The Internet Computer (IC) is a blockchain network built by the DFINITY Foundation that aims to support smart contract development at scale. It's an attempt to reinvent how users interact with internet applications as its nodes run on specialized hardware housed by various independent data centers. The IC lets developers deploy and run applications through the use of canisters, which are akin to smart contracts. Each canister has a storage capacity of 4GB. The IC features two core tokens: ICP is the network's governance token, and Cycles (created by burning ICP) are a form of stablecoin that allows users to pay for computational resources and network transactions.

Internet Computer

Byron Gilliam

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“It is essential for human flourishing that we conduct substantial parts of our lives unobserved.”



— Tiffany Jenkins
</blockquote>



Hallways were the first privacy tech.



In 1716, the Duchess of Marlborough questioned the architect designing Blenheim Palace because of all the long, narrow rooms he had planned. The architect had to explain that these were “no more than a passage” between rooms.



Another contemporary builder articulated the purpose of this revolutionary new design:&nbsp; “All the Rooms in this House are private; that is, there is a Way into each of them without passing through any other Room.”



In other words, hallways created privacy.&nbsp;



“It took a century for this architectural feature to become commonplace,” Tiffany Jenkins writes in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Strangers-Intimates-Rise-Fall-Private/dp/1529034167">Strangers and Intimates; the Rise and Fall of Private Life</a>. “But once it did, the Victorians embraced it wholeheartedly.”



Before the time of hallways, “there was no strictly separate private sphere, no aspect of life where others could not legitimately intrude,” she explains. “The outside world could pry into anyone’s business and was expected to do so. Curiosity and nosiness were mandated.”



Counterintuitively, that began to change with the Puritans, whose insistence that matters of religion and conscience were private freedoms established the first barrier the state could not cross.



Once established, this zone of non-interference expanded into a Victorian definition of privacy that protected bedrooms, communications and commerce.&nbsp;



In 1844, the privacy zone was tested when the British government was caught opening the letters of the political exile Giuseppe Mazzini to snoop on his correspondence with Italian revolutionaries.&nbsp;



Mazzini proved the surveillance by having friends mail him grains of sand and poppy seeds. When the letters arrived otherwise empty — the grains having fallen out during the government’s clumsy inspection — the breach of privacy sparked national outrage.



Thomas Carlyle called opening a man’s letters a “scoundrelism” equivalent to picking his pocket.



Radical MP Thomas Duncombe said the practice was “subversive of the public confidence essential to a commercial country.”



Most tellingly, the plots of two Charles Dickens novels — Bleak House and Little Dorrit — revolved around stolen letters that threatened to expose family connections and economic dealings.



All of which confirmed, as Tiffany Jenkins says, that “a revolution in the value and esteem of privacy had taken place.”



But while Victorians were the first to embrace this cultural ideal, the United States was the first to write it into law — sort of.



In 1890, Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis published <a href="https://www.brandeis.edu/library/archives/exhibits/ldb-100/career/privacy.shtml">The Right to Privacy</a> — a foundational article arguing for a fundamental &#8220;right to be let alone&#8221; that was written in response to the privacy intrusions of newspapers and early photography.



This was a &#8220;seminal moment&#8221; in the history of privacy, Jenkins writes. But, in researching their article, the two lawyers observed a surprising gap: There is no mention of privacy in the Constitution — not even in the Amendments.



Despite the influence of the article, the constitutional silence on privacy persisted for decades.



In 1928, the Supreme Court upheld the government’s use of warrantless wiretaps in Olmstead v the United States, which ruled that wiretapping did not violate the Fourth Amendment (because there was no physical trespass onto the defendant&#8217;s property).&nbsp;



Writing on behalf of the four dissenting justices, Justice Brandeis warned that “the progress of science in furnishing the Government with means of espionage is not likely to stop with wiretapping. Ways may someday be developed by which the Government, without removing papers from secret drawers, can reproduce them in court, and by which it will be enabled to expose to a jury the most intimate occurrences of the home.”



Exactly that has happened, of course.&nbsp;



(Less prophetically, Brandeis also warned that “advances in the psychic and related sciences may bring means of exploring unexpressed beliefs, thoughts and emotions.”)



It was not until Griswold v Connecticut in 1965 that the Supreme Court asserted a constitutional right to privacy. And even then it took some creative logic.&nbsp;



“To rule that privacy is a constitutional right,” Jenkins writes, “Justice Douglas argued that the Bill of Rights’ specific guarantees have ‘penumbras’ which, when drawn together, add up to a de facto right to privacy.” Penumbras — a concept that sounds more astronomical than legal — seems like a precarious legal foundation for privacy.



In 1967, the right to privacy got a little more concrete when the Supreme Court ruled in Katz v the United States that the Fourth Amendment protected not just places, but people, too.



This was celebrated by privacy advocates because it decoupled privacy rights from property rights, ensuring that the Fourth Amendment applied in places like the telephone booth where Charles Katz was illegally betting on college basketball.



In hindsight, though, the celebrations look misplaced because the court simply required that the government get a warrant for its eavesdropping.&nbsp;



“The ruling actually normalized wiretapping surveillance as a tool of law and order,” Jenkins writes.



For privacy advocates, things have only gone downhill from there.



“Through a series of rulings,” Jenkins writes, “the Supreme Court narrowed the definition of prohibited searches while broadening the scope of permissible searches and warrants. As a result, constitutional protections for privacy were progressively undermined.”



To illustrate just how undermined, Jenkins cites the case of Monica Lewinsky, who was forced to surrender her private correspondence, gifts, and clothing simply because her infamous correspondent was accused of a crime (and not even a big one).



With the government granting itself that kind of subpoena power, privacy is no longer a locked door at the end of a hallway — instead, it’s just a paperwork requirement.



Jenkins laments this.



“It’s essential to have a private space shielded from corporate, state and public scrutiny,” she concludes; “a place where we can be alone.”



But her history of privacy demonstrates that, contrary to popular belief, “it’s neither ‘natural’ nor universal to have a private life.”



So if we want one, we’ll have to build it.



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Cybersecurity

Privacy is not a ‘natural’ right — it’s an invention

Shaunda Devens

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Today, we break down the BTC move during Asia hours and the renewed pressure from Japan’s carry unwind. We then look at China’s latest crypto FUD and track the continued USDe deleveraging cycle ahead of Pendle expiries, mapping what needs to shift for Ethena yields to recover.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



BTC dropped about 5% in early Asia hours, trading near $86K. The move hit thin late-weekend liquidity and flushed several hundred million of long leverage.



On the rates side, Japan is again reactivating the yen-carry unwind. Two-year Japanese Government Bonds (JGBs) trade near 1%, 10-year yields are around 1.9%, both the highest since 2008. Overnight Interest Swaps now price about 80% odds of a December hike from the BOJ.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="920" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110158" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=454 454w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=381 381w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-1.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The last surprise move in mid-2024, when the BOJ lifted rates to 0.25%, drove a sharp USD-JPY reversal and contributed to a near 30% BTC drawdown to roughly 49K as macro books de-grossed risk. A similar pattern appeared today, with BTC tracking the Nikkei lower during Asia hours.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="920" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110159" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=454 454w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=381 381w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-2.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The underlying mechanism is unchanged. Global macro funds and institutions borrow yen or short JGBs to fund higher-yielding USD and EUR assets. As JGB yields rise, the yen funding leg becomes more volatile and more expensive. Investors reduce carry books and cut the highest beta exposures first, so BTC sits at the front of the liquidation stack.



The September 2024 BIS Quarterly Review quantified the size and opacity of this ecosystem:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Notional FX swaps and forwards with JPY on one side reached $14.2 trillion dollars (about 1,994 trillion yen). These positions sit off-balance-sheet and do not appear in conventional debt metrics.</li>



<li>Visible on-balance-sheet yen loans to foreign non-banks totaled only $271 billion dollars, confirming that most yen borrowing happens through derivatives rather than loans.</li>



<li>About $1.7 trillion dollars of yen liquidity is provided by non-bank financial institutions like trustee accounts. These allocators are volatility-sensitive and are prone to withdraw liquidity quickly under stress.</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="965" height="703" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110161" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=965 965w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=353 353w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=358 358w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=301 301w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-4.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 965px) 100vw, 965px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2409y.htm">Source: Sizing up carry trades in BIS statistics</a> </figcaption></figure>







As yen becomes more expensive, positions need to be unwound. This forces both de-risking in high beta assets and mechanical JPY buying, which can feed a reinforcing loop as yen strengthens.



Adding fuel to the fire, China contributed another catalyst. The PBoC reiterated that all virtual-currency trading remains illegal and explicitly categorized stablecoins under AML and capital flight restrictions. Hong Kong crypto-linked equities reacted immediately: Yunfeng Financial fell more than 10%, Bright Smart dropped about 7%, and OSL Group declined over 5%.



The substance of the policy is not new, and it seems this is the hundredth time China is banning crypto. However, the price reaction is significant, and shows we are still in a highly skittish regime.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Charts for The Week</h2>



This year’s Oct. 11 liquidation episode was the largest in crypto’s history. A Trump tariff tweet sent BTC from about $120K to roughly $102K and wiped out about $19 billion dollars of open positions in 24 hours. USDe traded as low as $0.65 on Binance and about $0.92 on Bybit. Despite this, Ethena processed $1.9 billion of redemptions, maintained full backing and contained systemic contagion. Combined with Bybit’s February $1.5 billion exploit, this was a second major stress event that USDe passed with flying colors. However, despite that resilience, USDe supply has fallen almost 50% from the $14 billion dollar peak to about $7 billion.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1350" height="712" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110163" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=1350 1350w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-6.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1350px) 100vw, 1350px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://app.ethena.fi/dashboards/transparency">Source: Ethenas Dashboard</a></figcaption></figure>







The driver behind this is unattractive carry. Following October&#8217;s OI wipeout, funding rates for BTC and ETH are muted to negative, with Ethena’s dashboard showing negative funding across majors. Since November, the sUSDe spread has been below three-month Treasury yields.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1354" height="718" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110162" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=1354 1354w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-5.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1354px) 100vw, 1354px" /></figure>



With core delta-neutral strategy being unprofitable or returning low yields, 63.3% of the system is now held in liquid stables rather than deployed in delta neutral carry.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1342" height="672" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110160" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=1342 1342w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-3.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1342px) 100vw, 1342px" /></figure>



The unwind also shows up in Aave and Pendle TVL.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>sUSDe looping became unattractive as sUSDe yields fell below USDC borrow rates (4.87% USDC borrow vs 4.77% sUSDe APY).</li>



<li>The November Pendle sUSDe PT expiry removed most of the size from Aave, and exposure fell from more than $5.4 billion to about $340 million.</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1184" height="864" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110157" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=1184 1184w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=352 352w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=358 358w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1184px) 100vw, 1184px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://dune.com/sealaunch/ethena-on-aave">Source: SeaLaunch Dunes</a></figcaption></figure>







Going forward, the market needs to assess whether new expiries will attract significant utilization. The February 2026 PT implies a yield of only 5.8%, the lowest of any previous expiry, and at current levels, looping against Aave borrow rates is not profitable, so Aave PT utilization should remain low. Secondly, sUSDe rates must climb back above USDC borrow rates to continue to see demand on Aave.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1426" height="822" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110166" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=1426 1426w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=453 453w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=380 380w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-9.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px" /></figure>



Therefore, until funding turns frothy, Ethena’s core engine remains impaired. And as crypto becomes more institutionalized, with larger market makers and deeper derivatives liquidity, our base case is that funding rates trend structurally lower. For yields to recover, directional appetite must return so perp basis widens, and ETH vol needs to rise so positive funding can re-establish itself.



