LimeWire

Jack Kubinec

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">subscribe</a>.



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Toronto-based Cypherpunk Holdings <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/lightspeed-newsletter-sol-strategies-rebrand">rebranded as Sol Strategies</a> and announced it would be accumulating Solana three months ago. It’s gotten busy since then.&nbsp;



The holding company has acquired two separate validator operations, accumulated over 142,000 SOL worth roughly $27 million at current prices, hired Kraken’s former senior director of engineering to be its head of staking, and applied to be listed on the Nasdaq. Just this week, it signed a credit facility with its board chair to buy $17.3 million worth of SOL tokens and announced a private placement deal with ParaFi Capital worth roughly $19 million.



MicroStrategy CEO Michael Saylor is fond of saying that “there is no second best” crypto behind bitcoin. If there is a second-best version of MicroStrategy’s corporate <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/microstrategy-btc-purchase-recap">crypto purchasing playbook</a>, it just might be the one Sol Strategies is running.&nbsp;



Like Saylor’s firm, Sol Strategies is focused on acquiring crypto as a treasury asset. The difference, CEO <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GyWjoGcaeO0">Leah Wald</a> told me, is that Sol Strategies also runs a validator business and invests in Solana ecosystem projects, making its approach “more dynamic.”



Following Sol Strategies’ two validator acquisitions, it now is responsible for a combined 1.5 million staked SOL, which makes it roughly the 65th largest Solana validator. Wald declined to say which ecosystem projects Sol Strategies has taken positions in, if any.&nbsp;



Wald came to Cypherpunk Holdings in July 2024 after a four-year run at the helm of US-based crypto management firm Valkyrie, which had its ETF business <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/coinshares-buys-valkyrie-fund-business">acquired by CoinShares</a> in March. Wald had been a board member at Cypherpunk since October 2021.



Charged with taking over a company that had seen its stock trade sideways for years, Wald — who was among the first to file for and issue <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/valkyrie-plots-bitcoin-futures-etf">bitcoin futures ETFs</a> — saw a new opportunity. <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/lightspeed-newsletter-solana-bull-run">Solana was hot</a>, but it lacked ETFs that investors could trade on traditional stock exchanges. So far, the SOL strategy appears to be working out.&nbsp;



Since debuting as Sol Strategies in September, the company’s stock price is up more than 1,700% — and that’s while a Nasdaq listing is still pending approval.



There’s probably a storm approaching Sol Strategies’ parade in the form of Solana ETFs. Currently, Sol Strategies is one of just a <a href="https://www.thenew.money/trend/solana-holders">few</a> publicly-traded companies giving investors <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitwise-ceo-solana-ncredible-emerging-asset">regulated exposure</a> to Solana’s price action by virtue of holding the asset in its treasury.&nbsp;



If Solana ETFs get approved, the market would gain competitors offering a similar service (although whether or not those ETF <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/grayscale-sol-etf-filing">issuers include staking rewards</a> will be key to watch). Sol Strategies will hope the market treats it like a bitcoin mining stock in that case.



But for now, Wald and Sol Strategies’ big bet is paying big dividends.



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Meet Sol Strategies: The MicroStrategy of Solana

Ben Strack

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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Investors learned one year ago today that US spot bitcoin ETFs finally had the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-approves-bitcoin-etf">go-ahead to launch</a>, with those products hitting the market the following day.&nbsp;



We now have 12 months of data to look back on.



It was fun reading <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/how-we-got-here-bitcoin-etf">my piece published</a> the morning of Jan. 10, 2024, which recapped <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/spot-bitcoin-etf-timeline">what led to </a>that milestone.



The Winklevoss twins filing for a bitcoin ETF in 2013; BTC futures funds hitting the US market in 2021; the SEC <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/grayscale-sues-sec-over-rejection-of-proposed-spot-bitcoin-etf">blocking Grayscale’s GBTC conversion</a> the following year — and the firm then <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/grayscale-faces-uphill-battle-with-lawsuit-against-sec">suing the regulator</a>; <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blackrock-files-bitcoin-etf">BlackRock’s head-turning proposal</a> in mid-2023; and, finally, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-grayscale-spot-bitcoin-etf">Grayscale’s legal win</a>.&nbsp;



Predictions seeking to quantify the demand for these then proliferated, with many expecting the bitcoin ETFs to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/analysts-take-on-bitcoin-etf">shatter records</a>.&nbsp;



Spoiler: They did.



Bloomberg Intelligence analyst James Seyffart reflected on his $15 billion year-one net inflow expectation from a year ago. These were higher expectations than most in the TradFi research world, he told me. Yet lower than some projections from those in the crypto space.



“Still, even issuers who expected these to be blockbuster hits did not expect them to do this well,” Seyffart told me. “They now hold over 1.13 million bitcoin and have $100 billion in assets after taking in almost $38 billion of net inflows in their first year — more than double what we thought would have been a very successful launch.”



