revenues from the core DEX and future products can be tracked onchain in real time and allocated between growth and buybacks depending on conditions. It goes further by claiming the value created by all products and services will fully accrue to LIT holders, with the token issued directly from its US C-Corp, which will operate the protocol &#8220;at cost.&#8221; Directionally, that is a stronger posture than the common separate labs capture profits model, but it is not a hard guarantee: &#8220;At cost&#8221; is elastic (e.g. Uniswap Foundation employee salaries).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1184" height="1114" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110675" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1184 1184w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=273 273w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=277 277w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=233 233w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1184px) 100vw, 1184px" /></figure>



On comps, the market is valuing Lighter similarly to Hyperliquid. At $2.7 billion FDV and $700 million circulating, Lighter&#8217;s float is ~25.9%, nearly identical to Hyperliquid&#8217;s ~25.4% ($24 billion FDV and $6.1 billion circulating). More importantly, Lighter is trading on a fees multiple that is already in Hyperliquid&#8217;s range: 26.6x FDV/annualized fees (and 6.9x circulating/annualized fees) vs. Hyperliquid at 29.9x (and 7.6x). That&#8217;s despite a large gap in absolute scale, Lighter printed $8.5 million in 30D fees vs. Hyperliquid&#8217;s $66.8 million, and Lighter&#8217;s open interest is $1.45 billion vs. $7.44 billion for Hyperliquid.



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Canton’s $6T RWA rails and Lighter’s Hyperliquid multiple

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Technology is everything that doesn’t work yet.”



— Danny Hillis
</blockquote>



The world’s first webcam was an inadvertent hit.



Computer scientists at a University of Cambridge lab, to avoid the disappointment of walking to the kitchen only to find their communal coffee pot empty, cobbled together a network application called XCoffee.



A spare video camera, mounted in the kitchen and connected to the laboratory’s network via Ethernet, was programmed to send low-resolution photos of the coffee pot to the scientists&#8217; desktops every 20 seconds or so.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="690" height="383" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110667" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=690 690w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px" /></figure>



It was a novel arrangement in 1991 — and when the researchers migrated it from the laboratory network to the still-novel world wide web in 1993, it became the world’s first webcam.



It also became the web’s first mainstream use case.



The world wide web was a lonely place in 1993, with few web pages to look at and no search engines to find them with.



Somehow, though, people found their way to the coffee pot webcam.



These early surfers of the internet were so eager to do something — anything! — on the web that they found themselves enthralled by a fixed view of a standard coffee pot.



Is it almost empty? Is the coffee getting darker? Has someone had a cup while I was away???



It was reality TV at its very worst.



It was also a hit.



The opportunity to keep tabs on a Cambridge coffee pot must have spread strictly by word of mouth, because there was no social media to share it on, no search engines to find it with.&nbsp;



But the pot’s audience grew steadily, with the lab’s servers receiving first hundreds and then thousands of visitors — and then exponentially: Millions of people were soon using the web to monitor someone else’s coffee.



One of the lab’s researchers received emails from Japan requesting that the kitchen light be left on overnight so that people in different time zones could have a chance to watch the (presumably empty) coffee pot.



The Cambridge, England tourist information office began offering directions to the lab to visitors hoping to see the star coffee pot in real life.



Finally, peak coffee pot mania hit in 2001, when the lab’s decision to permanently unplug its webcam made <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81417&amp;page=1">front-page headlines</a>.



By that time, there were more substantial things to do on the internet, of course, like watching cat videos and pirating music — and not much later, there would be all-consuming things to do like scrolling through Facebook and posting videos on TikTok.



None of that was imaginable in 1993. But the popularity of the coffee pot webcam was a first hint that the world wide web would soon go mainstream: People’s eagerness to use the web to watch coffee stay warm was a clear sign they’d also want to use it for anything and everything.



This is a hallmark of great technology: If people are eager to use new tech when it’s not very good (three-frames-per-minute video) and for unexpected reasons (watching coffee), it’s a surefire bet that much bigger things are coming.



So, here’s something on my wishlist for <s>2024</s> 2026: Crypto has its coffee pot moment.



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History

The long wait for crypto’s “coffee pot” moment

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“You have to enjoy failure.” — James Dyson
</blockquote>



In a 2003 research paper, Google engineers <a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf">shared</a> their new approach of building “reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.”



This was a radical change. Instead of paying up for super high-end Sun servers engineered for near-perfect reliability, Google was embracing cheap, commodity hardware running free Linux software. They then developed additional software to work around the hardware&#8217;s frequent failures.



Redundancy through volume, they found, is cheaper than precision through engineering.



This is the model for modern AI data centers, too: You can&#8217;t have a three-month training run crash just because one GPU dies out of 20,000.



It’s not, however, the model for manufacturing the GPUs themselves.



Instead, semiconductor fabrication plants are built to produce GPUs with an ultra-low level of defects, which demands near-perfection at every step of an incredibly complex process — the opposite of Google’s recommendation for data centers. But this is not engineering perfectionism. It’s an economic necessity.&nbsp;



“Why do we need to have 99.9999% reliability at every step of the process?” Ben Thompson <a href="https://sharptech.fm/member/episode/an-open-ai-reminder-netflixs-expanding-appetite-q-a-on-remote-work-taco-bell-and-data-centers-in-space">asks</a>. “It’s all the cost of capital equipment.”