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0xResearch Newsletter

Yen pressures meet soft crypto carry

Sam Schubert

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As the holiday week wraps up, the spotlight has shifted to fundamental valuation concerns. Monad’s mainnet launch, L1/L2 valuation debates, and new details around Berachain’s refund terms are driving most of the conversation. We also cover this week’s top reads and the key takeaways from Monday’s 0xResearch livestream to keep you plugged in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Weekend Reading</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1174" height="742" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110148" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=1174 1174w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=407 407w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=413 413w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=347 347w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-161.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1174px) 100vw, 1174px" /></figure>



<a href="https://x.com/santiagoroel/status/1992963918768054331">Crypto Is Priced for Network Effects It Does Not Have</a>



Santiago argues that crypto already trades as if it has Facebook-level network effects, with non-BTC crypto at a roughly $1 trillion market cap. This implies about $2,500 per broad user, $9,000 per active user and $23,000 per monthly onchain user, despite much weaker monetization and retention. He shows L1s are around 90% of market cap but their fee share has fallen from roughly 60% to 12% as DeFi and other apps capture most fees on a small share of value. That shift suggests real network effects sit in forkable aggregation layers rather than bases, and that while Ethereum and Solana are building stronger flywheels, the asset class is already priced for an internet scale settlement role it has not yet earned.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="640" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110150" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-163.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



 <a href="https://4pillars.io/en/issues/to-see-tethers-future-look-at-its-investments">To See Tether’s Future, Look at Its Investments</a> 



Four Pillars reviewed several Tether investments to argue that USDT’s relentless growth and $135 billion Treasury portfolio shows Tether is building a digital financial empire. In capitalizing on MiCA friendly issuers in Europe, on- and off-ramps and wallets in several countries, and bets on BTC backed lending, bitcoin mining and gold royalties, Tether is stitching together global rails for USDT that serve both retail users and institutions. The piece concludes that instead of being weakened by regulation, Tether is becoming a too-big-to-fail onchain extension of the dollar system, with bitcoin and gold as strategic reserves. 



<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/970f1aab-81ab-4918-b6e1-cd6912273413" width="372" height="209"> <a href="https://coinmetrics.substack.com/p/state-of-the-network-issue-338">Zcash’s breakout and the revival of onchain privacy</a>



Coin Metrics’ State of the Network argues that ZEC’s nearly 10x rally since October is a repricing of onchain privacy. Shielded supply has climbed to 4.9 million ZEC, or about 30% of circulating supply — up from 11% at the start of 2025. It highlights how the Orchard shielded pool, unified address wallets like Zashi and crosschain rails (such as NEAR Intents) have lowered friction for partially shielded flows, even as fully shielded transfers remain a small share of activity. The report also frames Zcash as a bitcoin-like, 21 million cap asset whose improving UX, faster proofs and growing anonymity set are finally being recognized by the market.



<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/751adf3c-161b-4b9e-8763-41fed8bb09c9" width="544" height="217"> <a href="https://x.com/PineAnalytics/status/1992378885288194309">Understanding SIMD-0411</a>



Pine Analytics walks through Solana’s SIMD-0411 proposal, which doubles the disinflation rate from 15% to 30% so that inflation reaches the 1.5% terminal level in about three years instead of six. The proposal roughly cuts 22 million SOL of emissions, or about $3 billion at current prices. The piece contrasts this minimal parameter tweak with the more complex SIMD-0228 idea, arguing that a deterministic schedule is easier to model, govern and explain. It notes that slightly lower staking yields and pressure on weaker validators are worth the trade for less dilution, better capital efficiency and a stronger long-term monetary profile for SOL.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Monad Mainnet, L1 Valuations, and Berachain News</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1280" height="720" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110149" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=1280 1280w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-162.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></figure>



Takeaways from Monday’s 0xResearch livestream:&nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Monad mainnet launch: The hosts highlight a few early apps, but TVL is tiny, with day one typically representing a gap between huge expectations and limited initial utility until incentives and more products arrive. </li>



<li>ICO pricing and perps: The panelists discuss Monad’s Coinbase sale priced around a $2.5 billion FDV, while MegaETH still trades near $3.5 billion pre-TGE and is expected to reprice once spot liquidity appears. </li>



<li>Throughput vs. value: The discussion highlights new L1s like Monad and MegaETH promising higher TPS, yet the hosts argue raw speed alone no longer justifies multi-billion valuations without clear economic activity and value capture. </li>



<li>Who captures fees: The group notes Solana has seen more ZEC spot volumes than Hyperliquid, but Hyperliquid likely earns more per unit of trading activity because it owns the orderbook, which shows why chains need canonical revenue apps. </li>



<li>Neutral infra or app owner: The group prefers models where chains also ship their own DEX, lending and stablecoin rails, pointing to Berachain’s stack as directionally right and questioning why many L1s let external apps take most of the economics. </li>



<li>Berachain refund scoop: Reports that Brevan Howard’s Nova fund had a post-TGE refund on a $25 million allocation is being called highly unusual, raising MFN questions for other investors and highlighting how some funds face limited downside. </li>



<li>L1 tokens and launch design: James Christoph argues most new L1 tokens still trade on narratives and flows, that very few will reach Ethereum or Solana style valuations, and that future launches need lower FDV, broader public float and earlier onchain price discovery if they want anything other than down-only charts.</li>
</ul>



Look for the full podcast on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feFxJmFnpu0">YouTube</a>, <a href="https://spoti.fi/3NlP1hA">Spotify</a>, <a href="https://apple.co/3SNhUEt">Apple Podcasts</a> and <a href="https://x.com/0xResearch/status/1992987496230047899">X</a>.



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New chains, old problems

Kunal Doshi

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Happy Thanksgiving, everyone! Prediction markets are exploding with record volumes, billion dollar raises and new players shaking up the landscape. At the same time, Neutrl is opening up one of the strongest and least talked about yield opportunities in crypto, and early numbers are already turning heads. Plenty to be thankful for in the middle of this market chop.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update</h2>



Since my last update on prediction markets, the space has only gotten more competitive. New entrants want a slice of the rapidly growing pie, and the race for dominance now feels like a full-blown fundraising arms race. Kalshi’s valuation jumped to $11 billion after <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2025/11/20/source-kalshis-valuation-jumps-to-11b-after-raising-massive-1b-round/">announcing</a> a $1 billion round, following the NYSE’s $2 billion <a href="https://pitchbook.com/news/articles/polymarket-lands-2b-from-nyses-parent-company-as-prediction-markets-go-mainstream">investment</a> in Polymarket at a $9 billion valuation. Polymarket is already in <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/business/2025/10/23/polymarket-seeks-investment-at-valuation-of-usd12b-usd15b-bloomberg">early conversations</a> to raise at a $12 billion to $15 billion valuation, suggesting that the market is heating up faster than expected.



On the activity side, weekly volumes have broken past previous all-time highs, hitting $3.68 billion two weeks ago, which is 2.4x above last year’s election peak. A major reason for this surge is a new entrant called Opinion Labs. Backed by investors like YZi Labs, the platform is already doing close to one third of total volumes across prediction markets.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="803" height="470" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110138" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=803 803w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=446 446w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=374 374w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-156.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px" /></figure>



However, most of this growth appears to be farming-driven. Opinion Labs is running a points program, and the data quickly shows it. One market alone, titled <a href="https://app.opinion.trade/detail?topicId=1274">Will Satoshi move any Bitcoin in 2025</a>, has done $1.28 billion in volume, which accounts for 32% of its <a href="https://dune.com/queries/6047958/9725367">total notional volume</a>. It is not the type of market one would expect to generate that level of activity organically. Despite the volume surge, Opinion Labs only represents 14% of total open interest, another sign of inorganic participation.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="803" height="471" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110141" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=803 803w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=445 445w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=373 373w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-159.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px" /></figure>



Looking across categories, Polymarket has a more balanced distribution with Sports, Crypto, and Politics making up 38%, 28%, and 17%, respectively, of last week’s volumes.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="802" height="468" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110139" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=802 802w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=447 447w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=375 375w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-157.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px" /></figure>



On Kalshi, Sports is the clear story, with 85.5% of weekly volumes coming from that category. Regardless of platform, it is now undeniable that Sports is becoming the primary driver of prediction market growth.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="801" height="468" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110143" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=801 801w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=447 447w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=375 375w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-158.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px" /></figure>



One protocol well positioned to benefit from this trend is Sire, which we covered in a <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/sire-and-score-where-ai-meets-prediction-markets">research piece</a> recently. Sire functions as an onchain sports betting hedge fund that captures inefficiencies in sports odds. It does this by using Score Subnet’s AI models that extract alpha directly from gameplay footage. In the last 32 days, the agent has executed <a href="https://x.com/Kunallegendd/status/1992942075189588425?s=20">$267,700</a> in volume on an initial vault size of $500,000, with an average win rate of <a href="https://x.com/Kunallegendd/status/1992942075189588425?s=20">58%</a> and weekly returns on traded volume near <a href="https://x.com/Kunallegendd/status/1992942075189588425?s=20">10%</a>.



What is clear is that this market is just getting started. With FanDuel <a href="https://press.fanduel.com/press-releases/fanduel-and-cme-group-unveil-new-prediction-markets-platform-to-launch-in-december">preparing</a> to launch its own prediction product, the next phase will reveal whether this becomes a winner-take-all environment or whether different platforms carve out their own niches in Sports, Crypto and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How Neutrl is cracking open the OTC market</h2>



Amid the ups and downs of the market, innovative protocols continue to emerge, and one that has stood out to me recently is <a href="https://www.neutrl.fi/">Neutrl</a>. It introduced NUSD, a synthetic dollar built on top of OTC arbitrage, funding rate inefficiencies and market neutral strategies. These sources of yield usually sit behind OTC desks or require constant hands-on management, but Neutrl wraps them into a product that everyday users can access.



Around 20% of deposits are deployed into hedged OTC positions. Neutrl acquires discounted locked tokens from early investors, foundations or teams, then hedges them in perps markets to capture the spread. Discounts vary depending on the lockup period, and can reach well above 50%.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1280" height="805" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110140" style="width:728px;height:auto" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=1280 1280w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=409 409w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=415 415w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=348 348w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></figure>



This strategy benefits from the supply overhang in crypto markets and performs best in bearish periods when locked token holders under pressure are willing to accept deeper discounts just to access liquidity.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1040" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110144" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=395 395w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=402 402w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=337 337w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-1.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: https://app.stix.co/listings</figcaption></figure>







60% of the portfolio runs delta neutral strategies similar to the ones popularized by Ethena. These strategies hold spot exposure while shorting perpetuals to collect funding payments and basis spreads. The remaining share of the portfolio is held in liquid reserves such as USDC, USDT and USDe, which supports redemptions and cushions volatility.



The strategy seems to be working. Based on Neutrl’s first epoch results, the effective APY sits at 16.58%, compared with <a href="https://app.ethena.fi/dashboards/market-data">5.12%</a> on sUSDe. The difference comes from the OTC component, where the unrealized APR on deployed capital currently sits at <a href="https://x.com/behrin/status/1991491863317213536?s=20">42%</a>. OTC yield is proving to be a powerful source of return, especially in an environment where buyers can negotiate steep discounts.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1398" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110142" style="width:550px;height:auto" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=294 294w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=299 299w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=251 251w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-160.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The protocol launched on Plasma in October and the initial deposit cap of $50 million was filled in 20 minutes, which prompted the team to raise the cap by $25 million a few days after. Since removing the caps on Nov. 10, total <a href="https://app.neutrl.fi/metrics">deposits</a> now sit at $125 million. Beyond yield, depositors accumulate XPL incentives, Neutrl Points and UpShift points. With NUSD set to integrate with Pendle, speculation around point values could increase TVL further.