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Just how big was the first year for Bitcoin ETFs? MASSIVE Here&#39;s a list of the largest ETFs 1 year after they launched. Even if you inflation adjust the assets, 4 of the Bitcoin ETFs are in the top 20 US ETF launches of all time. <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%24IBIT&amp;src=ctag&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">$IBIT</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%24FBTC&amp;src=ctag&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">$FBTC</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%24ARKB&amp;src=ctag&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">$ARKB</a>, and <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%24BITB&amp;src=ctag&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">$BITB</a> <a href="https://t.co/MQuf6wp9Fe">pic.twitter.com/MQuf6wp9Fe</a>&mdash; James Seyffart (@JSeyff) <a href="https://twitter.com/JSeyff/status/1877755409571684399?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 10, 2025</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



In its 2025 outlook <a href="https://bitwiseinvestments.com/crypto-market-insights/the-year-ahead-10-crypto-predictions-for-2025">report</a>, Bitwise argued that bitcoin ETFs will <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/11-facts-about-bitcoin-etfs-since-launch">attract more flows</a> in 2025 than they did in 2024.&nbsp;



Others have a bit more of a nuanced perspective.



Seyffart noted that after the products welcomed roughly $16 billion in assets during Q4 alone, another $15 billion inflow year (matching his initial year-one prediction) seems like “a foregone conclusion assuming the economy avoids a recession.”&nbsp;



Though he didn’t share a precise 2025 inflow projection, Seyffart believes bitcoin ETFs will grow to triple the size of gold ETFs within the next three to five years.&nbsp;



The biggest bitcoin ETF — BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) — has well surpassed its iShares Gold Trust (IAU) in AUM — ~$52 billion to ~$33 billion. IBIT is still chasing the category-leading SPDR Gold Shares (GLD), which manages roughly $74 billion.



Seyffart highlighted bitcoin’s various use cases: a hedge against currency debasement, as well as a form of “hot sauce and satellite positions” in a portfolio given the asset’s volatility.&nbsp;



He and Neena Mishra, director of ETF research at Zacks Investment Research, also pointed out more wirehouses greenlighting bitcoin ETFs in 2025 as a potential catalyst. Remember <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/on-the-margin-newsletter-morgan-stanley-bitcoin-adoption">Morgan Stanley’s move</a> in August?&nbsp;



Meanwhile, BlackRock and Fidelity — as powerhouses in the asset management industry — are set to continue <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/2025-btc-adoption-wave">“legitimizing” bitcoin</a>, which cannot be overlooked, Mishra added.



“However, much will depend on bitcoin’s performance, as ETF flows tend to follow performance trends,” she said.



Alongside macro factors, set to be a major factor on BTC price in 2025 is whether (and how quickly) the promise of <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/financial-advisers-crypto-adoption-survey">crypto regulatory progress</a> is fulfilled.



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Looking back (and ahead) a year after bitcoin ETF approval

Casey Wagner

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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It’s US Employment Report Day! December’s figures came in much stronger than expected.&nbsp;



Nonfarm payrolls grew by 256,000 and blew past analysts’ forecast of 155,000 — significantly higher than November’s 212,000 positions added. The unemployment rate edged down just slightly, coming in at 4.1% vs. the expected 4.2%.&nbsp;



There is such a thing as a too hot report, though.&nbsp;



“There is a growing worry on Wall Street that inflation is making a comeback. While a strong labor market is good for the US, there are worries that too strong of a jobs market will put reflation back on the table,” said Bret Kenwell, US investment analyst at eToro.&nbsp;



The odds of an interest rate cut later this month are all but <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/rate-cutting-cycle-2025">out the window</a>, and chances central bankers opt to lower fed funds in March or even May aren’t looking great, either.&nbsp;



US equities, after a decent start to the new year, are now solidly in the red for 2025 — likely an impact of diminished rate cut expectations and growing concern that the devastating fires in Los Angeles will come with significant financial consequences.&nbsp;



Still, a resilient labor market and economic growth — which, according to the data, is where we currently stand — isn’t bad for stocks, according to Jessica Rabe, co-founder of DataTrek Research.&nbsp;



The employment situation bodes well for corporate profitability.



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Hot employment report leads stocks lower, at least for now 

Donovan Choy

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">subscribe</a>.



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Usual protocol, the shiny new stablecoin on the block, is seeing its USD0++ “stablecoin” (a popular misconception) lose parity with USD0 as of 17 hours ago. It’s now trading at about $0.92.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXfJKaQKd3LoR_qlDnq3oXrZuqX6Ishhb91wcSCpb7S3iQV9m_xwHpyQ-IMUbECGXDxj8xCPEI_7iAags70n37IAM3XYVT2zAoyZq6xDVLOvSAgTEwYEtNIrrRjn-eS8YrPCxAH3?key=fEg0kkmvv4f0yuzriG_37lI3" alt=""/></figure>



But of course, USD0++ is not a stablecoin. It’s a liquid staking derivative of the USD0 stablecoin, somewhat like Lido’s stETH compared to ETH. (The USD peg of USD0 is fine, and the underlying T-bills have no backing issue.)



Usual’s business model is based on the idea of an “onchain Tether” that rewards users. By staking USD0 for USD0++, you receive the underlying T-bill yields and rewards in the protocol’s native token, USUAL.&nbsp;



Should USD0++ stakers change their minds before maturity, they can exit by forgoing rewards and unstake back to USD0 at a 1:1 exchange rate. This first exit option will be available as of <a href="https://usual.money/blog/usual-s-next-leap-solidifying-a-4-year-horizon-for-sustainable-growth">next week</a>.