Mostly that’s because the $200 million ASML machines every fabrication plant uses to make cutting-edge semiconductors “are the most overengineered things on earth,” Thompson explains.&nbsp;



This creates a feedback loop of spiraling cost and perfection: Fabrication plants have to be near-perfect to be profitable because the ASML machines are so expensive — and the ASML machines are so expensive because they have to be perfect.



As a result, it now costs as much as $20 billion to build a single semiconductor fab.



Thompson compares the process of making semiconductors with hyper-complex ASML machines with the process of making rockets at SpaceX, where Elon Musk chooses to “blow up a bunch of Starships because you don’t want to be wasting anything on complexity that actually isn’t necessary.”



Repeatedly blowing up rockets helps SpaceX find the “exact line where you want to be,” as Thompson puts it — the line between complexity and usefulness that allows them to avoid the astronomical upfront costs required by perfection.&nbsp;



In other words, failure can be a feature, not a bug, of complex systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">It’s about the journey…</h2>



Failure is a core feature of crypto systems, too: Every blockchain is designed around the assumption that some percentage of its nodes will be malicious or faulty.



This makes blockchains resilient — like Google&#8217;s data centers, they continue to produce valid blocks despite individual failures. But that fault tolerance doesn&#8217;t extend to the code running on the blockchain.



Smart contract code, written by fallible humans, will inevitably have bugs or design flaws. This can be costly, because unlike traditional finance, there&#8217;s no reversing a crypto transaction once a flawed contract or protocol is exploited.&nbsp;



Code eliminates intermediaries, but at the cost of zero fault tolerance.



This makes code-is-law crypto a system that philosophically embraces decentralized fault tolerance but architecturally demands perfection.



There is no way to design your way around that.



In traditional finance, where systems are permissioned and transactions are reversible, banks can aim for near-perfection by implementing ever-stricter KYC/AML rules and hiring ever more compliance officers.&nbsp;&nbsp;



In crypto finance, where systems are permissionless and transactions are irreversible, we can only aim to learn from our mistakes.&nbsp;



There have been a lot of them: from The DAO exploit that nearly sank Ethereum in 2016 to the record-setting $1.5 billion Bybit hack in 2025.



With luck, though, these could come to look in hindsight like Elon Musk’s exploding rockets. Each exploit reveals an attack vector — reentrancy, oracle manipulation, protocol design flaws — that can be fixed in future iterations.&nbsp;



Like Starship explosions, the failures show what actually needs hardening vs. what was unnecessary caution — each an opportunity to find the right balance of complexity and usefulness in a new kind of financial system.&nbsp;



Crypto is often judged by its failures, which is fair enough, given their frequency and size.&nbsp;



But the failures aren&#8217;t bugs in the process of building a new financial system. They are the process.



To enjoy crypto, then, you’ll have to enjoy failure, too.



Happy new year.



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Crypto

Failure is an option in crypto finance

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Yield Basis (YB) is a novel DeFi mechanism that uses leverage to eliminate impermanent loss (IL) from AMMs. The founder of Yield Basis is the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/yield-basis-curve-dao-vote">same founder as Curve</a>, and synergies exist between the two. The mechanics of how this mechanism works can be found <a href="https://github.com/yield-basis/yb-paper/blob/master/leveraged-liquidity-paper.pdf">here</a>.&nbsp;



After years of witnessing failed attempts, YB strikes me as the first solution with legs, but you don’t need to take my word for it. YB already accounts for the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/michael-egorov-yield-basis-protocol">three-largest BTC DEX pools</a> in DeFi ($400 million+).&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1570" height="361" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110703" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1570 1570w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1570px) 100vw, 1570px" /></figure>



Moreover, this means that (wrapped) BTC token holders can now earn yield while supplying liquidity. Historically, the seven-day moving average for this (supply) yield has ranged between 4% and 40%.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1573" height="430" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110702" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1573 1573w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px" /></figure>



And since many of us don’t LP into AMMs (unless we’re farming something), you might have forgotten that yields are earned in the pool tokens. So yes, that means native BTC yields.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="992" height="585" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110704" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=992 992w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=443 443w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=371 371w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://app.valueverse.ai/tokens/yield-basis">Valueverse</a></figcaption></figure>







As for the token itself, it’s not just a <s>meme</s> governance token — there’s actual value. The <a href="https://x.com/yieldbasis/status/1995962614522765405">fee switch</a> was turned on earlier this month. YieldBasis LPs have two options for generating yield from provided liquidity: (a) hold the ybBTC LP token and receive BTC-denominated trading fees, or (b) stake ybBTC, forgo BTC-denominated trading fees and participate in YB emissions.&nbsp;



Corporate Finance 201 agrees with me when I say, &#8220;Don&#8217;t buy back the token, give me the earnings from the protocol, and I can decide for myself if and when I want to buy the token.” What I mean is, dividends give optionality, especially when you can choose which type of yield to receive. For perspective, for the week ending Dec. 25, roughly $450,000 was distributed (and this figure is despite caps on the LP pools).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="546" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110705" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://app.valueverse.ai/tokens/yield-basis">Valueverse</a></figcaption></figure>







If you’ve read this and think there’s finally a way to earn native yield on BTC without IL and without the risks, effort and costs of hedging, then you’d be right — but there could be more. YB is positioned as more than just an IL-free AMM: It is a yield and liquidity infrastructure designed to make otherwise non-productive assets yield-bearing while establishing secondary markets. By targeting wrapped native assets and tokenized RWAs, YB can theoretically make any sufficiently liquid and volatile asset productive, allowing issuers to earn from liquidity rather than subsidize market making, while also enabling holders to access yield and downstream DeFi use cases such as collateralization.