Neutrl benefits from a team with experience across both TradFi and DeFi, and it is backed by STIX, one of the largest OTC desks in the industry. That relationship likely gives Neutrl preferred access to locked token flow. Still, no strategy comes without risk. The main concern is the management of the short legs of these trades, especially in the event of auto deleveraging on perp platforms, which could leave the protocol with a naked long position. There is also the question of how scalable returns will remain as TVL grows.



Even with these uncertainties, Neutrl is one of the more compelling protocols I’ve come across in the last six months, and one worth keeping an eye on as it scales.



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Prediction markets surge to new highs as Neutrl unlocks hidden yield

Marc Arjoon

Boccaccio

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Markets bounced as December rate cut odds swung back above 80%, lifting BTC, equities and gold. In crypto, MegaETH, one of the industry’s more beloved projects, had a slight problem with its predeposit program yesterday.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Markets tilted risk-on in the latest session, with most major crypto-adjacent sectors posting gains even as BTC (-1.1%) softened slightly. Traditional benchmarks were steady as the S&amp;P 500 eked out a small move higher (+0.9%), while Gold (+0.7%) and the Nasdaq 100 (+0.5%) saw modest strength. Overall tone skewed constructive, led by thematic crypto sectors rather than broad-based flows.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="837" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110128" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-153.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Crypto sector indices showed a clear rotation into high-beta themes. AI was the standout performer, ripping +6.3% on the day, followed by strong moves across RWA (+4.9%) and Crypto Miners (+4.4%). On the downside, Modular networks lagged sharply (-1.7%), followed by Meme (-1.3%) and High-FDV Low-Rev tokens (-1.0%), signaling selective risk-taking rather than a wholesale chase across the curve.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="833" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110130" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-155.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The moves fit a familiar narrative as investors gravitate toward sectors with strong storytelling momentum, such as AI, RWA, and miners (also AI), while trimming from overextended or lower-quality pockets of the market. With BTC drifting sideways and macro catalysts sparse, sector dispersion continues to dominate short-term performance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update: Klarna</h2>



Klarna announcing KlarnaUSD on <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/tempo-stripe-paradigm-planned-l1">Tempo</a> (the new Stripe/Paradigm payments chain) is a clean validation of the “stablecoin rail-replacement” trade that’s been building behind the scenes. With McKinsey pegging stablecoin settlement at <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/the-stable-door-opens-how-tokenized-cash-enables-next-gen-payments">$27 trillion</a> annually, the narrative is shifting from speculative infra to industrial-scale payments plumbing. Klarna’s 114 million users and $118 billion GMV aren’t crypto-native flow, but they’re exactly the kind of volume that can reshape onchain settlement curves once mainnet access opens. This initiative could help improve its weak stock performance by cutting payment costs and opening new revenue streams through faster, cheaper global transactions. It also signals innovation and business-model diversification, which may boost investor confidence after a period of poor market sentiment.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110129" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-154.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Tempo’s positioning as a purpose-built payments L1 (low latency, predictable fees, Stripe-grade compliance rails) sets up a clear competitive lane vs. Solana/ETH L2s on consumer payments. A Stripe + Klarna distribution stack is a real threat — not only to crypto protocols, but to entities working on the $120 billion cross-border segment that Klarna is explicitly hunting. The interesting angle is that KlarnaUSD is built via Bridge’s Open Issuance, keeping issuance modular and likely multichain over time.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="506" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110125" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=900 900w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-150.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></figure>



For crypto markets, this reopens the “fintech-stablecoin adoption” trade that last peaked during PayPal’s PYUSD rollout. Watch for rotation into payment-aligned infra, high-throughput chains, issuer infra, compliance middleware and real-world settlement protocols. However, despite the institutional appetite, the regulatory overhang isn’t gone, as a bank-issued stablecoin hitting global distribution will likely trigger scrutiny in both the EU and the US. Either way, watch Tempo ecosystem assets and payment-rail narratives — Klarna just put real enterprise weight behind onchain settlement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Oops</h2>



Yesterday, there was an unfortunate mistake with the MegaETH predeposit process. The predeposit launch failed at first due to an incorrect SaleUUID inside the predeposit contract, which blocked all transactions until a multisig update was executed. Once fixed, Sonar’s KYC service began rejecting traffic because of a misconfigured rate limit, leaving users unable to fund for about 23 minutes. When service resumed, the $250 million cap filled almost instantly from users who had been refreshing the site. The team planned to raise the cap to $1 billion in the next hour, but the transaction was executed about 30 minutes early by chud_eth.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="640" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110127" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-152.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Once a Safe transaction has the required signatures, anyone can broadcast/execute it, including someone not on the multisig. Deposits surged again, and the team attempted to control inflows by lowering the cap to $400 million, then $500 million, with the latter taking effect and filling. Because KYC issues were still affecting users, the planned expansion to $1 billion was canceled. A withdrawal page is being prepared for those who want to remove funds.



Despite this unfortunate situation, MegaETH’s USDm experiment seems to have begun! For context, USDm is a partnership between MegaETH and Ethena, and represents Ethena’s first (popular) attempt at offering white-labelled stablecoins. USDm is MegaETH’s native/aligned stablecoin, where underlying Treasury bill yield generated by USDm is set to be used to subsidize gas costs and internalized as revenue.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1439" height="697" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110126" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=1439 1439w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-151.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1439px) 100vw, 1439px" /></figure>



Over the past day, MegaETH generated ~$55,000 in revenue off USDm, putting it in seventh place in terms of highest revenue-generating blockchains. Building out basic primitives on your own chain is a great way for chains to monetize more efficiently, as revenue through transaction fees has proven to be highly volatile and relatively low.



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Klarna steps into stablecoins

Carlos

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Markets bounced as December rate-cut odds swung back above 80%, lifting BTC, equities and gold.



Monad launched mainnet yesterday, but MON’s day-one listing on Solana and Hyperliquid was arguably the bigger story. Finally, we dive into Galaxy’s investment case, with GLXY allowing investors to express a bullish crypto view while also getting exposure to AI compute infrastructure demand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Markets bounced on Monday as odds swung back toward a potential December rate cut. Bitcoin climbed as much as 2.73%, briefly pushing above $89,000 before closing the day at $88,200 (+1.72%). The standout performer, however, was the Nasdaq 100 (+2.22%), posting its strongest daily gain since mid-May. The S&amp;P 500 (+1.20%) also logged its best session in six weeks, while Gold (+1.75%) edged out BTC on the day, closing at its highest level since Nov. 14.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="894" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110110" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=467 467w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-144.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



It seems markets have been hyperfocused on US rate developments over the past two weeks. Yesterday, Fed Governor Waller reiterated that the labor market’s weakness could justify a 25 bps cut in December. The latest dovish comments led to probabilities of a December rate cut rising above 80% on both Polymarket and the CME’s <a href="https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/interest-rates/cme-fedwatch-tool.html">FedWatch Tool</a>.



The chart below shows Polymarket’s odds for the Fed decision in December. Over the past two weeks, odds have swung sharply between a 25 bps cut and no change, underscoring the challenge the market faces in pricing near-term rates in the absence of economic data after the longest US government shutdown recorded.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110111" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-145.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Back on the crypto side, most indices outperformed BTC, catching a bid after a tough month for risk assets. The best-performing index was Crypto Miners (+8.4%), with Cleanspark (CLSK) up more than 10% after JP Morgan raised its guidance for the company. Notably, the No Revenue index (+7.9%) was the second-best performer in the cohort, suggesting that investors’ risk appetite may be increasing as macro concerns ease.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="904" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110109" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=462 462w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-143.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update</h2>



Monad went live on mainnet yesterday, almost three years after the team <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/paradigm-leads-monad-parallel-evm-fundraise">first raised</a> in January 2023. <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/monad_a-supercharged-evm-layer-1">Monad</a> represents a bold attempt to supercharge the EVM experience from the ground up, introducing a new consensus algorithm, a parallel execution engine, and a custom data architecture. The chain targets 10K+ TPS, 400ms blocks, and 800ms deterministic finality, though it remains to be seen how this fares in production.&nbsp;



While Monad’s architecture may be novel, the fact that it took so long to come to market means it now faces an uphill battle catching up to more mature networks like Solana or even L2s like Base in terms of ecosystem activity, DEX volumes, TVL, stablecoins in circulation and so on. The chart below shows the top applications on Monad by TVL, as of today. The four largest apps are well established players in the EVM ecosystem, with Uniswap v4 topping the cohort with $25 million in TVL.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110112" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-146.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The only “Monad-native” applications in the chart above are Kuru and Neverland.



<a href="https://kuru.io/">Kuru</a> is a DEX with a hybrid order book-AMM design. The platform also offers a DEX aggregator. Kuru hopes to take advantage of Monad’s speed and low fees to provide a venue for market makers to handle liquid assets, while also offering passive liquidity solutions to support long-tail assets. The team raised <a href="https://blog.kuru.io/p/kuru-labs-raises-2-million-seed-round">$2 million</a> in a seed round led by Electric Capital in July 2024.&nbsp;



Neverland is a lending protocol built on Aave v3’s architecture. Per DeFi Llama, the protocol has about $1 million in deposits and $420,000 in borrows. So far, Monad apps are not particularly exciting, but rather things we’ve already seen time and again in other ecosystems (DEXs, money markets, etc.). It will be interesting to monitor if truly innovative apps emerge on the chain over the coming months. Personally, I’m interested to see if<a href="https://x.com/ThogardPvP/status/1963379267871613138"> prop AMMs</a> will be able to thrive on Monad, or if they remain a Solana-only phenomenon.



Perhaps more exciting than Monad’s launch itself was the day-one listing of MON by Solana and Hyperliquid. While Hyperliquid has already supported other high profile launches on day one (e.g., PUMP, XPL, 2Z), it was the first time Solana users were able to trade a non-native asset at launch with relatively deep liquidity. The game changer that allows Solana to be competitive with CEXs and Hyperliquid on this front is prop AMMs combined with hardened bridge infrastructure (e.g. Wormhole).MON trading volumes on Solana have surpassed <a href="https://orb.helius.dev/address/CrAr4RRJMBVwRsZtT62pEhfA9H5utymC2mVx8e7FreP2/markets?cluster=mainnet-beta&amp;sort_by=volume24h&amp;sort_type=desc">$60 million</a> over the past 24 hours, roughly 60% more than Hyperliquid spot ($37 million). When stacked against CEXs, Solana would have been the fifth-largest venue by trading volume, only behind Upbit, Coinbase, Bybit and Bithumb. With xStocks, battle-tested bridge infrastructure and prop AMMs, there is no technical barrier preventing Solana from supporting every relevant asset. While it’s tempting to frame yesterday’s events as Hyperliquid vs. Solana (competition is good), the more important story is onchain, decentralized trading venues gradually outcompeting CEXs over the coming years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Galaxy Digital ($GLXY) Investment Case&nbsp;</h2>



Galaxy Digital (“Galaxy”) is turning into one of the cleanest listed ways to own the institutional build out of crypto markets, while also getting exposure to AI compute infrastructure demand. Here we take a closer look at its business segments in light of the recent selloff. The market still mostly files it as a volatile trading shop, but the mix is shifting toward more durable revenue being at the center of institutional crypto flows and contracted infrastructure income, which should support a more stable earnings profile through the cycle.