This explains why the “depeg” between USD0 and USD0++ isn’t exactly a flaw. Think of USD0++ as a bond with four-year maturity. That bond should technically be trading at a discounted rate to reflect a risk premium for holding it for four years. Economists call that the “time value of money.”



Recall that in June 2022, Lido’s stETH too, <a href="https://x.com/unusual_whales/status/1535336025362288641">depegged</a> from ETH amid financial troubles around the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bankrupt-celsius-estate-bitcoin-mining">now-defunct Celsius</a>.



Market panic led to LPs pulling stETH liquidity from Curve pools, causing massive <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/curve-egorov-exit-defi-positions">liquidity imbalances</a> and a stETH:ETH depeg. Just like stETH does not necessarily have to trade at parity with ETH, USD0++ does not have to trade at parity with USD0.



What’s causing the USD0++ haircut today, however, is Usual’s announcement of an alternative USD0++-to-USD0 exit option. The feature was noted in a blog post <a href="https://usual.money/blog/usual-s-next-leap-solidifying-a-4-year-horizon-for-sustainable-growth">published</a> yesterday.



Based on updated <a href="https://docs.usual.money/usual-products/usd0-liquid-staking-token/usd0++-floor-price">docs</a>, the new exit option would allow users to redeem USD0++ to USD0 at a manually set floor price of 0.87 USD0 per USD0++, while retaining rewards in USUAL emissions (unlike the original 1:1 exit option).



Why $0.87? Because it’s the discounted rate at fair value. As Treehouse Finance’s <a href="https://x.com/mytwogweis/status/1877595190640488708">@mytwogweis</a> explains:



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
If you expect 4% annually over four years, the fair value of USD0++ today should be around $0.855. This means you’d buy it at $0.855, hold it for four years, and redeem it at $1 for a risk-free 4% return.
</blockquote>



To put it simply, the new exit option more accurately reflects USD0++ for what it is: a long-term bond.



The problem is that Usual’s go-to-market strategy had already been built on different premises.&nbsp;



Pendle PT-USD0++ farmers who entered into fixed yield trades are now suddenly finding they’ve “overpaid” for a bond at face value (on maturity, 1 PT USD0++ is equal to 1 USD0++).



The USD0++ Pendle pool (with a maturity date of Jan. 30, 2025), for instance, is seeing a dump.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcfAIEZnWVNooHwDCbC1GdokEYZn5aL7OmGp_N9NnZVBnJGBGZruoL0dreDj9MYgXC9Qh784D0YyybLqgmzOmk_fwQKzJctERM-46762x9iD-b4uCUbJCqpbb4KoL4683fXh7gkcg?key=fEg0kkmvv4f0yuzriG_37lI3" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://app.pendle.finance/trade/markets/0x64506968e80c9ed07bff60c8d9d57474effff2c9/swap?view=pt&amp;chain=ethereum&amp;chart=price">Pendle</a></figcaption></figure>



To make matters worse, vault curators on Morpho lending markets have <a href="https://docs.morpho.org/interface/warnings/#what-are-the-warnings-on-the-morpho-interface">hardcoded</a> the prices in USD0++:USDC markets at a 1:1 parity, rather than basing assets on a free floating market rate.



The result: Risk curator Gauntlet and other LPs promptly reallocated vault supply liquidity in USD0++ out of Morpho vaults above the current market rate of $0.91 ahead of the news, prompting public rumors of insider trading.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Gauntlet withdrew ~$43m from usd0++ markets just before the drama started gg nerd + RIP bozo + suck on deez immutable nuts + thanks for playing <a href="https://t.co/iwb6z8tOaH">https://t.co/iwb6z8tOaH</a> <a href="https://t.co/K1RePomus9">pic.twitter.com/K1RePomus9</a>&mdash; DMH 🦇🔊🌊 (@DeFi_Made_Here) <a href="https://twitter.com/DeFi_Made_Here/status/1877693824790622480?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 10, 2025</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
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In an email to Blockworks, Tarun Chitra, founder and CEO of Gauntlet, said of the firm’s activity: “We were not privy to any advance notice, however, as the timestamp of these transactions show (the Usual team updated their docs on redemption before this). We were focused on making sure our users weren’t exposed, and we automatically rebalance out of markets when either risk or concentration limits are breached.”



MEV Capital has released a <a href="https://x.com/MEVCapital/status/1877699650783687078">public statement</a> denying it received any insider information from Usual, although it does not say who the firm received the information from.



USUAL, the protocol’s native token, has unwound -18.7% over the last 24 hours, as of 11:45 am ET.



Macauley Peterson contributed reporting.



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Usual protocol’s depeg spurs instability in DeFi markets

Katherine Ross

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">subscribe</a>.



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Don’t panic.&nbsp;



That’s the <a href="https://blockworks.co/podcast/empire/55f5d904-ced5-11ef-ac06-576c7c9a1fcd">gist of the message</a> from Asset Reality’s Aidan Larkin on this week’s Empire Roundup. Jason Yanowitz and Santiago Santos specifically asked him about all that US government bitcoin.



Basically, the recent court approval is par for the course for any civil forfeiture. And, no, it doesn’t mean that the US is immediately hitting the sell button.