This model extends beyond crypto majors like BTC and ETH to tokenized commodities and equities such as Gold, Silver, and NVDA, whose onchain adoption is currently constrained by IL, shallow liquidity, and the absence of yield or liquidation pathways. Yield Basis could unlock these markets by offering a unique, superior yield option with an attractive risk-reward profile, deep liquidity and strong network effects.&nbsp;



YB is not without risk. I encourage you to read the paper (or get AI to explain it) and understand the potential downsides, but also the potential unlocks that YB has to offer.



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0xResearch

Yield Basis is making native BTC yield a reality

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Corporations are legal entities that own themselves.”



— Lynn Stout
</blockquote>



The idea that companies should be run for the benefit of shareholders is a relatively new one.



For most of the 20th century, American corporations were instead operated according to the principle of <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/organization/chpt/managerial-capitalism">managerial capitalism</a>:&nbsp; “a form of capital accumulation and organizational control in which managers are the central agents of power.”



This was the era of the “Organization Man,” when control of a company was decoupled from ownership and professional administrators considered themselves stewards of a permanent institution, responsible for balancing the interests of a broad array of stakeholders rather than serving shareholders alone.



Often, the most favored stakeholders were the executives themselves.



In Barbarians at the Gate, the tendency for corporate self-dealing was vividly illustrated by the “RJR Air Force” — a fleet of private planes the CEO of R.J. Reynolds used for weekend golf outings and personal trips to his vacation home.



In one memorable instance, the only passenger on a corporate flight was the CEO’s German Shepherd (sent home early from a weekend trip to avoid the consequences of biting someone).



The excesses of managerial capitalism were also dramatized in the movie Wall Street, when Gordon Gekko tells the shareholders of Teldar Paper they’re being exploited by the company’s management: “You are all being royally screwed over by these bureaucrats, with their steak lunches, their hunting and fishing trips, their corporate jets, and golden parachutes.”



Gekko’s message to Teldar’s shareholders — that they owned the company and executives should therefore work for them — was rooted in the thinking of Milton Friedman, who argued in a 1970 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html">New York Times op-ed</a> that “in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation.”



“In a free‐enterprise, private‐property system,” Friedman added, “a corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires.”



In the case of publicly traded companies, he reasoned, shareholders owned the business, so that’s who executives worked for.



Intuitive as that seems, Lynn Stout says it’s all wrong: “Corporations own themselves,” the legal scholar <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Shareholder-Value-Myth-Shareholders-Corporations/dp/1459638697/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3PKL416LYQRU9&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.2iwtqTFEmJThAUXTdx-4qO1pe-jvioCLao8k-mA_EH-2jZ6Z0BTzjr1FLkUBjTyPlnDPNw5oorX6LMp99D2fIhCjgjB5-8RmFUpn4f4PRxY2uvyJnDELAMAayPqzlN8aOluY54ak6XH-Tk2d8k92jY66hk5AMeP8_OJMVpFMYmY_X5_nfPJZPbpBXw0ZoBTu_5IHfFnWJNfkfeW21A-iX4kbjkt_pa78-yG_Q7Jn4XY.9uIwWS9D_JYqoQzssJQ2WG46NiVJ2WY7kSS-yW1TZPE&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=lynn+stout&amp;qid=1767033692&amp;sprefix=lynn+stout%2Caps%2C151&amp;sr=8-2">argues</a>, “just as human entities own themselves.”



What shareholders actually own, she explains, are, well, shares: “a type of contract between the shareholder and the legal entity that gives shareholders limited legal rights.”



Nowhere in that contract does it stipulate that executives work for shareholders. Or that they should favor investors over any other stakeholders, be it employees, customers, suppliers, society at large or the environment.



“The idea that corporations should be managed to maximize shareholder value,” Stout says, “is based on factually mistaken claims about the law.”



Nevertheless, that’s exactly how US corporations have been run, almost universally, for the past three or four decades (since Gordon Gekko, basically).&nbsp;



Stout laments the short-termism she believes that’s led to, arguing that a cult of “shareholder primacy” has caused corporations to aim for near-term profits at the expense of long-term investing.



(I’d counter, however, that the current boom in AI investment probably disproves that.)



Stout advocates instead for a return to the kind of managerial capitalism that, in her telling, successfully built infrastructure like railroads and canals with less regard for the profits they’d produce and more regard for how useful they’d be. “Investors in these early corporations were usually also customers,” she reasoned. “They structured their companies to make sure the business would provide good service at a reasonable price – not to maximize investment returns.”



Is that how crypto protocols should be structured, too?



The current debate in crypto is how to grant token holders the kind of rights that shareholders think they have in traditional finance.



But if Stout is right, that may be the wrong goal.



Without formal ownership rights, tokens might attract investors less like Gordon Gekko and more like the 19th-century shareholders who so eagerly funded societally beneficial railroads and canals.