Recent results show what the model can earn when conditions are favorable, with the latest quarter delivering about $505 million of net income against $3.2 billion of balance sheet equity. In Q3, earnings mix translated into about $250 million of EBITDA from Digital Assets and $376 million from Treasury and Corporate, with Data Centers still negligible. Investors are buying a scaling digital asset platform with significant crypto and equity holdings, and essentially a call option on AI infrastructure. Earnings will still swing with asset prices and volumes, but the fact that Q3 2025 nearly matches full year 2024’s net income underlines Galaxy’s earnings leverage to a growing digital asset market. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/ce4295fc-6c7b-4ce6-bb87-7b53f1822df0" width="720" height="340">



Galaxy has three key segments.&nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>About 40% of equity capital sits in Digital Assets, which encompasses Global Markets and Asset Management &amp; Infrastructure Solutions. Global Markets drives most of the earnings here, with its sell-side trading desk (spot and derivative OTC, lending, structured products), coupled with the investment banking arm, adding M&amp;A advisory and equity and debt capital markets fees. Asset Management &amp; Infrastructure Solutions earns fee income from active and passive investment products, crypto services, and staking and custody solutions that offer clients customized exposure and stronger security. </li>



<li>35% of equity capital sits in Treasury and Corporate, which manages Galaxy’s own portfolio of digital assets and strategic equity stakes, so Q3’s profit reflects mark to market gains of those holdings. </li>



<li>The remaining 25% is tied to Data Centers, mainly the Helios build in Texas, which is effectively pre-revenue today but is expected to generate contracted rent from 2026 with CoreWeave its anchor tenant. Phase I targets delivery of 133 MW of contracted critical IT load by 1H26, with capacity rising to 526 MW when Phase III is completed in 2028.</li>
</ul>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1225" height="543" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110117" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=1225 1225w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-149.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1225px) 100vw, 1225px" /></figure>



GalaxyOne is Galaxy’s consumer platform for US individual investors, bundling high yield cash, premium yield notes, and simple-crypto and US-equity trading in one app. If it scales, it can grow fee and spread income on client balances, provide cheaper and stickier funding for the trading and lending book, and create a direct funnel into Galaxy asset management and staking products. In big picture terms, it is a way for Galaxy to capture more of the economics of retail flows instead of relying only on institutional clients.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1229" height="550" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110116" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=1229 1229w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-148.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1229px) 100vw, 1229px" /></figure>



Galaxy is also putting its Class A common shares onchain on Solana in partnership with Superstate, creating fully SEC registered tokenized stock that trades and settles on a blockchain. That is less about near-term earnings and more about proving out tokenized capital markets, giving them a live case study to sell to issuers, funds and banks who want to bring other securities onchain. Supply of onchain GLXY can be tracked with this <a href="https://dune.com/glxyresearch_team/glxy-class-a-common-stock-token">Dune dashboard</a>.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1100" height="599" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110115" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=1100 1100w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-147.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px" /></figure>



Galaxy is still a high beta way to express a bullish crypto view, with trading and principal investing a big swing factor, but it offers a cleaner way to play the broader adoption theme than a single coin. There is regulatory risk with the evolving political environment, meaningful execution risk around Helios delivering its planned AI leasing economics, and GalaxyOne gaining real traction in a competitive consumer market.



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Monad ships mainnet, while markets rebound

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Crypto opened the week with uneven signals. BTC gained +2.5%, but application and network revenues hit multi-month lows, and BTC ETFs saw their fourth-straight week of outflows. While AI and DePIN jumped +9%, broader activity remains soft, highlighting a market still searching for conviction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Risk assets leaned modestly risk-on, with BTC (+2.5%) posting a steady gain while traditional equities lagged, as both the S&amp;P 500 (-0.1%) and Nasdaq 100 (-0.1%) slipped slightly. Gold (+0.1%) was essentially flat, reflecting a muted macro backdrop. Overall tone skewed constructive, driven largely by strength across crypto-native sectors.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="832" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110101" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Over the last 36 hours, crypto sector breadth was notably strong. DePIN (+9.0%) and AI (+9.0%) led the board, continuing their multi-week momentum as investors rotate toward higher-beta thematic plays. DeFi (+4.2%) followed alongside solid showings from Ethereum-aligned assets (+3.5%). On the downside, Modular (-1.7%) was the only meaningful decliner, marking a sharp divergence from the otherwise broad green sweep.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="849" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110099" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-139.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The dispersion suggests a clear preference for high-growth, high-narrative segments rather than broad-based macro buying. AI and DePIN’s outsized moves (both +9%) signal renewed speculative appetite in infrastructure and computation themes as traders position ahead of upcoming macro releases. With equities pausing and volatility suppressed, crypto remains the higher-beta expression of incremental risk-taking. Looking ahead, attention turns to this week’s macro catalysts, which could dictate whether BTC’s grind follows through or stalls. Sector rotation remains active, suggesting volatility may pick back up as positioning normalizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Charts for The Week</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1124" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110100" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=1124 1124w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-140.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px" /></figure>



Overall, application revenue was down 11% week over week from $49 million to $43.5 million — the lowest weekly revenue since March 2025. Hyperliquid continues to lead in terms of application revenue, making $18.5 million over the past week (up 8%), followed by pump.fun, which made $7.7 million (down 22%). Ore took third place for the first time, generating $2.3 million in the last week.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1124" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110097" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=1124 1124w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-137.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px" /></figure>



Weekly Network REV has been faring even worse, with the last two prints (both around $29.5 million) the lowest since 2022. Ethereum took top spot ($8.9 million), a position it’s been in and out of for the past few weeks. Solana remains in third with $5.1 million (down 15%) and Tron in second with $6.3 million (down 12.5%). Solana was the market leader in only one of the last seven weeks, after holding top spot for months in a row.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1124" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110098" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=1124 1124w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-138.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px" /></figure>



Over the four weeks, US spot bitcoin ETFs have seen consistent net outflows, with each of the last three weekly bars recording over $1 billion in withdrawn funds. IBIT has been responsible for the largest share of redemptions, while smaller but steady outflows also appear across funds like FBTC, BITB and ARKB. Overall, the trend reflects sustained investor derisking, with cumulative withdrawals building into late November.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="832" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110103" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-142.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Nubank is one of the world’s largest digital financial services platforms, operating in Latin America with over 127 million customers as of Q3 2025. Nubank has an impressive activity ratio of 83%, and like many neobanks, has no physical branches. The company has become a major crypto gateway with 6.6 million crypto users (up 42% YoY) and transaction volumes jumping 250% after eliminating exchange fees. Future initiatives include a US bank charter application and a pilot for dollar-pegged stablecoin payments (<a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/the-nu-era-of-banking">Read more</a>).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110102" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-141.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Survey data confirms user awareness of these threats. Among respondents to our survey, 88% identify connecting to malicious sites as their primary concern, compared to 77% citing smart contract vulnerabilities. These results show that the market recognizes that frontend attacks are a significant threat vector (<a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/securing-de-fi-frontend-security-infrastructure-and-user-behavior-in-web3-applications">read more</a>).



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Revenue declines and ETF outflows keep pressure on the crypto market

This is a segment from The Breakdown newsletter. To read more editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/brand/the-breakdown">subscribe</a>



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“There has been a lot of talk about an AI bubble. From our vantage point, we see something very different.”&nbsp;



— Jensen Huang
</blockquote>



Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai said this week there are “elements of irrationality” in the current boom in AI infrastructure.



But his announcement of a new version of Google’s Gemini LLM gave us reason to think we may not be irrational enough.



Gemini 3 was received as a surprisingly massive improvement over Gemini 2.5, as measured by the arcane metrics that language models are judged on. (As a regular user, I can’t really tell the difference.)



Tomasz Tunguz <a href="https://x.com/ttunguz/status/1991601261662343332?s=20">says</a> this disproves the “scaling wall thesis” that LLMs had hit a plateau where simply adding more compute no longer resulted in better performance.



Google, however, added better compute — smarter algorithms, better training, newer chips — and Gemini 3 got a lot better.



This seems like a green light for everyone to keep investing like mad in everything.&nbsp;



Also this week, Jensen Huang said everyone is still investing like mad in GPUs: “Blackwell sales are off the charts, and cloud GPUs are sold out.”



Better yet, Nvidia CFO Colette Kress <a href="https://stocktwits.com/news-articles/markets/equity/nvidia-a100-gpu-shipped-6-years-ago-full-utilization-michael-burry-depreciation/cLPALD9RE9w">added</a> that “the A100 GPUs we shipped six years ago are still running at full utilization today.”



The comment from Kress appeared to be a direct response to Michael Burry’s <a href="https://x.com/michaeljburry/status/1987918650104283372?s=20">accusation</a> that Nvidia’s customers have been deceptively inflating their reported earnings with unrealistically long depreciation schedules.



But GPUs appear to be benefiting from a “<a href="https://interestingengineering.substack.com/p/why-michael-burry-is-wrong-about">cascading use model</a>”: The newest chips are used for training for a year or so and then run inference tasks for a while longer before eventually being put out to pasture to serve up YouTube videos and things.&nbsp;



That should be excellent news for investors: If the models are still getting better, demand for new chips is increasing and old chips are still useful…we should maybe be wondering whether AI companies are understating their earnings.



And yet, stocks were lower this week.



This might be a sign that the market has stopped worrying about the demand for chips and started worrying about the supply of energy.



Demand seems to be something close to insatiable: A Google Cloud executive recently <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/21/google-must-double-ai-serving-capacity-every-6-months-to-meet-demand.html">estimated</a> it would have to double its compute capacity every six months for the next four or five years to meet it.&nbsp;



But where the power will come from to provide it is a mystery.&nbsp;



It takes five to seven years to build the gas turbines that power most data centers and the companies that make them are <a href="https://paulkedrosky.com/stranded-assets-and-the-ai-driven-gas-turbine-renaissance/">fully booked</a> until at least 2030.



If additional power isn’t available, there’s no point in buying a new-generation GPU that draws more of it — an older generation of chip, judiciously drawing less of it, would do just fine (or better).



Nor is there any point in building a new data center if there are no new turbines to pair them with.&nbsp;



All of which is to say, the AI bubble could pop even if the demand for AI is effectively unlimited.&nbsp;



Also this week, Pichai warned that if the AI bubble does pop, “no company is going to be immune, including us.”



He meant no AI company, but “no company” is not far from the truth, either.



Without the boom in data centers, the US economy <a href="https://x.com/jasonfurman/status/1971995367202775284?s=20">would likely</a> be in recession: Amazingly, data centers, which account for 4% of GDP, accounted for 93% of GDP growth in the first half of the year.



So, whatever part of the economy or financial markets you care about, you probably have to care about the scaling wall thesis, data center depreciation schedules and cascading use cases, too.



I’ll keep you posted.



“One chart to rule them all”:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1530" height="837" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110092" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=1530 1530w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-136.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1530px) 100vw, 1530px" /></figure>



Michael Burry <a href="https://x.com/michaeljburry/status/1990171815155752976?s=20">thinks</a> this is the only chart you need to see: As measured by capex as a percentage of GDP, the AI boom is already similar in scale to the investing booms that preceded the dotcom, housing and shale bubbles.



Depreciating, yes, but slowly:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="852" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110090" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-134.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Contra Burry from a16z <a href="https://www.a16z.news/p/charts-of-the-week-fully-scaled-agents">notes</a> that demand for older, less-powerful A100 GPUs has held up surprisingly well.



Going all in:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1247" height="593" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110084" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=1247 1247w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-128.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1247px) 100vw, 1247px" /></figure>



At Microsoft, capex has surged to nearly 50% of sales. Benedict Evans says this shows that Microsoft’s business model has changed “from competing on network effects to competing on access to capital.” The latter is much more bubble-prone.