 ”There&#8217;s a very strict process that has to get followed,” Larkin said.&nbsp;



“ At some point in the future, it&#8217;ll just go through the normal government processes. There will be a civil forfeiture application hearing. They will get their green light and then it will fall into the normal Marshals process and public domain,” he added. Asset Reality (which is a firm both Santos and Yanowitz invested in) helps governments manage seized assets, so Larkin is not just some armchair expert.&nbsp;



From here, we’ll eventually see Coinbase move the bitcoin onchain before it’s sold off.&nbsp;



Blaming the price action on the possibility of trying to time when the gov is going to sell some of its stash isn’t the right move, Larkin said. Instead, when you see that type of selling pressure, then it’s more than likely due to folks speculating and selling themselves.&nbsp;



And now you know.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">The US Govt has been given the greenlight to liquidate 69,000 BTC ($6.5B) from Silk Road, an official confirmed to DB News today Interesting situation less than 2 weeks away from the new admin who vowed to not sell <a href="https://t.co/HqD1KnhJK3">https://t.co/HqD1KnhJK3</a> <a href="https://t.co/xn8ATSEL7H">pic.twitter.com/xn8ATSEL7H</a>&mdash; db (@tier10k) <a href="https://twitter.com/tier10k/status/1877176406905356670?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 9, 2025</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



So how did we get here? Well, a Nevada company called Battle Born Investments initially sought to prevent the US from offloading the bitcoin. However, a judge in California overruled their motion earlier this week, which allows the US to move on with the civil forfeiture, as Larkin noted.&nbsp;



The likelihood of the bitcoin in question being funneled into a potential bitcoin strategic reserve is not very high either, so don’t get your hopes up.&nbsp;



(ICYMI: This summer, Trump <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/revisiting-trumps-crypto-promises-after-his-election-win">said</a> he planned to make it so that the US holds all its current bitcoin and uses it as a strategic reserve.)



To sum it up: Any bitcoin to be sold must first go through older processes. We’re talking pre-crypto processes designed for seized assets such as gold.&nbsp;



Then, there could be a slew of agreements to be made, from using the generated funds to make victims whole to asset sharing agreements with other governments. It’s pretty complicated.&nbsp;



Besides, as Larkin noted, would the US really want to use bitcoin linked to crimes for its reserve stash? Seems unlikely.



When dealing with the government, always assume there’s going to be a lot of bureaucratic red tape. What seems cut and dry probably isn’t.&nbsp;



Instead, Yanowitz thinks we could see — if we get a reserve, mind you — the government buying up bitcoin mined on US soil to stash away. And, honestly, that sounds a lot more interesting than bitcoin simply linked to Silk Road.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



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US gov has to follow a ‘strict process’ before unloading $6.5B of bitcoin

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">subscribe</a>.



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On Tuesday, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/backpack-wallet-acquires-ftx-eu">we reported</a> that Backpack had purchased FTX EU in a $32.7 million deal. The next day, FTX put out a <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ftx-clarifies-certain-statements-by-backpack-regarding-backpacks-purported-acquisition-of-ftx-eu-302346394.html">statement</a> clarifying Backpack’s announcement. Then in a press release of its <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/backpack-responds-to-ftx-statement-302346689.html">own</a>, Backpack clarified FTX’s clarification.&nbsp;



This is how companies fight, I guess.&nbsp;



Here’s the crux of it all: What’s left of FTX said it wasn’t aware that Backpack bought FTX EU, and it swore off responsibility for the repayment of FTX EU customers and said it can&#8217;t verify whether what Backpack is saying is true. Backpack responded by saying that much of the saga leading up to its FTX EU acquisition had already been reported, and it would be renaming FTX EU to Backpack EU before it begins doling out customer claims.



The dueling press releases seem to stem from some bad blood FTX still has with FTX EU. FTX <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/ftx-reaches-33-million-settlement-over-failed-european-expansion-2024-02-23/">sued</a> its European arm to try and claw back some of the $323 million Sam Bankman-Fried spent for the startup. The suit ended in a settlement whereby FTX EU’s original founders Patrick Gruhn and Robin Matzke bought back FTX EU for $32.7 million. Backpack then bought FTX EU from Gruhn and Matzke, and the ownership shares are apparently awaiting transfer.



Backpack failed to elucidate this whole chain of events in its original press <a href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/backpack-announces-acquisition-of-ftx-eu-expands-crypto-trading-across-europe-302342778.html">release</a>, but it also doesn’t materially change much. Whether Backpack bought FTX EU from FTX or from the people who bought it from FTX, the basic fact remains that Backpack owns the asset.



Still, the sale itself remains a bit weird, at least to my mind. Backpack told me it bought FTX EU in April 2024 for $32.7 million. That’s just a month or two after FTX EU’s founders bought the company back for that exact price as part of a lawsuit settlement. At the time, FTX <a href="https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/ftx-reaches-33-million-settlement-over-failed-european-expansion-2024-02-23/">reportedly</a> concluded that “no other buyer would agree to purchase” FTX EU.&nbsp;



It doesn’t seem very business savvy for Backpack to pay the full $32.7 million for an exchange that no one else apparently wanted — and which was sold in a court settlement. Couldn’t they have asked for a few million off the sticker price just for getting it off Gruhn and Matzke’s hands? It’s also just a large amount for a startup like Backpack to pay: The project <a href="https://www.coindesk.com/business/2024/02/28/solana-veterans-raise-17m-for-backpack-crypto-wallet-exchange">reportedly</a> lost much of its funding in the FTX collapse, and it only raised $17 million in its last funding round. Where did it get $32.7 million to spend on FTX EU? Backpack did not return my request for comment on the financial side of the deal.&nbsp;



In any event, FTX seems to be nitpicking the Backpack press release, the broad strokes of which don’t appear to warrant much doubt. But we’re talking about FTX here, so it just makes sense things wouldn’t go as smoothly as planned.