Railroads and canals were networks, after all — networks that may never have been built if 19th-century companies were run strictly to maximize profits for their shareholders.



And protocols are networks, too.&nbsp;



Even if those protocols are often run like companies, Stout’s work shows that there’s more than one way to think about what kind of rights investors should have.



If crypto protocols are only about maximizing returns for investors, then, yes, token holders should be granted rights that more formally make them Gordon Gekko-like owners.



But if crypto finance is meant to be a new kind of participatory capital, it might be more productive to grant token holders fewer rights.&nbsp;



Or maybe even none at all.&nbsp;



Rather than offering the kind of legal protections likely to attract profit-maximizing investors, protocols could instead rely on their users to fund their development.&nbsp;



This might allow them to evolve into something fundamentally different from profit-maximizing corporations.



Conceivably, that could turn out to be the most useful guarantee for token holders, too: Investors that are also users may be treated better than investors that are only owners.



When the customer and the capitalist are one and the same, the only way to maximize value for both investors and users is to build something that actually works.



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Users are the best investors to have

Sam Schubert

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The headline in crypto today is Lighter’s LIT token finally going live, marking a key moment in the ongoing battle for perps market share. In today’s coverage, we break down one of the most overlooked beneficiaries of perps growth (Pendle via Boros), and take a closer look at the evolving dynamics within the Solana liquid-staking landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Markets kicked off the final week of the year on a softer note. Bitcoin (-0.81%) underperformed its US equity benchmarks, with the Nasdaq (-0.59%) and S&amp;P 500 (-0.39%) posting modest pullbacks after tech stocks drove the S&amp;P 500 to all-time highs last week. Meanwhile, Gold (-4.04%) and other precious metals saw a sharp selloff amid profit-taking, after having been standout performers in the past few weeks.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="877" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110655" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Back on the crypto front, Perps (+1.3%) was the only index to finish the day in the green, with HYPE leading gains ahead of <a href="https://x.com/Lighter_xyz/status/2005892910051406087?s=20">Lighter’s TGE</a> today. Competition for perps market share has heated up in recent months. Lighter has shown that verifiable execution and zero retail fees can drive market-leading volume, leading perps trading with just over $200 billion in volume over the past 30 days, followed by Aster ($172 billion) and Hyperliquid ($161 billion). That said, Hyperliquid remains the only one of the three operating without active incentives and is the clear revenue leader, generating ~$47 million over the same period.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="866" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110656" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The real test will be whether Lighter can hold its volume lead after TGE, especially with many attributing its recent surge to points farming. In an announcement thread last night, the team outlined the token structure and airdrop details, noting that “the value created by all Lighter products and services will fully accrue to LIT holders” and that the labs entity will operate at cost. Token distribution is split between ecosystem (50% of total supply) and team/investors (remaining 50%), with 25% of total supply airdropped to points holders from Seasons 1 and 2.



As of writing, LIT is trading at a circulating market cap of $695 million and an FDV of $2.8 billion. Per DeFiLlama, the protocol has generated <a href="https://defillama.com/protocol/fees/lighter">$8.76 million</a> in revenue over the past 30 days ($105 million annualized), implying LIT trades at a P/S of ~7x and an FDV/Sales of ~27x. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market update</h2>



While everyone is busy debating who will win the perps race (mostly Hyperliquid vs. Lighter chatter after Lighter’s TGE), the most interesting beneficiary might be hiding in plain sight: Pendle, via Boros. In my view, Pendle stands to gain from the structural growth and adoption of perpetual futures, regardless of who ultimately dominates, on either CEX or DEX rails.



Pendle launched Boros in early August 2025, bringing to DeFi a new onchain financial primitive: interest rate swaps. One can think of Boros as a perps exchange itself, but with two key twists. First, instead of betting on the price movements of assets, one is betting on the movements of yield. Second, while perpetuals (as the name suggests) have no expiry, Boros markets have a maturity date.&nbsp;



Although Boros has rolled out gradually, early traction has been strong. As shown in the chart below, daily open interest (OI) by maturity peaked at $245 million on Dec. 26, 2025, when eight markets with a combined $177 million in OI expired. The growth pattern in OI is highly cyclical, much like Pendle v2, reflecting the natural peaks and troughs around the maturities and redemptions inherent to yield markets.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110659" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Regarding its underlying mechanics, Boros enables trading of funding rates by creating something called a Yield Unit (YU). For those familiar with Pendle v2 markets, YU is similar to the Yield Token (YT), and represents the future yield of an underlying asset until its maturity. Traders can either go long or short the YU.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Long position: If a trader is long 2 YU-BTCUSDC-Hyperliquid at 10% implied APR, they are committed to paying a 10% fixed rate, while receiving the underlying APR (funding rate payments) equivalent to a 2 BTC position in Hyperliquid BTCUSDC.</li>



<li>Short position: In a short position, the trader would commit to paying the floating underlying APR in return for a fixed APR, determined by the average implied APR at the time they entered the position (10% in this example).</li>
</ul>



On Boros, rates are settled periodically at the same time as the underlying exchange’s funding rate settlement. For example, funding rates on Binance are settled every eight hours, so rates on Boros for the Binance pools are also settled every eight hours. Similarly, Hyperliquid funding rates are settled hourly, and Boros rates for these pools follow the same hourly settlement schedule. At maturity (or when the position is closed), if the average Underlying APR &gt; average implied APR upon entry, a long position will profit and vice versa.&nbsp;