Startups are all in, too:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1432" height="612" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110085" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=1432 1432w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-129.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1432px) 100vw, 1432px" /></figure>



Again from Benedict Evans, nearly all Y Combinator startups are now AI-related.



It could get bigger:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="779" height="578" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110089" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=779 779w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=346 346w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=352 352w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=295 295w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-133.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 779px) 100vw, 779px" /></figure>



The starting dates for Emre Akcakmak’s overlaid <a href="https://x.com/akcakmak/status/1990303903775437163?s=20">charting</a> are probably a little arbitrary, but his graphic makes a good point: If AI is a bubble, history would suggest it could get a lot bigger.



The scariest chart in the world?



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="950" height="669" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110091" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=950 950w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=365 365w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=371 371w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=311 311w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-135.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px" /></figure>



Derek Thompson <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/derekthompson/p/is-this-the-new-scariest-chart-in?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=android&amp;r=3qcul">notes</a> that from the starting point of ChatGPT, the S&amp;P500 has shot higher and the number of job openings in the US has shot lower. I’m not sure how much causality there is here, but it does make for an excellent chart.



The bear case for human employment:



<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/ff64d8a5-dbbf-460a-b285-bfb2fbbfa90e" width="624" height="304">Benedict Evans notes that Otis introduced the “Autotronic” elevator in 1950 — the exact peak of employment for elevator attendants. It’s possible that AI will turn out to be Autotronic everything, but we should remember that most elevator attendants found better jobs in the 1960s.



So far, so good:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1005" height="618" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110086" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=1005 1005w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=418 418w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=424 424w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=356 356w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-130.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px" /></figure>



The delayed jobs data showed the US with a surprise gain of 119,000 jobs in September.&nbsp;



We need some Autotronic housebuilders:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1496" height="797" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110088" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=1496 1496w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-132.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1496px) 100vw, 1496px" /></figure>



Torsten Slok notes that the median age of US house buyers is all the way up to 59 — excellent news because it makes me feel ahead of the curve for a change. On the other hand, as a younger-than-average home buyer, I can tell you that homeownership is overrated and renting is underrated.



At least houses aren’t imported:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="914" height="506" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110087" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=914 914w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-131.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 914px) 100vw, 914px" /></figure>



A new <a href="https://www.pricinglab.org/files/TrackingTariffs_Cavallo_Llamas_Vazquez.pdf">study</a> of US prices finds that tariffs have made imported goods 5.44% more expensive than they otherwise would have been.&nbsp;



Other fun inflation facts: The average price of a car in the US is now above $50,000, and in some places, <a href="https://x.com/johnarnold/status/1990216601577103546?s=20">gasoline is cheaper than water</a>.



Have a great weekend, non-depreciating readers.



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Friday charts: Elements of a bubble

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It was a rough Thursday, with major indices sliding across the board. The tech-heavy S&amp;P 500 fell -2.4%, the Nasdaq dropped -3.8%, and even Gold edged lower by -0.60%. BTC took the biggest hit, falling -5.2% and briefly touching the $80,000 level earlier today.



The selloff came despite a strong earnings report from Nvidia, which makes the market reaction harder to pinpoint. The United States unemployment rate for September ticked up to 4.4% even as job growth <a href="https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/us-job-growth-beats-expectations-in-september-unemployment-rate-rises-to-4-4">beat</a> expectations. At the same time, the <a href="https://www.investing.com/central-banks/fed-rate-monitor">odds</a> of a December rate cut have fallen sharply from 45.4% last week to 28% now, and that shift in macro expectations is likely contributing to the recent weakness.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="957" height="368" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110076" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=957 957w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px" /></figure>



Across crypto sectors, everything finished in the red. Two areas held up relatively well: Gaming at -2.8% and the Revenue sector at -3.2%.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1173" height="632" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110074" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=1173 1173w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-126.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1173px) 100vw, 1173px" /></figure>



On the other side, Crypto Equities and Miners were the hardest hit, falling -10.3% and -13.2%, respectively. The monthly picture is even more painful, with HOOD at -17.6%, COIN at -27%, and GLXY at -38%. Miners remain weighed down by skepticism around the AI trade and whether the pivot to AI data centers will deliver returns.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="957" height="368" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110075" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=957 957w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-127.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px" /></figure>



One bright spot remains Solana ETF flows. While BTC and ETH ETFs have seen consistent outflows since Oct. 28, SOL ETFs just logged their 14th-straight day of inflows following the launch of BSOL. Roughly <a href="https://farside.co.uk/sol/#google_vignette">$500 million</a> worth of SOL is now held across these ETFs, with more issuers having entered the staked SOL ETF race.



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Crypto and tech indices close out a rough week

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“What had central bankers shaking in their boots, may end up being what steadies the ground beneath them.”



— David Beckworth on stablecoins
</blockquote>



Writing in The Atlantic, David Frum warns that stablecoins are “by far the most dangerous form of cryptocurrency” and that by legalizing them, the GENIUS Act has “lit a fuse to America’s next financial catastrophe.” Specifically, Frum expects stablecoin assets to surge to $4 trillion (citing an estimate from Citi), and that nearly all $4 trillion of it will go into three-month Treasurys (the riskiest asset issuers are allowed to buy under the GENIUS Act).



Then, he says, there will inevitably come a time when Treasurys crash — as they did in 2022-2023 — which will cause a bank run on stablecoins as holders withdraw their money before issuers are forced to realize their marked-to-market losses on the $4 trillion of Treasurys they hold.



Better yet, Frum thinks stablecoins “bristle with all the dangers of subprime-mortgage securities” and will end up forcing the government to socialize the losses it creates with a 2008-style bailout.&nbsp;



But the 2022-2023 crash in Treasurys played out over 18 months.



So it’s unclear to me why an 18-month decline in an asset that matures every three months would cause people to panic about stablecoin issuers that take no leverage.&nbsp;



But I present Frum’s take here because 1) it’s kind of amusing in its alarmism and 2) it probably represents what a lot of non-finance people are thinking: Stablecoins are dangerous because they will inevitably fail.



<a href="https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fandd/issues/2025/09/stablecoins-tokens-global-dominance-helene-rey">Stablecoins are dangerous because they will inevitably succeed</a>



Writing for the IMF, Hélène<a href="https://www.imf.org/en/settings/globals/publications/fandd/authors/helene-rey"> Rey</a> warns that stablecoins will be such a success that they’ll “threaten government revenues…and destabilize the international financial system.”



In short, she thinks so much of the world’s savings will be redirected to stablecoins that banks will no longer be able to lend, international governments will no longer be able to borrow, and central banks will no longer be able to set monetary policy.



The knock-on effects of such widespread stablecoin adoption will include “financial stability risks, potential hollowing out of the banking system, currency competition and instability, money laundering, fiscal base erosion, privatization of seigniorage and intense lobbying.”



Most alarmingly, Rey worries that this privatization of seigniorage will result in “significant wealth accumulation by…a few companies and individuals,” thereby undermining “the public good dimension of the international monetary system.”



Yikes.



“We must brace ourselves for substantial consequences,” she concludes.



<a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/miran20251107a.htm">Stablecoins are not dangerous</a>



Like Rey, the Federal Reserve’s Steven Miran values our dollar-based international monetary system: “The reserve assets and currency provided by the US are global public goods.”&nbsp;



But that leads him to the opposite conclusion on stablecoins: “Stablecoins might establish an easier means for the financially repressed to enjoy these global public goods and evade draconian restrictions on their finances.”



Crypto people generally think of the Fed’s reserve assets (all the money it prints, basically) as a public bad.



But Miran is right on both substance and tactics: Framing US fiat as a public good is likely the best way to counter the anti-crypto arguments represented by The Atlantic and the IMF.



Unlike Frum and Rey, Miran sees “little prospect of funds broadly fleeing the domestic banking system” — mostly because the GENIUS Act mandates that they do not pay yield and are not FDIC-guaranteed (the flip side of Frum’s argument).



Instead, the “real opportunity in stablecoins is to satiate untapped foreign appetite for dollar assets from savers in jurisdictions where dollar access is limited.”



While Rey views this unsatiated appetite for dollars as a threat to all non-US governments, Miran says it&#8217;s a benefit to non-US people — because it “leapfrogs the challenges of high and unstable inflation or volatile exchange rates.”



It’s a convincing argument; certainly the most convincing of the three presented here.



But only if you can bring yourself to agree that fiat is a public good.



<a href="https://macroeconomicpolicynexus.substack.com/p/the-rise-and-redemption-of-stablecoins?utm_source=post-email-title&amp;publication_id=4309188&amp;post_id=166029841&amp;utm_campaign=email-post-title&amp;isFreemail=true&amp;r=3o9&amp;triedRedirect=true&amp;utm_medium=email">Stablecoins are stabilizing</a>&nbsp;



David Beckworth says that stablecoin alarmism “overlooks an important point: the widespread adoption of dollar-based stablecoins could actually help dampen the global financial cycle.”&nbsp;



Beckworth cites the aforementioned Hélène Rey, who has detailed the destabilizing effects of emerging market borrowers doing so much of their borrowing in US dollars.&nbsp;



Stablecoins, Beckworth says, could fix this by reducing the currency mismatch on private-sector balance sheets: When a strengthening dollar increases the value of dollar-denominated debts, the simultaneous increase in the value of their stablecoins will cushion the shock for emerging markets.



In other words, “stablecoins can act as a decentralized balance sheet stabilizer” for the global economy.



Combined with the likelihood that the Federal Reserve will “act as a backstop” to stablecoins in a future crisis — the very thing David Frum worries about! — the spread of stablecoins “may become one of the very tools that softens the peaks and troughs of the global financial cycle.”



“What had central bankers shaking in their boots,&#8221; Beckworth concludes, “may end up being what steadies the ground beneath them.”



<a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndil/pr/founder-chicago-cryptocurrency-company-indicted-alleged-10-million-money-laundering">Stablecoins can be laundered, too</a>



Firas Isa, founder of an Illinois-based crypto ATM company, has been indicted on charges of money laundering — a reminder that despite the transparent nature of blockchains, many criminals believe the first step in laundering money is to put it onchain.



The (alleged) fact that Isa was able to collect $10 million of fees for converting stolen cash into cryptocurrency demonstrates that crypto crime isn’t just about stealing money that’s already onchain — it’s about laundering funds that were stolen off-chain, too.



Many worry this will get even easier as stablecoins get bigger and more integrated into the traditional banking system.



Hélène Rey, for example, says stablecoins could “help channel money linked to illicit or sanctioned activities and substantially erode the tax base of many countries.”



David Frum says “there is something perverse about a plan to boost demand for Treasury debt by making it easier for crooks to circumvent US laws against terrorist financing and money laundering.”



I don’t have a counterargument to cite against either of those takes, unfortunately.&nbsp;



<a href="https://x.com/KulveerRanger/status/1978912664379085126?s=20">Stablecoins can be boring, too</a>



Stablecoins recently made for perhaps the dullest exchange in UK parliamentary history when Lord Kulveen Ranger asked His Majesty’s government what it thought of them.&nbsp;



Responding on behalf of the King, Lord Livermore predicted that stablecoins will be useful in “reducing costs and enhancing efficiencies” in international payments.&nbsp;



As hot takes go, that is less newsletter-worthy than predictions that stablecoins will cause the next financial crisis, undermine the global financial system, save the global financial system or facilitate crime. But it’s much more likely, too.&nbsp;&nbsp;



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stablecoins

Stablecoins will transform everything — but commentators disagree on how

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Equities ripped higher yesterday, with the Nasdaq up 2.15% and the S&amp;P 500 up 1.39% after Nvidia beat earnings and guided for $65 billion in Q4 revenue. Crypto moved the other way: BTC fell, most sectors closed red, and only a few outliers held up. Today we break down the divergence, Aave’s 2.6x YoY TVL growth and new app rollout, and why Solana’s equity-perp ecosystem is lagging Hyperliquid’s HIP-3 flywheel.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Despite the recovery in equities yesterday, BTC continued to show weakness and fell -1.66% on a day when the Nasdaq, S&amp;P 500, and Gold were up 2.15%, 1.39%, and 0.77%, respectively.