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FTX didn’t know Backpack bought its EU arm

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After witnessing the post-election rise in crypto asset prices and ETF flows, here’s another data point backing up a sentiment shift: 56% of 430 <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/financial-advisers-evaluate-etf-approval">surveyed financial advisers</a> say they’re more likely to allocate to the space because of the November results.&nbsp;



This number came from the Bitwise/VettaFi report we referenced a couple times this week as the companies teased findings before the formal release.



We mentioned, for example, that just 35% of advisers say they’re able to buy crypto for client accounts. Looking a bit deeper, 71% of these financial pros said at least some of their clients were investing in crypto on their own.&nbsp;



“These held-away assets represent a major business opportunity for advisers seeking to help clients integrate crypto into a broader wealth plan,” the report notes. This sort of statement is nothing new, but rather <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/wealth-managers-bitcoin-etfs">drives the point home</a>.



While nearly two-thirds report the inability to own crypto for clients, 22% allocated for clients in 2024 (twice the 11% <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/tradfi-bitcoin-economics-crypto-etf">in 2023</a>).&nbsp;



Of the advisers who haven’t yet invested, 19% plan to “definitely” or “probably” add exposure to the asset class this year. That’s more than double the percentage (8%) who said as much in last year’s report.



Other findings surprising to me:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Though US spot bitcoin ETFs notched $36 billion of net inflows in their first year, flows into ETH products accelerated in December and <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/solana-etf-filing-futures">filings</a> <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/canary-capital-litecoin-etf">for</a> <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/us-sol-etfs-unlikely-to-be-approved-soon">other</a> <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitwise-files-for-spot-xrp-etf">spot</a> crypto funds have proliferated, advisers thinking about jumping into crypto favor equity funds. Perhaps State Street Global Advisors’ <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/state-street-galaxy-crypto-etfs">mindset has legs</a>, and we recently heard about how BLOK co-PM Dan Weiskopf is <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/2025-crypto-stocks-to-watch">thinking about things</a>.</li>



<li>Secondly, despite the 56% swayed <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-impacts-since-election-outcome">by the election</a>, half the surveyed advisers still consider regulatory uncertainty the top hurdle for future crypto investments. That’s down from closer to two-thirds in previous years, but shows the wins of Trump and pro-crypto Congress members have not solved everything overnight.</li>
</ul>



The latter point confirms that amid the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/2025-crypto-industry-predictions">optimism of progress</a>, there remains plenty of <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/2025-crypto-questions-to-answer">healthy skepticism</a> — or at least patience — from those weighing their next move.



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Election swayed advisers, but crypto adoption has room to run

Felix Jauvin

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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Back in September, the market priced one of the most aggressive cutting cycles I’ve ever seen, with multiple 50-basis point cuts priced in that would swiftly take us to 3% on the fed funds rate in 2025. Fast forward to today, and it&#8217;s a completely different story, with one to two cuts at best priced for 2025.



Let’s dig into what has driven the change and what to expect.



Below is a chart that compares the effective federal funds rate (EFFR) against the two-year Treasury note.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcR0plmd2BY79J0Lm8s1uFtSBQrfsoMG1zgJo30zNgC5us4A5efOH49YkJ-Gz0_epW-eb2ydI0htUZyJGOFcTdR72bujpyIOyn989MT-amU2ExbxjF_NarlLfB5O-ag6L6kq_n2Mw?key=6LM0Kvlki2uiEmtTlAQaY0px" alt=""/></figure>



There’re a few takeaways we can grab from comparing these two yields:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Throughout the last two years, we’ve seen many moments where the two-year has priced in an imminent and aggressive cutting cycle (as seen when two-year heads lower below EFFR).</li>



<li>For the first time since mid-2022, we see these two yields are parity. This implies the market is pricing in a rate-cutting cycle that is essentially over, but it sees no chance of any hikes either.</li>
</ul>



One of the big drivers behind talk about a swift end to this short-lived cutting cycle is around surprisingly stubborn inflation. As we can see in the December summary of economic projections, FOMC members have aggressively shifted from seeing inflation as being broadly balanced to seeing risks weighted to the upside.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="934" height="696" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png" alt="" class="wp-image-96051" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=934 934w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=345 345w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=350 350w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=294 294w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed.png?w=80 80w" sizes="(max-width: 934px) 100vw, 934px" /></figure>



This, paired with what is proving to be a much more resilient and solid labor market than what it appeared in September when the FOMC started to cut rates, is shifting the distribution of probable outcomes more toward a hawkish monetary reaction function.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="915" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-96052" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=456 456w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=383 383w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/unnamed-1.png?w=80 80w" sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Putting these pieces together shines a light on why there’s increasing conviction in the idea that the rate-cutting cycle is over.



That said, there are still dovish voices within the FOMC.&nbsp;



In his speech this week, Governor Waller mentioned he still believed in cutting this year: “So what is my view? If the outlook evolves as I have described here, I will support continuing to cut our policy rate in 2025. The pace of those cuts will depend on how much progress we make on inflation, while keeping the labor market from weakening.”