Beyond OI, which currently sits at ~$88 million, another key metric for Boros is notional trading volume. As shown in the chart below, Boros has processed roughly $6.8 billion in cumulative volume since launch, with a median monthly volume of around $1.5 billion over the past four months.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110658" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Boros has two main fee sources: (1) a flat fee on top of the implied APR for every swap, which varies by market, and (2) a flat fee of 0.2% of the fixed APR side of every YU during settlement. The chart below shows that Boros has generated ~$300,000 in cumulative revenue since inception, averaging ~$67,000 in monthly revenue over the past four months. Of note, liquidation fees remain insignificant, amounting to ~$1,300 since inception.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110661" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Swap fees correlate with notional trading volume. In a market with a swap fee tier of 0.05%, traders will profit if implied APR changes by more than 0.1% in their favor (assuming no yield settlement), as traders will have to open and close the position, thus incurring 2x the swap fee. On the other hand, OI fees (0.2% of the fixed APR during settlement) follow the cyclical growth patterns of Boros’ OI.



While the bull case for Boros is that it becomes DeFi’s default interest rate derivatives venue (extending beyond funding rates to stablecoin yields, money market rates, LST yields and more), its largest opportunity over the next six to twelve months is squarely in the perpetuals vertical. Boros launched with only BTCUSDT and ETHUSDT perps markets on Binance in August, but has since expanded to additional venues (Hyperliquid and OKX) and assets (HYPE). The chart below shows that OI was dominated by Binance early on, but is now almost evenly distributed across venues as of Dec. 29: Binance (37%), Hyperliquid (35%), and OKX (29%).&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110657" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Regarding asset dominance, the ETH-USD market remains the largest on Boros by OI, followed by BTC-USD and HYPE-USD.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110660" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



A key advantage of Boros is that it benefits from the maturation of perpetuals without being tied to any single venue, since it can support multiple exchanges and assets. As more sophisticated participants enter the perps space, they’re likely to demand strategies that Boros uniquely enables: hedging funding payments on a long position, hedging funding receivables on a short position, or implementing cash-and-carry trades. Looking ahead, as perps gain regulatory acceptance and more traditional firms trade RWA perps like equities and commodities, these players will want to trade YUs of TSLA, gold and hundreds of other assets on Boros.



Today, Boros represents less than 5% of Pendle v2 revenue, but it is well-positioned to be the most important growth vector for the protocol and may eventually rival or exceed v2 over time.



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A sleeper in the perps category

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<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel.”



— Susan B. Anthony on bicycles
</blockquote>



The 1880s saw bicycle riders shift from sitting directly — and precariously — above the comically giant front wheel of a Victorian penny-farthing to the far safer position between the two normal-sized wheels of a modern bicycle.



The change was enabled by the innovation of chains that transferred pedal power to a bicycle’s rear wheel, leaving the front wheel just for steering. Further innovations like diamond-shaped frames, weldless steel tubes, and pneumatic tires soon completed the bicycle&#8217;s transformation from a dangerous novelty into the practical mode of transport and exercise we know today.



The safer, smoother and more comfortable ride was an immediate hit. Within a few years, bicycle manufacturing became a booming industry, with the number of manufacturers in Birmingham alone rising from 72 in 1889 to 177 by 1895.



This set off a mania among investors that the authors of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Boom-Bust-History-Financial-Bubbles-ebook/dp/B08BKWLR4T/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1P0VUHI6SMQRS&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.zUx4NXn833SvErEgwhQUqYDSpsYEz604QHlW87HGBwiwBkcIul-x3T9oFG1mhSJZsQGe-dkiKcjp9X5A6Lit_VkeycbRHKBX7wmahBpA57lrST_NU0J2hl09grQMy4n7ZRv_HKyf_tK4lZCd1Egt0zjtIPYaUOd2kPG2x18HECC5bGrHGDbxiZREFTnY3Okbe8pucoweHem-lCIM16wajZNh7xvrts8c4DUb70lU5WI.Zy505g6Obv-QP9gZA-IMoe1F-EzUmhQg65lKV9ykTnE&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=boom+and+bust&amp;qid=1766872398&amp;sprefix=boom+and+bust%2Caps%2C134&amp;sr=8-1">Boom and Bust: A Global History of Financial Bubbles</a> describe as “a particularly clear illustration of the usefulness of bubbles.”



Manic investors drove an index of cycle shares 258% higher in the first five months of 1896, which attracted a boom of new stock market listings: In the two years to 1897, 670 cycle, tube or tyre firms floated shares on England’s regional stock markets.



Many of these were of the lowest quality, such as Accles Ltd., which sold £135,000 of shares but reported just £71 in revenue before filing for bankruptcy less than two years later.



Predictably, cycle shares lost <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/who-wins-and-loses-in-a-bubble-evidence-from-the-british-bicycle-mania/AFA0435425A3A550FE032EA6965D75EE">73% of their value</a> from the peak of Bicycle Mania in the early months of 1896 to the end of 1898.



As painful as it must have been for investors, the bust was probably worth it: The investment bubble accelerated improvements in tire quality that later enabled the automobile industry and spurred advances in machine tools and ball bearings that spread throughout English manufacturing and beyond.