Nvidia’s earnings helped calm fears of the AI bubble popping, at least for now. The chipmaker beat analyst expectations with strong data center demand, and <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/nov/19/nvidia-earnings-ai-wall-street-relief#:~:text=The%20company%20is%20projecting%20fourth,AI%20bubble%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20said.">projected</a> fourth quarter revenue of $65 billion, compared to the $61 billion estimate. With Nvidia shares up 5% after hours, the tech-heavy indices should continue to see some relief. The case for BTC is less straightforward, with OG Bitcoin whales <a href="https://x.com/santimentfeed/status/1991280300601508328?s=20">continuing</a> to sell as BTC struggles to reclaim the key $100,000 level.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1176" height="623" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110061" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=1176 1176w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-124.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1176px) 100vw, 1176px" /></figure>



The weakness in BTC spread across the crypto market, with nearly every sector closing in the red. Memes were the rare outlier, rising 0.2% on the day, driven by SPX and MemeCore — which gained 6.3% and 2.3%, respectively. L2s also held up better than most, down only -0.5%.&nbsp;



Starknet stood out in the group, jumping 20.8% on the day and 81% on the week as it picked up the privacy narrative bid following news that the team plans to launch <a href="https://x.com/Starknet/status/1990437640684888167?s=20">Ztarknet</a>, a Starknet L2 designed for Zcash.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1174" height="645" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110055" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=1174 1174w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-120.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1174px) 100vw, 1174px" /></figure>



On the downside, Crypto Miners fell -5.9% despite Nvidia’s strong results reinvigorating the AI trade. The No Revenue index was the next weakest, dropping -4.5%, with XRP and XLM down -4.9% and -3.9%, respectively, on the day. Even tokens with strong fundamentals were not spared, with the Revenue index finishing -3% lower.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update</h2>



It can be hard to stay optimistic in markets like this, but it is worth remembering that some teams are still shipping, still innovating, and still strengthening their fundamentals week after week. These are the projects that typically emerge strongest when sentiment finally turns. One name that stands out right now for me is Aave, which rolled out both the new <a href="https://x.com/aave/status/1990421343175672159?s=20">Aave App</a> and <a href="https://x.com/aave/status/1990421343175672159?s=20">Aave v4</a> this week.



Let’s start with fundamentals. Over the past year, the total value of assets deposited into Aave has grown from $20.5 billion to a peak of $74 billion in early October. Even after the recent market pullback brought that number down to $53.8 billion, Aave is still up roughly 2.6x year over year, which speaks to real, sustained demand for the protocol.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="713" height="368" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110056" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=713 713w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px" /></figure>



The price of the Aave token may be drifting near April lows, but weekly revenues tell a different story. Revenues today are about 2.6x higher than they were back then, which suggests that the token is seeing multiple compression driven more by sentiment than by fundamentals.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="713" height="368" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110057" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=713 713w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-119.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px" /></figure>



These fundamentals are primed to strengthen further with the launch of the Aave App. The goal is simple: Remove complexity and give everyday users a clean, intuitive savings experience. And the pitch is strong. Aave is offering interest rates of up to 6.5% on USD deposits, well above the <a href="https://aave.com/app">0.40-3.50%</a> range offered by savings accounts.



Onboarding is designed to be easy, with deposits supported through bank accounts and debit cards, and balances advertised as insured up to $1 million. The app is available in early access on iOS with Android support on the way.&nbsp;



However, the insurance piece deserves a closer look. The coverage is provided by <a href="https://relminsurance.com/">Relm Insurance</a>, a firm that focuses on emerging industries such as fintech, digital assets, AI and the space economy. Relm’s <a href="https://relminsurance.com/crypto-asset-insurance-comprehensive-protection-in-the-digital-asset-ecosystem/">crypto asset insurance</a> includes coverage for risks like smart contract exploits, stablecoin depegs, oracle manipulation, liquidity pool exploits and governance attacks. What remains unclear are the policy limits, the risk premiums Aave is paying, and whether Relm has the balance sheet strength or reinsurance in place to backstop large claims. For context, insuring $1 million of USDC on Aave v3 through <a href="https://app.nexusmutual.io/cover/product/97">Nexus Mutual</a> costs about 1.9% annually.



As a potential user, I would want these details around the insurance promise laid out clearly and upfront before I’d feel comfortable depositing capital into the app. And as an investor, it raises questions about the cost structure of offering both high savings rates and insurance at scale. These uncertainties sit alongside the broader question of how long Aave intends to subsidize the difference between the 6.5% yield offered in the app and the 4% APY available in stablecoin markets on Aave today.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="714" height="364" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110058" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=714 714w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-121.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px" /></figure>



Even with those uncertainties, this moment feels important. The Neobank narrative is gaining momentum, and Aave is now positioned directly in that slipstream. Pair that with the arrival of <a href="https://aave.com/blog/understanding-aave-v4s-architecture">Aave v4</a>, and you have the foundation for what could be the protocol’s next major growth phase.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Solana equity perps?</h2>



Solana has long positioned itself as a platform purpose-built for institutional trading, with Anatoly Yakovenko describing the vision as &#8220;Nasdaq, but on a public, permissionless blockchain.&#8221; Central to this mission is bringing TradFi assets onchain, a goal that is slowly materializing. Since June 30, 2025, over 60 tokenized stocks from major US companies and ETFs (e.g., Apple, Nvidia, S&amp;P 500) are now available for non-US persons to buy and hold like they would any SPL token.



These tokenized stocks have gained significant traction on Solana, reaching $143 million in AUM compared to just $6.3 million for the EVM-based xStocks version. Furthermore, Galaxy Digital&#8217;s decision to tokenize its GLXY equity via the Opening Bell platform, along with its work with Superstate, signals that institutional adoption is slowly gaining momentum.



However, on the other side — equity perpetuals — Solana seems to be lagging behind. While Solana is advancing its capabilities by enabling CLOB latency (via BAM) to support trading of synthetic perps, Hyperliquid’s HIP-3 mainnet and subsequent &#8220;Growth Mode&#8221; (offering a 90% fee discount) has changed the landscape. With TradeXYZ clearing $400 million in daily volume, there is a question of whether Hyperliquid’s dominance is already too far ahead.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110062" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-125.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The main argument for Solana’s struggle here is Hyperliquid’s distribution advantage via HIP-3. Normally, general-purpose chains benefit from users’ &#8220;proximity to capital&#8221; — the friction of bridging to a new exchange and setting up a wallet usually makes users prefer to stay within their own ecosystem. However, through Builder codes, Hyperliquid has secured integrations with top distribution channels: Phantom now directly offers HIP-3 equities through its frontend interface.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1056" height="676" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110059" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=1056 1056w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=401 401w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=408 408w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=342 342w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-123.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1056px) 100vw, 1056px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Phantom Builder code volume ASXN</figcaption></figure>







Alternatively, the argument is that Solana retains a structural advantage due to its proximity to tokenized spot tokens (e.g., xStocks). This simplifies the task for market makers, as they can easily hedge between spot and perps (theoretically, as xStocks currently lack the onchain volume). In this regard, protocols like Drift that focus on scaling composability are well-positioned. For example, users could easily enter delta-neutral positions (collateralizing xStock to short an xStock perp). This could solve a very important problem with perps currently: the extremely high cost of carry.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1078" height="668" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110060" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=1078 1078w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=415 415w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=421 421w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=353 353w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-122.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1078px) 100vw, 1078px" /></figure>



That being said, most Solana protocols have still not integrated perpetual equities, so it remains to be seen how they execute on this theoretical advantage.



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AI relief rally meets BTC drag

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Patternicity: Noun. The tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningless noise.”



— Michael Shermer
</blockquote>



We are hardwired to see patterns in noise — a stick in the grass that looks like a poisonous snake, or a rustle in the bushes that looks like a saber-toothed tiger getting ready to pounce.&nbsp;



With a moment’s reflection, we can usually recognize we’re almost certainly not in danger. But why risk it?



When faced with ambiguity, our brains have been fine-tuned to succumb to Type I errors (false positives) due to the high evolutionary cost of making a Type II error (false negatives).



In other words, it’s better to mistake a stick for a snake than a snake for a stick.



Those prone to the latter — the Type II error of failing to recognize mortal danger — are soon removed from the gene pool.



The Darwinian result is that we’re all descended from people who were quick to make the (occasionally life-saving) Type I error of jumping to false-positive conclusions.&nbsp;



Michael Shermer <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/patternicity-finding-meaningful-patterns/">calls</a> this “patternicity”: the human tendency to find meaningful patterns in meaningless noise.



“Our brains are belief engines,” he explains — “evolved pattern-recognition machines that connect the dots and create meaning out of the patterns that we think we see in nature.”



Traders and investors are the world champions of patternicity.



Confronted with the cacophonous noise of financial markets, we try to impose order on chaos by drawing lines on charts and searching for reassuringly familiar patterns.&nbsp;



When we perceive a “cup and handle” pattern in the price history of a stock, for example, we’re using the same part of our brain that perceives the shape of a rabbit in a cloud.&nbsp;



But the cup-and-handle is formed by charting prices over time, which seems more quantitatively scientific than a billowy pattern of vapor in the sky.



James Gleick refers to this as “periodicity.”&nbsp;



&#8220;Why do investors insist on the existence of cycles in gold and silver prices?” he asks in <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Chaos-Making-Science-James-Gleick-ebook/dp/B003YL4KOO/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.wbgQnuEhLIWY1HpuwBAg68ey4RWvDMHGoydJqSagN4DxsD4TW9khHUiB4S07pkwyAI9PZ7ENDVba-3DmEALTYmFRxnkGKpt3W5vPpmeXRkqNgnlaydfPEjxyz0U8yOIAu9ORS2bGtNkz7lg0WJpWXVD0Fkj3btJCEdSVpvoov9NIk_t-_tbOTc-zPX5j3z9D7AX8h3Fz4GEt2z0aNarG0V8yuxoJPEJrhuZEAmC0b5U.3e_k-V8SS5j8t5RCNcYG3xub3le5GO-LXI9WElflzMU&amp;qid=1763573303&amp;sr=1-1">Chaos</a>. “Because periodicity is the most complicated orderly behavior they can imagine.”&nbsp;



Investors, being the descendants of Type I thinkers, impose neat, repeating cycles on chaotic price data because that’s the most complexity our pattern-hungry brains can process.



“When they see a complicated pattern of prices,” Gleick adds, “they look for some periodicity wrapped in a little random noise.”



Investors and traders may be particularly prone to this evolutionary foible because even the best of them have a hit rate close to 50%.



That makes their performance close enough to random — and randomness tends to beget superstition.



Shermer, for example, notes that baseball players are much more superstitious about their hitting than they are about their fielding because the lower success rate in hitting makes it feel more random.



Traders don’t do anything as obviously superstitious as donning a lucky shirt like they would when they sit down to watch their favorite team play football or baseball.



But that’s because drawing lines on charts and picking patterns out of the noise makes us think we have more agency in making or losing money than we actually do.&nbsp;



Worse than superstition, this is superstition dressed up as science — not just seeing patterns in the stars, but believing the patterns have some meaning.&nbsp;



The “science” of technical analysis is really just astrology for traders.