Much like the last two years, 2025 is shaping up to be another <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/fed-dovish-hawkish-2024-conduct">year of extremes</a> where the market goes from pricing in aggressive hawkishness to aggressive dovishness.&nbsp;



Investors will need to quickly decide whether to try and ride these changes in sentiment or ignore them as noise.



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Is the Fed’s rate-cutting cycle over?

Macauley Peterson

ThorChain founder JP Thorbjornsen and the development team have decided to pause the ThorFi Savers and Lending programs for the next 12 months. The decision, announced Thursday, comes after consultations with key community members, devs and node operators, according to the project’s Discord.



Thorchain is a decentralized liquidity protocol that enables cross-chain asset swaps without the need for wrapped tokens or centralized exchanges. It allows users to trade native assets like Bitcoin, Ethereum and others directly on the platform, using its native token, RUNE, to facilitate transactions and secure liquidity pools. But the protocol is undergoing a major restructuring to make it more secure and easier to understand.



THORFi, a complex component of the ecosystem, has been identified as a primary source of volatility, particularly due to un-throttled redemptions that are driving away new participants and hindering progress on the 2025 roadmap, developers say. By pausing these features, the team aims to ensure that the protocol is ready to scale efficiently.



Read more:<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/rune-code-vulnerability"> Code vulnerability puts damper on RUNE’s wild run</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Under pressure</h2>



Inflation of RUNE’s circulating supply has contributed directly to the token’s poor price action. Several mechanisms are behind this inflation, including block rewards distributed to validators. As with many chains, RUNE is minted to reward participants, thus diluting its value. There is a growing consensus that these rewards should be reduced, but the specifics and timing of such changes are a matter of debate.



Beyond block rewards, other mechanisms such as Savers and Lending programs have added additional pressure. The Savers program, which was designed to create buy pressure for RUNE, has instead exacerbated the situation by creating substantial sell pressure when users withdraw their deposits.



The dynamic is simple: When users enter Savers, they must purchase RUNE, but when they exit, they sell it. This cycle becomes problematic when RUNE is underperforming relative to bitcoin. As users exit at lower prices, they trigger further declines in RUNE’s value, creating a feedback loop.



Lending has similarly introduced inflationary effects. While it has already been shuttered, its lingering impact continues to affect the RUNE price. Loans and collateral, primarily backed by BTC and ETH, have created liabilities that are hard to repay as the value of RUNE declines. The situation is compounded by the fact that, due to the current state of the market, more RUNE is being minted to cover obligations, further diluting the token.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Sunset of Savers</h2>



In light of these concerns, community members have called for immediate action to address the protocol’s structural weaknesses. The most immediate of these is the sunset of the Savers program, which continues to exert downward pressure on RUNE’s price.



The plan put forward includes a 72-hour period for dissent and discussion, allowing the community to voice concerns and potentially campaign for an unwinding of the decision. If no changes occur, a six-month &#8220;timeout&#8221; will follow, during which no further discussions or economic changes will be entertained. Developers will shift focus entirely to the app layer, optimizing bandwidth and accelerating development without the overhang of THORFi-related distractions.



After six months, the idea is to tokenize Lending and Saver positions, offering holders early liquidity on a peer-to-peer market. By the 12-month mark, a restructuring plan will be presented to provide liquidity for legacy THORFi holders, potentially introducing a System Income Tax that would remain until all positions are cleared.



Some have called for a more radical solution: Force the closure of all outstanding loans. On X, ThorTrades <a href="https://x.com/ThorTrades8/status/1877337451334873141">expressed</a> his concern on the sunset plan.



“If BTC trades at $75-85k, Rune will trade under $3 likely. Best to use this bad moment in the market to get rid of something bad (loans),” he wrote, arguing this aggressive action should be taken immediately. “The right moment to force loans to close was above $6 but the second best moment might be now.”



So it seems Thorchain is at a crossroads. The combination of underperforming RUNE, inflated supply, and growing liabilities threatens to undermine the protocol’s long-term viability. It’s clear that some immediate action is needed to halt this spiral. The protocol has already made strides in decentralization and cross-chain liquidity, but to ensure its survival, the Thorchain team looks to confront these internal challenges head-on.



The question now is whether node operators will play ball, and what comes of brewing community backlash. As JP put it, “prepare your pitchforks,” and be prepared to make the tough calls to save the protocol.



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ThorChain struggles following executive decision

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ICYMI, Sol Strategies <a href="https://www.newsfilecorp.com/release/236287">announced</a> that it was investing CAD $25 million ($17.4 million) in the Solana ecosystem earlier this week.&nbsp;



CEO Leah Wald told me ahead of the new year that Sol Strategies was focused on building up the “next level” of its business strategy.&nbsp;



Obviously, given Sol’s focus, the firm is gonna be bullish on the ecosystem, but Wald noted how pleasantly surprised she was at the amount of developer activity and overall enthusiasm for Solana right now.&nbsp;



She is skeptical, however, about a solana ETF being approved in the US “anytime soon.”