Better yet, the flood of affordable bicycles the bubble produced had a modernizing effect on society that no one could have predicted.&nbsp;



The Victorian social expectation that women be chaperoned when traveling was shattered when bicycles became widely available — chaperoning a woman on a bicycle was impractical, and there were simply too many riders for Victorian men to police.&nbsp;



This also sparked a &#8220;rational clothing&#8221; movement, as the impossibility of cycling in restrictive corsets and skirts led to the development of more practical dresses.



It’s hard to overstate what a radical change that was.



“Let me tell you what I think of bicycling,” Susan B. Anthony told the New York World in 1896. “I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world.”



Such was the popular association between feminism and cycling that the bicycle became the symbol of the suffrage movement — women rode free from Victorian social norms on a booming supply of modern bicycles.



For that, we have the overenthusiastic investors of the 1890s to thank.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Invest like it’s 1999?</h2>



In 1999, Warren Buffett warned that world-changing technologies are often ruinous for the investors that correctly predict them.&nbsp;



The auto industry was one example: “If you had seen at the time of the first cars how this country would develop in connection with autos,” he <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Snowball-Warren-Buffett-Business-Life-ebook/dp/B009MYD9F8/ref=sr_1_1?adgrpid=189582036234&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.Xb2VwsIiT8ool3LsPmJ7m8CyMsVm_pZCnVa4JSMUHanPbD03EojsPrfhbKDoM7hQsZaJU9AgW0oPJabzKOLzKVRvKSaQNA8XtS0-j-hjHcA6UW6-CDiFTO-Q3ZTqBD5eNtiISDdZwM-hD43pJ5XbMBPBORuDdRBIj1aPFKFd7y6bZjnjddQCm8zT6WluD5pOdk0ZnovqjoiYxEcLpvLM0zvRSqO--aKB--KLWrDpNZM._SpQBGIQJoYLdDN0pkFuAgexpPv_C8gEOEa71zHJM4A&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;hvadid=779665860385&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvexpln=0&amp;hvlocphy=1021047&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvocijid=1495674898975822742--&amp;hvqmt=e&amp;hvrand=1495674898975822742&amp;hvtargid=kwd-301575015975&amp;hydadcr=22567_13821264_8257&amp;keywords=warren+buffett+the+snowball&amp;mcid=4c18b671fe2f3ba48fe9fd0678efcb91&amp;qid=1766963105&amp;sr=8-1">told</a> the annual gathering of VIPs at Sun Valley, ID, “you would have said, ‘This is the place I must be.’ But [out of] two thousand [auto] companies, as of a few years ago, only three survived…so autos had an enormous impact on America, but in the opposite direction for investors.”



Airlines were another: “Imagine if you could have seen the future of the airline industry back there at Kitty Hawk. You [would] have decided, this is the place to be.” But “as of a couple of years ago,” he noted, “there had been zero money made from the aggregate of all stock market investments in the airline industry in history.”



That was Buffett’s way of warning his VIP audience they could be right that the internet would change everything — and wrong that investors would profit from it.&nbsp;



The dotcom bubble popped eight months later.



Today, artificial intelligence is the obvious candidate for the next world-changing technology to ultimately disappoint investors: It probably will revolutionize everything; but which companies, if any, will capture the value it creates remains anyone&#8217;s guess.



Crypto is another.



The news this year was shockingly good — the SEC flipped from anti- to pro-crypto, the GENIUS Act legalized stablecoins, prediction markets went mainstream, TradFi institutions scrambled to get involved — but token prices have been shockingly bad.



That might just be because expectations got ahead of reality.



But it might also be a sign that, however much value crypto ultimately creates, little of it will accrue to the investors that funded it.&nbsp;



People are excited about the tokenization of real-world assets, for example. But if most of those assets are tokenized by Robinhood, BlackRock and the DTCC, the crypto investors who financed the infrastructure that made tokenization possible won’t capture much of the value it creates.&nbsp;



Similarly, the crypto industry has devoted billions of dollars to developing zero-knowledge proofs, and it’s easy to imagine how these could be great for the world — they may be humanity’s last line of defense against AI slop.&nbsp;



But they may also be terrible for investors: ZK proving is math that doesn&#8217;t need a tradeable token to function.



There are many more such examples — likely because the value that crypto set out to create was not meant to be captured.



Just the opposite: Composable, open-source, decentralized crypto was meant to disintermediate the rent seekers of technology and tear down the toll booths of finance.



At the end of a disappointing year for token prices, it&#8217;s tempting to conclude that crypto is progressing too slowly toward those goals.



But if crypto turns out to be as good for the world as bicycles, no one should complain if it&#8217;s also as bad for investors.



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The old story of investing in new technology

Michael Ippolito

Jason Yanowitz

2025 was a line in the sand moment for crypto.



Decades from now, we will look back at these years as 2009 &#8211; 2024. Then 2025. Then everything after.



It’s worth taking a moment to reflect on exactly why that is and what it means for the next decade.



Until this point, crypto could fairly be categorized as “the Wild West” with all the good and bad that entails.



We’ve had a decade of unprecedented innovation in computer science, cryptography, and finance, leading to innovations like 24/7 markets, permissionless financial products, and zero-cost global dollar payments.



Concepts and products that crypto introduced are now changing the world.