Shermer calls this “agenticity”: the tendency to infuse patterns with meaning, intention, or agency — or the belief that ghosts, demons, aliens, and government conspiracists haunt our world and control our lives.



Stock market traders, for example, commonly believe it’s the Federal Reserve that controls prices on the way up (and sometimes a cabal of hedge funds that control themes on the way down).



But of all traders, crypto traders are the best of the best at both patternicity and agenticity — because what else is there to go on?



With little or no intrinsic value to ground their decisions, crypto traders are forced to impose imaginary patterns on pure price noise just to have a reason to act.



The original imaginary pattern was the four-year cycle — the idea that bitcoin (and therefore all of crypto) should rally for about 18 months after each of its four-year halvings.



That perceived periodicity is now breaking down, however, with bitcoin falling below $90,000 when the pattern says it should be making new highs above $150,000.&nbsp;



This idea was particularly unscientific, as it’s based on a sample size of just three previous halvings.



Still, there are presumably some tradeable patterns in finance — otherwise Cliff Asness wouldn&#8217;t be a billionaire.&nbsp;



The persistent success of quantitative traders like Asness in finding tradeable price patterns suggests that markets are not perfectly random.



Some might even <a href="https://www.skeptic.org.uk/2024/11/hadd-its-day-theres-no-evidence-for-an-inherited-hyperactive-agency-detection-device/">argue</a> that patternicity is itself a pattern in the noise of human behavior.



In financial markets especially, it might be that human behavior creates the patterns that humans are always looking for.



But even so, the thing to know about markets is this: Any pattern of prices that’s visible to the naked eye will soon stop being a pattern.



In crypto, the four-year cycle lasted longer than most before being exposed as a Type I error of overzealous pattern-matching — which made it a profitably tradeable pattern for a while.&nbsp;



But with bitcoin at $89,000, it’s time to start looking for the next one.



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bitcoin halving

Astrology for traders

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Markets opened to a clear risk-on tone, with crypto sectors sharply outperforming traditional assets. BTC posted a modest gain of +0.8%, while Gold (+1.0%) performed similarly. However, equities lagged meaningfully as the S&amp;P 500 (-0.9%) and Nasdaq 100 (-1.3%) both slipped, reflecting a mild unwind in tech momentum. Crypto equities also softened (-1.0%), suggesting the rotation favored onchain assets rather than public proxies.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="853" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110044" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Crypto sector indices saw broad strength, with DePIN (+6.2%) and AI (+6.1%) leading the board amid continued enthusiasm for infrastructure-heavy narratives. Ethereum-aligned assets (+5.1%) and Revenue-generating protocols (+4.3%) also climbed, hinting at renewed investor appetite for cash-flow visibility as activity improves on major L1s. Launchpads (+4.1%), Gaming (+3.8%), and Solana-ecosystem names (+3.3%) followed, rounding out a day dominated by high-beta segments. Even traditionally slower sectors like RWA (+3.1%), L1s (+3.0%), and DeFi (+2.8%) participated, while L2s (+1.8%) and Modular (+0.3%) underperformed relative to the rest of the crypto complex.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="835" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110046" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-118.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The move appears to have been driven less by macro catalysts and more by positioning. With equities cooling and rates stable, crypto’s higher-volatility sectors benefited. Looking ahead, volatility remains compressed, but today’s dispersion hints that rotation trades are back in focus. With macro data light over the next 48 hours, crypto may continue to trade on sector-specific flows and narrative momentum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update</h2>



MegaETH’s “Frontier” mainnet beta was <a href="https://x.com/megaeth/status/1990833692067901552">announced</a> and starts in early December 2025. This announcement drops into a market primed for speed-as-a-moat narratives and any catalysts or excitement during the current downturn.&nbsp;



With Frontier running for one month in December (with zero incentives!), early flows are likely to pivot toward infra and app plays that are incredibly fast. Think high-frequency options and reactively-updating onchain games, segments that have been bottlenecked by block cadence rather than liquidity. Sentiment is cautiously optimistic: “real-time blockchain” messaging positions MegaETH as the execution-layer analogue to Solana’s UX but with Ethereum’s settlement trust. That “forced inclusion from day 1” call-out also matters, as it frames MegaETH not as a parallel universe L2 but as a high-performance lane plugged into the ETH security budget. This subtly shifts the modular narrative from “many uncorrelated rollups” to “one performance frontier.”&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="447" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110045" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=900 900w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-117.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></figure>



On the valuation front: MegaETH’s public sale opened with a starting fully diluted valuation (FDV) of about $1 billion for 5% of supply, while the auction cap sat at roughly $999 million. Meanwhile, futures contracts on platforms like Hyperliquid implied an FDV in the $5-$6 billion ballpark ahead of token launch. The spread from the auction cap and futures pricing suggests that speculators are already betting on a substantially higher launch valuation than the public sale implies. From a market-dynamics lens, this divergence means the derivative markets are frontrunning launch expectations, creating a potential mismatch between early allocation pricing and broad-market demand. If the actual listing price aligns with the futures-implied $5-$6 billion FDV, early backers could enjoy a sharp upside.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="853" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110043" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-116.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



High-speed apps that prove real user loops could see speculative capital frontrun expectations before the beta ships. However, downtime is explicitly expected (it’s happened with EVERY “fast chain”), so levered bets on “MegaETH never breaks” may be mispriced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Equity perpetuals</h2>



Equity perpetuals seem to be the single sector dominating most mindshare over the past few weeks, with the launch of multiple Pre-IPO and public equity perpetuals markets on Hyperliquid by various HIP-3 market providers, including Ventuals, Felix and trade.xyz.



At their core, equity perpetuals promise two new forms of tradable markets, which have not existed yet, or have not existed meaningfully:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Perpetuals futures on equity products</li>



<li>24/7 trading of equity products</li>
</ol>



Apart from recent HIP-3 markets, we saw steps taken toward equity perpetuals a few times over the past few years, most recently by Ostium, but previously by Gains Network as well.



Both Ostium and Gains Network use a peer-to-pool model, where traders trade against a pool of capital (which liquidity providers deposit into). Although an improvement on the GMX v1 style pools, where LPs had to hold a broad basket of risk assets (BTC, ETH, UNI, LINK etc.), peer-to-pool trading still struggles due to difficulties in scalability. In addition, toxic flow could take advantage of the pool, which always has to take the other side of the traders. However, overall, we’ve seen some of these pools be profitable for a long period of time (although it can end up like the “1000 days in the life of the turkey” charts every once in a while).



Similarly to the shift away from peer-to-pool perpetuals models, order-book-based equity perpetuals have also become increasingly more popular compared to Ostium. For example, while NDX-USD on Ostium has seen $5.5 million in volume on Ostium over the past day, XYZ100 (tradexyz’s Nasdaq 100 market) has seen $75 million in volume. Similarly, while TSLA-USD on Ostium has had only $1.4 million in 24-hour volume, the trade.xyz TSLA market has had $12 million and the Felix TSLA market has seen $2.6 million in volume.



There are other equity perpetuals platforms coming up slowly as well. One new player is Vest markets, which also provides equity perpetuals for a broad range of assets, including equity indices like Nasdaq 100 (24-hour volume: $9.5 million) and SPY (24-hour volume: $7.5 million). We also expect other competitors to pop up over the next few months, in particular Lighter, which will likely deploy equity perpetuals at some point.



In particular, we believe internally that equity perpetuals offer an opportunity for perpetuals platforms to get more involved in the tokenization space. Thus far, most tokenization has benefited spot DEXs and lending products. However, perpetuals platforms can now start getting involved as they launch more markets. We believe that perpetuals are a great way to take on risk (but not to hedge risk!), especially for retail traders, given they are more intuitive. With increasing demand from retail for options (particularly 0DTE options) to gain leveraged exposure to the stock market, we believe that perpetuals can largely replace this demand and provide the best venue for doing so.



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We should give everybody unrestricted access to leveraged perpetuals for stocks

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“No problems, no progress.”



— Kevin Kelly
</blockquote>



Large portions of the world wide web, including services like X, ChatGPT, Uber and Spotify, were inaccessible for hours yesterday morning because Cloudflare, a content delivery network, had an “outage” — just weeks after a similarly debilitating outage caused by AWS.



We did not have these problems when every website was hosted on a dedicated server, often in someone’s basement.



Back then, however, the sites were slow to load and quick to crash.&nbsp;



CDNs like Cloudflare were designed to fix this. Instead of every website fighting for itself, we now route traffic through a kind of virtual switchboard that caches content globally (solving latency) and absorbs threats like DDoS attacks (solving security and availability).



It worked.&nbsp;



The web has become incredibly fast, secure and reliable, and services like ChatGPT and Uber can scale without burning scarce capital on redundant infrastructure.



Last morning’s events suggest it might have worked too well. 



Most of the modern web now runs on three cloud providers and a few dominant content delivery networks, which have created single points of failure in what was once a decentralized system.



As a result, we have massive, internet-wide blackouts instead of sporadic, isolated crashes.&nbsp;



This is the typical way that technology develops.&nbsp;



As Kevin Kelly <a href="https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_kelly_the_future_will_be_shaped_by_optimists">explains</a>, “Most of the problems we have today are created by the solutions we had in the past.”



The problem of widespread hunger, for example, was solved by industrialized farming — but now food is so cheap and industrialized we have an epidemic of obesity.



The problem of routine infections becoming deadly was solved by antibiotics, but now we have antibiotic-resistant superbugs.



The problem of near-universal poverty was solved by fossil fuels, but now we have the problem of climate change.



If it seems like there are ever more of these technology-induced problems, that’s because there probably are.



In the same way that one scientific answer gives rise to several new questions, one technology solution gives rise to several new problems.



“There will be more problems because new solutions create many more problems,” Kelly explains.



But this is good news, not bad.



“Problems don’t impede progress,” Kelly says; just the opposite: “Problems are the conduit of progress.”&nbsp;



Progress, he adds, is not the process of eliminating problems, but of upgrading them.&nbsp;



Obesity is an upgrade relative to starvation, for example, and climate change is an upgrade relative to near-universal poverty.



Therefore, the increasing complexity of our problems is not a cause for despair, but a measure of the progress we’re making.



Even when these upgraded problems seem too complex, Kelly assures us they won’t be for long: “We can trust the fact that future generations will be able to solve problems that we cannot ourselves.”



In other words, the problems born from solving the last generation’s problems will be solved by the next, because each succeeding generation is more capable than the last.



Now, let’s do crypto.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mo solutions mo problems</h2>



Whereas: Problems are the engine of technological progress. Resolved: Technologies with the most problems will do the most good.



If problems are good, then crypto — by the transitive property of equality — must be great.



Crypto has lots of problems! And all of its own creation.



But it’s worth remembering that, as with any technology, these new problems arose as solutions to previous problems:&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1400" height="1004" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110035" style="width:781px;height:auto" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=1400 1400w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=358 358w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=364 364w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=305 305w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-115.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px" /></figure>



Kevin Kelly’s dictum that there’s “no progress without problems” is unfortunately not a law of physics, so there’s no guarantee that crypto will find solutions for all these new problems it’s created.



But there are reasons to share Kelly’s techno-optimism and belief that this is all for the best.



In the case of the world wide web, for example, we solved the frequent, small inconveniences of decentralized Web1 with a solution that created the rare but large-scale outages of centralized Web2.



And the solution to that problem might be to re-decentralize the internet…with crypto!



At its best, Web3 might be seen as solving the problems that Web2 created in solving the problems of Web1.



That, too, would cause all new problems, I’m sure.&nbsp;



We should welcome them.