“I think there&#8217;s quite a while until a SOL ETF gets approved. During that time, as a former issuer, I know that you have a long time where you&#8217;re working with the staff and you&#8217;re working on education. That gives [potential issuers] a year…to educate the staff and make sure that everybody&#8217;s up to speed on what you know SOL actually is, and the merits and benefits, and provide…that additional timeline for maturity,” she explained.&nbsp;



But she does think that Canada is likely to approve a SOL ETF from <a href="https://pages.3iq.io/solana">3iQ</a> before we see a slew of US products because the Canadian issuer is “always ahead of the US.”



Out of curiosity, and given Wald’s experience, I pushed her on why she thinks a potentially crypto-friendly regulator wouldn’t look to get an ETF that holds SOL out the door. She told me part of her reasoning was exactly because of the changing leadership at the SEC.&nbsp;



If the new SEC chair “came in and said, ‘okay, all crypto ETFs are approved overnight,’ I think that that&#8217;s dangerous, actually,” she explained. It would be better to see a regulator who’s willing to put in the work to understand the differences between something like Solana and Ripple and speak to potential issuers prior to just greenlighting ETFs.



I guess we’ll have to make do with the crypto ETFs we have at home.



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SOL ETFs unlikely to be approved in US ‘anytime soon’

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Market watchers have cast <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/lightspeed-newsletter-prediction-markets-post-election">doubt on prediction markets’ ability</a> to draw meaningful volumes after the presidential election. Enter: Livestreams of drugged-up mice trying to balance on a rotating rod.&nbsp;



The so-called DeSci platform pump.science announced a partnership with Solana-based prediction market Hedgehog Markets whereby users can place bets on the outcomes of longevity experiments on mice. It’s arguably a move in a more reputable direction for the speculative DeSci trend, which has drawn criticism for creating misaligned incentives.&nbsp;



Decentralized science, or DeSci, has <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/daos-nature-biotechnology-editorial-benefits-science">been around for some time</a> in crypto, generally in the form of DAOs crowdfunding scientific experiments that otherwise wouldn’t get funded. Pump.science emerged in the past few months, borrowing its name and funding mechanism from the popular memecoin launchpad pump.fun.&nbsp;



Researchers submit experiments focused on longevity, or the increasing of lifespans, to pump.science, and a corresponding token is listed on pump.fun. As the memecoin’s market cap increases, pump.science will run experiments testing the compound on increasingly-larger animals, ending with humans. The experiments are livestreamed, so investors can see whether the compound appears to be working. The project’s docs say chemical suppliers could eventually purchase the rights to the chemical interventions from the token holders. One such licensing deal was <a href="https://app.realms.today/dao/5WYPm474q4ACEzGR457XMAFyjkQfRrxVUzqiRdHxy4wg/proposal/5J4JArBhF3LQdfG7NaCsQWGp8oDEBkSakqwcdaNFKHPR">approved</a> on the Solana DAO platform Realms, though how this would be enforced legally is a bit of a question mark.



This is a wonky way to fund science by any standard, and pump.science has drawn its fair share of critics.



Gauntlet CEO and Robot Ventures partner Tarun Chitra, one of speculative DeSci’s loudest critics, <a href="https://x.com/tarunchitra/status/1865950366052868548">called</a> projects like pump.science “at best naive and at worst a predatory scam.”



With the Hedgehog Markets partnership, the rules of the pump.science game at least make a bit more sense. Mice will be injected with longevity compounds and then tested versus a control group on a rotarod, which is a rotating cylinder that can test mice motor skills. Users — brandishing data including how the compound performed in flies and what the mice’s names are, among other things — bet on which mice will perform best prior to the trials, which are then livestreamed. For Chitra at least, this could be a better road for DeSci.



Chitra said in a direct message that the lower potential returns offered by prediction markets compared to memecoins could limit the pool of bettors on DeSci prediction markets. “But philosophically, there&#8217;s nothing that is scam-like about this — it just might be very hard to bootstrap, especially if you look at how long it took Polymarket.”



Updated Jan. 10, 2025 at 3:55 pm ET: Added mention of pump.science’s first licensing deal.



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The hottest new betting market is mice motor skills

David Canellis

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This is not a happy story. But I can’t get it out of my head.



Earlier this month, it was <a href="https://www.tampabay.com/news/tampa/2025/01/02/blockchain-macdill-undead-apes-nowlin-rhoden/">reported</a> that 21-year-old Alabama resident Berman Nowlin — <a href="https://www.justice.gov/usao-mdfl/pr/jury-finds-non-fungible-token-developer-guilty-defrauding-investors-and-laundering">convicted</a> of wire fraud and money laundering charges over an NFT rug pull in 2022 — had died by suicide.



A district court in Florida had ruled him guilty only three weeks earlier. He was due for sentencing later in January and faced a maximum sentence of five years in prison.



The rug pull in question referred to a short-lived Bored Apes-inspired project Undead Apes Society, which included three NFT collections released over two months.



Nowlin was described as the developer who coded the smart contracts.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdHn6NJIvhVxPKDTNTB6yUp0QhjI_wLYH3Qo2Tbnfu5wZ0Xw2JlkxoEdbJ7sFXlGe3qC5eiXax2N_wea31ByapMIkFgOKbfWLu0J1px0UnGcC337GDJNwrxMR2JaWV_HxDs_tfiAQ?key=Zw6IOD2a_wvSfbUPWTWrY3AB" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Undead Apes were briefly popular on <a href="https://opensea.io/collection/undead-apes">OpenSea</a></figcaption></figure>



A second individual, Devin Rhoden, managed the art model engine for the NFTs. Rhoden is a 23-year-old senior airman in the US Air Force who worked as a cyber analyst.