But throughout that same decade, frauds, speculation, and a lack of regulatory clarity damaged the optics of crypto and put a ceiling on the industry’s growth.



That all changed in 2025 with the administration’s regulatory embrace of crypto. In a complete reversal, the SEC went from fighting crypto to announcing “Project Crypto” and pledging to bring the world’s financial infrastructure onchain.



We also got our first major piece of positive crypto legislation (GENIUS). Several crypto companies went public. Stablecoins went mainstream. Prediction markets are the fastest growing product outside of AI. Billion-dollar M&amp;A is finally happening. DEXs are eating market share from CEXs. RWAs grew 4x. The list goes on…&nbsp;



For the first time ever, banks, payments providers, startups, and enterprises have an incentive to build onchain.



Everyone loves to compare crypto to the internet, so here is our analogy: We believe we just experienced the equivalent of 2002 for the internet.



The age of speculative capital driving crypto is over, and the slow grind up where innovations truly scale has only just begun.&nbsp;



This has profound implications for investors, builders, and society as a whole.



From our perspective, here’s what it means for Blockworks.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">We’re making our next big bet.</h2>



The theme of the last decade can be described as “assets moving onchain.” $300B moved into stablecoins. $100B moved into DeFi. Another $50B flowed into perps and related markets.



Now, we’ve entered a new era.&nbsp;



We believe the theme of the next decade will be real businesses building onchain.



If you squint, you can see what it looks like. Startups like Hyperliquid, Pump, and Aave generate hundreds of millions of revenue with just dozens of employees. Fintechs like Robinhood, Stripe, and Klarna launched their own chains and stablecoins. Institutions like BlackRock, Franklin Templeton, JPMorgan all transact on open, public blockchains.&nbsp;



The world is moving onchain. Slowly at first, then all at once.&nbsp;



In the next decade, we will go from $10 billion in onchain revenue today to more than $1 trillion.&nbsp;



Combined with AI, that shift onchain will create an explosion of opportunity and entirely new types of companies that have never existed before.



We’ve spent this past year positioning ourselves to win what we believe is the biggest opportunity we have ever seen since starting Blockworks.



The problem as we see it today: Even the most talented teams have to run multibillion-dollar protocols and onchain businesses on a patchwork of block explorers, internally built dashboards, and broken spreadsheets.&nbsp;



There is no single operating system and software platform for teams to run their business on.&nbsp;



Blockworks is going to solve that.&nbsp;



Our next phase is about turning the data platform we have built into a true operating system for onchain businesses.&nbsp;



We are building for a world where Blockworks is running the core data and workflows for millions of onchain businesses.&nbsp;



More on this in 2026!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">2025 by the numbers</h2>



Thanks to our team, 2025 was our strongest year in our history. A few highlights:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Sales: We grew ARR by more than 10x this year. Data and analytics ARR is now growing faster than any other line of business.</li>



<li>Profitability: We remained profitable, with positive net operating income and more cash on our balance sheet than the start of the year.</li>



<li>Massively scaled our data platform: Our data warehouse now contains more than 2.1 trillion rows of data flowing through 100+ pipelines that ingest data from 82 distinct sources. This data powers nearly 2,600 visualizations and 280 dashboards for 145 different companies.</li>



<li>Shipped 4 major analytics products: We launched Analytics 2.0, with a custom data warehouse, frontend, and studio product, and used that backbone to ship a dashboard builder, chart builder, and the first version of our API (which already has 378 metrics available).</li>



<li>Expanded data beyond just onchain data: We added offchain datasets for ETFs, fundraising, M&amp;A, centralized exchanges, and more. This will be important as we add more offchain data for companies in 2026.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Token transparency framework: After presenting to the SEC and receiving their support, we introduced the Token Transparency Framework, an open disclosure standard for crypto projects. TTF is already being used to rate leading protocols and we’re now in active discussion with exchanges, financial institutions, and other data providers to integrate the framework across the industry.</li>



<li>Podcasts: Our podcast network is by far the most listened to network in crypto. Our creator-led shows now reach several million professionals and investors across finance, crypto, and tech.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Social: We’ve built a community of 800,000+ followers across our creators and brands.</li>



<li>Events: DAS New York was our best conference ever: It was the first time a sitting US president has addressed a crypto conference.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Day after day</h2>



When we started Blockworks in December 2017, the mission was simple: Build the best source of crypto insights and information for investors and professionals.&nbsp;



Since then, we’ve built a global team of nearly 100 people. Millions of people listen to our podcasts. Tens of thousands have attended our events. Hundreds of institutions read our research and consume our data.&nbsp;



If you zoom out, the story of Blockworks is not a string of funding rounds, product launches, or headline hires. We are a company that has survived multiple bear markets, stayed default alive, and quietly compounded into something much more ambitious than we ever believed possible.



As we head into 2026, we are more convinced than ever that crypto will improve the world by broadening access to assets, increasing transparency, and reducing financial friction. Blockworks will play an instrumental role in that world.



For those that want it, the crypto opportunity has truly never been bigger or more important to humanity.



See you in the trenches,



Jason and Mike



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Blockworks

2025 Reflections

Boccaccio

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Happy Monday, and hope you all had a merry Christmas! We&#8217;re back with updates on recent crypto performance as we move into the New Year.