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technology

Techno-optimism and problems as a conduit of progress

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Markets retreated on Monday amid renewed uncertainty over Federal Reserve rate cuts, softer real-economy prints and broadening rhetoric that we are in an “AI bubble.” The S&amp;P 500 and Nasdaq 100 dipped 1% and 1.1%, respectively, pressured by tech sector weakness. Gold was also down 1.4%, with bitcoin down 2.3% to now sitting just above $90,000.&nbsp;



It was a risk-off day across the board, with virtually every major sector in the red except bitcoin miners, which managed a modest +1.0% gain. The hardest-hit pockets were L2 tokens (−6.1%) and the Solana ecosystem (−5.6%), hurt by broader DeFi deleveraging. L1s (−2.3%) tracked our REV index lower at roughly the same pace, while AI (-2.6%), DePin (-2.7%), and RWAs (-3.2%) were marginally worse off.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1109" height="599" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110023" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=1109 1109w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-106.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1109px) 100vw, 1109px" /></figure>



None of our indexes have held up on a one-week view, underscoring crypto&#8217;s status as the most reflexive asset class amid escalating macro headwinds. BTC is down 13% over the period, holding up the best among crypto investments. Network fundamentals are deteriorating, with our REV index sliding 13.3% as Ethereum and Solana ecosystem tokens crater 25-30%.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1332" height="740" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110026" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=1332 1332w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-109.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1332px) 100vw, 1332px" /></figure>



When dollars get scarce, the most speculative asset classes, crypto first among them, always take the hardest and fastest hit. An example of liquidity stress is the widening positive spread (SOFR &gt; EFFR) being a sign of low levels of cash in overnight money markets. This means when cash gets scarce, people are desperate enough to pay more than the Fed’s rate to get their hands on dollars overnight.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1007" height="622" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110028" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=1007 1007w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=416 416w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=423 423w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=355 355w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-111.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1007px) 100vw, 1007px" /></figure>



Broader macro themes remain tense. With the government shutdown resolved, TGA drawdowns should provide some liquidity relief as the government reopens. Debate continues on QT ending and how much a pivot to Fed balance-sheet expansion will actually increase liquidity and support risk assets. On more fundamental data, Nvidia earnings hit Wednesday, and the delayed September jobs report arrives Thursday following the six-week government shutdown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update</h2>



Bitcoin ETFs have flipped to heavy outflows in November, with roughly $3 billion in outflows over the last three weeks as institutional investors de-risk amid macro weakness and liquidity stress. ETH spot ETFs saw ~$1.2 billion outflows over the last three weeks. Meanwhile, Solana ETFs pulled in nearly $650 million, helped by new ETF launches.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="500" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110022" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=900 900w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-105.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></figure>



Even perennial outperformers like Strategy (MSTR) are cracking under the pressure, its their mNAV ratio dipping below 1.0, now trading at around 0.9x, a stark inversion from the 2-3x premiums in the early 2025 surge. All other bitcoin treasury companies are now trading materially below NAV, with mNAV ratios ranging from 0.7x to nearly 0.4x.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="500" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110025" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=900 900w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-108.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></figure>



Corporate crypto treasury accumulation has slowed dramatically in November amid compressed equity premiums that curb fundraising for buys. The fading momentum raises questions around whether persistent mNAV discounts will lead these firms to sell crypto assets.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="900" height="500" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110024" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=900 900w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-107.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px" /></figure>



Bitcoin miners aren&#8217;t faring any better, with hashprice collapsing to ~$38 per PH/s as network hashrate climbs back to 1,100 EH/s despite falling BTC prices. The sole bright spot is rising volatility driving network activity higher, pushing fees to ~1.2% of block rewards, up from last month&#8217;s 0.5% lows. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/71dd3e2a-c7c1-461a-8f46-a02c26bf8fd8" width="720" height="227">



Miners’ cash flows are still tied to collapsing BTC hashprice, driving a one-week selloff of ~17%. The drop was amplified by rising “AI bubble” chatter, with our AI index down ~20%. We see that as noise, with the dip presenting an opportunity as they transform into critical AI infrastructure players (see our report <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/bitcoin-miners-the-megawatt-trade">Bitcoin Miners: The Megawatt Trade</a>).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1330" height="743" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110027" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=1330 1330w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=467 467w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-110.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1330px) 100vw, 1330px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Near Intents: The cross-chain liquidity hub</h2>



The Near Intents product was introduced as part of the core Near Protocol in November 2024. For context, intents are an order type in which a user specifies a desired outcome, rather than a specific path of execution. This order type tasks external agents, referred to as “solvers” or “fillers,” to identify some transaction that returns the desired outcome, usually in exchange for a fee. Leveraging Near’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/near-protocol-chain-signatures-multichain-defi">chain abstraction stack</a> and the intent solver network, Near Intents allows trading of hundreds of assets across various chains from a single account or by any agent, without the need for bridging or wrapping assets.



After steady but slow monthly growth, October marked a breakout month for Near Intents. As shown in the chart below, the protocol processed $1.72 billion in volume in October, a 256% MoM increase. November has already surpassed that with $2.19 billion in volume as of Nov. 17, putting Near Intents on track to settle nearly $4 billion this month.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110031" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-114.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Looking at fees, the growth over the past two months is even more dramatic. Near Intents has generated $4.09 million in fees in November 2025, surpassing the $3.95 million of cumulative fees from inception to October 2025, with nearly two weeks still left in the month. If current activity levels persist, Near Intents is on pace to generate around $7 million in fees in November.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110029" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-112.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Near Intents’ primary catalyst for its exponential growth in recent months was its Zcash support and Zashi integration. Zashi, the most popular Zcash mobile wallet, allows users to perform decentralized cross-chain swaps from other crypto assets into ZEC within the wallet. Yesterday, Zashi<a href="https://x.com/zashi_app/status/1990467451461787783?s=20"> introduced</a> an update to the Near Intents integration that unlocks private swaps, allowing users to directly convert any Near-supported asset (e.g., BTC, ETH, USDC) into shielded ZEC. Previously, Zashi only supported swaps to a transparent address, requiring users to manually shield their ZEC afterward. Moreover, a swap from ZEC to other assets would<a href="https://x.com/zachxbt/status/1980612190609576229?s=20"> return</a> a small refund to a transparent address even if executed from a shielded one, establishing a link between both addresses. With yesterday’s update, this issue is now fixed.&nbsp;



The chart below shows the cumulative volume of Near Intents by asset since Sept. 1, 2025. ZEC is the most swapped asset behind USDT and USDC, with $569 million in cumulative volume. A key question is whether Near Intents’ recent activity spike is a temporary effect of ZEC buying demand or the start of more durable growth. The surge in attention could ultimately seed a stickier user base for permissionless swapping across a broader set of blockchains and assets.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110030" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-113.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



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Markets in full risk-off mode

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“How did Andean societies exchange resources and administer large numbers of people without currency or writing?”



— Jacob Bongers, digital archeologist
</blockquote>



A mysteriously precise, mile-long band of 5,200 holes dug into Monte Sierpe, Peru, at least 600 years ago has long been a subject of speculation.



Ever since the site was popularized by aerial photography in 1933, professional archeologists have puzzled over its purpose — but hypotheses related to defense, water collection, fog capture, gardening, burial, geoglyph symbology and resource mining have all been discounted for one reason or another.



Having ruled all those out, amateur archeologists settled on the only remaining explanation: “ancient astronauts.”



Last week, however, a team of digital archeologists published an academic <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/indigenous-accounting-and-exchange-at-monte-sierpe-band-of-holes-in-the-pisco-valley-peru/41D83389D230D99CFF18194CF274A9A3">study</a> that finally determined the site’s true purpose: Monte Sierpe, they explain, was “an indigenous system of accounting and exchange.”



“We hypothesise that Monte Sierpe initially served as a barter marketplace before being turned into a large-scale accounting device under the Inca Empire (1400-1532 AD) for collecting tribute from local communities.”



One hundred years before Luca Pacioli popularized the concept of double-entry accounting in Italy, Incas in Peru were keeping their books on a hillside.



The paper’s lead author, Jacob Bongers, frames this in modern terms by <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-centuries-old-grid-of-holes-in-the-andes-may-have-been-a-spreadsheet-for-accounting-and-exchange-269277">saying</a> the hillside “functioned as a large spreadsheet for the Inca Empire.”&nbsp;



Others call it a ledger.



But it looks like a blockchain:



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1141" height="613" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110014" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=1141 1141w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/image-104.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1141px) 100vw, 1141px" /></figure>



Imagine a blockchain, and you’ll likely see something like Monte Sierpe: a continuous, physical stream of data stretching a mile into the horizon.



Bongers’ paper comes close to acknowledging the likeness: “The band is not continuous but rather segmented into sections or blocks.”



This is even more evident in the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRhNJQxx41Y&amp;t=63s">video</a>, where the “blocks of holes” are more visible.



But the resemblance is much more than skin deep — because what could be more proof-of-work than digging thousands of holes?



“Depositing goods in the holes,” the paper explains, “could have been a way of publicly displaying information about the quantity of goods” used for “tribute collection.”



This is useful because you can&#8217;t have a system for tribute or large-scale economic exchange unless you first have clear rules about who owns or controls what.



Blockchains are a public display of information, designed to allow anyone to verify who owns and controls what unit of exchange.



Monte Sierpe was a public display of information that allowed anyone to verify who had paid what tribute to whom.



This public display, the paper proposes, is how a society as large as the Inca Empire was able to administer larger numbers of people without the help of currency or a system of writing.



“The visual prominence of Monte Sierpe…may have increased the probability of locating suitable trading partners, drawing together producer-specialists (e.g. farmers and fisherfolk), mobile traders (e.g. llama caravans and seafaring merchants), lords and administrators for periodic exchange. Large numbers of people depositing goods in the holes would give participants information about the quantity of goods available in an ordered way.”



In other words, they built a public blockchain.&nbsp;



The key insight that led the researchers to this conclusion is that the arrangement of Monte Sierpe’s 5,200 holes into 60 distinct blocks “is structurally reminiscent of at least one locally found khipu, an Inca knotted-string device used for detailed record-keeping.”



In pre-modern Andean societies, khipus — knotted and maintained by specially trained khipukamayuq —&nbsp; “were used to keep track of census information, tribute and inventory,” the paper explains.&nbsp;



By that definition, the portable khipu was the spreadsheets of the time, not Monte Sierpe.&nbsp;



Monte Sierpe — immutable, publicly verifiable, trustless — was the blockchain.



To trust a khipu was to trust the khipukamayuq who tied the knots…much like trusting a bank account is trusting the banker who keeps the accounts.



It’s not a perfect analogy.&nbsp;



The Incas probably were not adding new blocks to their chain of holes for each new bundle of transactions that came in.



Instead, each block is thought to have corresponded to a social group, and each group would fill their assigned holes with goods when it was their turn to pay tribute to the State.



Like a blockchain, the key innovation was that the Band of Holes allowed this to be done publicly, where anyone could verify the payments — up until the goods were removed.



So this analog precursor to the modern blockchain had one limitation: reusing the blocks erased the chain’s history.



It took 600 years to invent a digital version that preserves the full history of a chain by appending new blocks rather than overwriting old ones.



This is Satoshi’s great innovation.



But the principles are unchanged — as is the value proposition.&nbsp;



Digging 5,200 holes in a precise formation on top of a hill is not just a proof-of-work, it was hard work, too.



This monumental investment of labor is evidence that the Incas thought recording transactions in a public, immutable ledger had significant value as a way to organize large groups of people.&nbsp;



Perhaps we are only now catching up.



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