Gold led traditional benchmarks higher this week while BTC slipped nearly 1%, diverging from the broader risk-on mood. Solana ecosystem tokens outperformed, with JTO and DRIFT posting double-digit gains as L2s and Ethereum-linked sectors bled. Aave still dominates DeFi lending with 86% of protocol revenue, but its grip has loosened from 91% in January as Fluid and newer entrants chip away. Meanwhile, Lighter continues to beat out Hyperliquid on weekly volume, though the looming airdrop may be inflating those numbers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Benchmarks drifted up slowly over the past week: Gold led gains (+3.57%) while the S&amp;P 500 (+1.15%) and Nasdaq 100 (+0.84%) also posted modest advances. BTC bucked the trend, slipping 0.90% despite the broader environment.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110624" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Crypto sector indices showed mixed results over the week. On the upside, Solana Ecosystem (+4.4%) led gains, followed by Launchpads (+3.23%), DePIN (+2.23%), Perps (+2.17%), and Modular (+1.7%). DEXs (+1.42%) and AI (+1.07%) also posted modest advances. On the downside, L2s (-8.27%) and Lending (-6.82%) saw the steepest declines, with Ethereum Ecosystem (-6.57%) and Crypto Miners (-5.97%) also under pressure.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="883" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110623" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



JTO led the Solana Eco index with a +10.30% move, followed closely by DRIFT (+8.10%) as liquid staking and perps narratives found renewed interest. JUP (+4.14%), ORCA (+3.81%), and RAY (+3.40%) also posted solid gains, reflecting strength across the DEX sector. On the lagging end, MPLX (-2.68%) struggled to find footing, and PUMP was the clear underperformer at -5.11%, continuing to bleed as memecoin-launchpad fatigue set in.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110625" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Charts for the week</h2>



Aave has dominated the DeFi lending space in 2025, capturing 86% of protocol revenue and generating $120.9 million YTD. That said, Aave&#8217;s grip has loosened slightly over the year, dropping from 91% market share in January to 86% in December. New entrants HyperLend (launched March) and Jupiter Lend (launched July) now account for a combined 3.4% of the market, while Fluid more than doubled its share from 2.4% to 4.9%, making it the fastest growing competitor among established protocols.



<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/ae5768ea-1528-4ab0-a8d3-7b64084e6716" width="624" height="347"></h1>



Outstanding loans tell a similar story. Aave holds $21.3 billion in loans, representing 74.7% of the market, a share that has remained relatively flat since January. The real movement has been among challengers: Morpho grew from 10.6% to 12.8% of outstanding loans, while Spark collapsed from 11.5% to just 4.7%. Fluid nearly doubled its share from 3.6% to 5.0%, and newer entrants Jupiter Lend (2.1%) and HyperLend (0.7%) have carved out small but growing positions.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110622" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The downtrend in network revenues has continued, with total weekly revenue dropping 21% to $26.4 million, the lowest in at least a month. Hyperliquid saw the sharpest decline among major chains, falling 40% from $11.8 million to $7.1 million, while Ethereum dropped 38% to $2.2 million. Solana held up better, slipping just 2% to $4.7 million. Tron remained the top revenue generator after Hyperliquid at $6.1 million despite an 11% decline. The only notable gainers were smaller players: Arbitrum (+37%), Polygon (+50%), and BSC (+2%), though these moves represent relatively small absolute amounts.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110621" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



In August 2025, Hyperliquid saw $396 billion in volume and $121 million in revenue, with trailing 30-day volume peaking at $395 billion and the protocol dominating 80%+ of DeFi perps market share.



Lighter has done $30.9 billion in perp volume over the past seven days and $203.7 billion over the past month, with $1.48 billion in open interest. Aster has seen $26 billion in seven-day volume and $160.6 billion over 30 days, with a larger $7.4 billion in OI. Hyperliquid has fallen behind on weekly volume at $21.5 billion, though it still holds more than double their combined OI at $2.4 billion. With a Lighter airdrop incoming, we&#8217;ll see how the landscape shapes up if volumes drop drastically once the points program ends.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110620" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-171.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



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The perps wars are heating up

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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It’s been a slow week with Christmas, and traditional markets were closed yesterday. BTC slipped slightly (-0.4%) on muted volumes across the board, reflecting the broader holiday lull. With price action quiet, it’s a good moment to step back, reflect on 2025, and think about 2026 positioning.



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Bitcoin has underperformed stock benchmarks this year, but its performance vs. gold and silver is even more striking. In hindsight, those two will likely be remembered as the standout assets of 2025, a surprising outcome if you’d predicted it at the start of the year. Gold is having its best year since 1979, up around 72% year to date and recently breaking out to new all-time highs above $4,500 an ounce. Silver has done even better, rallying nearly 160% year to date and about 45% in the past month alone, reaching a record ~$75 an ounce yesterday.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="852" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110613" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-168.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Looking ahead, 2026 could present compelling opportunities in liquid tokens. Many quality DeFi names are trading near multi-year lows, even as fundamentals and forward-looking growth remain strong. Crucially, value capture has flipped from infrastructure to applications: On Solana, for example, apps now generate roughly 3x the revenue of the network. The key question for investors is whether, and when, valuations will start to reflect this new reality.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1234" height="684" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110615" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1234 1234w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1234px) 100vw, 1234px" /></figure>



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