Here’s the timeline as presented in court filings:



March 2022: 2,500 Undead Apes NFTs were minted on Solana for 0.05 SOL each (~$10,000 at the time). UndeadApes were “unique Apes with over 60 hand-drawn traits on the Solana blockchain. Ready to take on the Metaverse.”



Later in March 2022: 750 Undead Lady Apes were minted on Solana for 0.75 SOL each (~$53,400). These had supposed DeFi functions — stakers would earn up to 6x, 75% of royalties would go back into the liquidity pool, with the rest going toward paying the team.



April 2022: Floor prices for the initial Undead Apes collections reached 3.6 SOL (~$400) and 6 SOL ($660), respectively. In terms of SOL, that&#8217;s 72x and 8x on their initial mint prices.



Later in April 2022: A third mint was announced for Undead Tombstones, featuring a collaboration with Stoned Ape Crew, an unaffiliated project, which allegedly drove up mint prices.



Tombstones were said to come with additional features for existing Undead Apes holders that could generate additional return on investment.



Two hours later: The Stoned Ape Crew denies any partnership or involvement with Undead Apes Society. The Undead Apes team abandons the mint shortly after — taking the proceeds — and floor prices for all related NFTs immediately crash 85%.&nbsp;



Discord members then received a message from Rhoden in the Undead Apes Society chat saying, “Yall are dumb as fuck.”



Authorities traced earnings from the rug pull amounting to $161,548, which had been cashed out into US dollars and split about evenly between the bank accounts of Nowlin and Rhoden.



Going by the evidence supplied by the prosecutors, there appeared to be a plan to rug the entire time. The Feds were initially tipped off by another Air Force member who lost money in the scheme.



Still, two things are haunting me. The first thing is the relatively low amount of money extracted from the rug pull.&nbsp;



Perhaps I’m desensitized by much larger fraud cases over the years, but it was still enough for Rhoden to receive five years probation after pleading guilty, and his testimony is said to have led to the conviction of Nowlin, now deceased.&nbsp;



The other is that Nowlin had been diagnosed with autism. His family described him as above-average when it came to intelligence but he had the emotional maturity of a 14-year-old. He reportedly taught himself to code and spent most of his time online, playing video games and chatting in Discords.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcuoQzgIiqZ-VWvXemSaAlMKSChJ_G-rH-AtS2tKZurs1y_zxcPuweJR9rkRg9GvV0JilDh7NpMT1eQzeH-vwR7FOGBovOSCXkTuHAYSQKYoZBFxVcgqtopuwkCdkPRxvb-Xmjs?key=Zw6IOD2a_wvSfbUPWTWrY3AB" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some messages between the Undead Apes team sourced from court documents</figcaption></figure>



There is so much about crypto that is larger than life — often larger than any life we could ever imagine. But the Undead Apes rug pull wasn’t any of that.&nbsp;



People, of course, lost money very quickly. Who knows what would have happened had the team actually followed through on their promises. More than likely, they would have still lost money.



Usually, reading about rug pulls comes with some schadenfreude. Perps get caught under all sorts of silly circumstances, which makes for compelling crime stories.



Fraud is bad and bad actors should be caught. That’s what happened with the Undead Apes rug pull. Woefully, though, it now serves as a dark reminder that while the money and assets are silly and digital, the stories are painfully real.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



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Undead Apes rug pull reminds that magic internet money is totally real

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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While some continue to hope that the upcoming Trump-era SEC will wave its magic wand and dismiss pending lawsuits against multiple crypto firms, Coinbase was just handed a win.&nbsp;



The exchange, which the SEC <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-sues-coinbase">sued in 2023</a>, yesterday won its motion for an <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-coinbase-motion-interlocutory-appeal">interlocutory appeal</a> on whether crypto assets constitute investment contracts. The ruling is not an end to the case. But it will require the Second Circuit to consider this question, which, Coinbase argued, “could not be more pressing” in “numerous cases pending…across the country.”&nbsp;



From Judge Katherine Polk Failla’s order to grant Coinbase’s interlocutory <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/coinbase-sec-foia-lawsuit-continues">appeal</a> motion:&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-pullquote"><blockquote>“At issue is more than how to apply Howey (about which, the Court agrees, there is an extensive body of case law); at issue is how to apply Howey to crypto asset transactions, in the context of the surrounding digital ecosystems. That is a difficult legal question of first impression for the Second Circuit — more than mere disagreement with the Court’s Order.” </blockquote></figure>



In other words, Failla thinks the legal question at hand — how and if crypto assets should be subject to securities laws — is too big to not consider at the appellate level.&nbsp;



Failla has ordered a stay in proceedings until the interlocutory appeal is resolved, which could take months, if not longer. A ruling from the Second Circuit bears more weight than the District-level orders we’ve seen in recent months, many of which contradict one another.&nbsp;



Coinbase’s expensive, time-consuming legal battle just may be exactly what the industry is looking for…assuming things go its way, of course.



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Judge sends Howey question to higher court in Coinbase case 

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">subscribe</a>.



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Treasury yields were once again on the rise Wednesday while US equities struggled to recover from a rough day of trading yesterday.&nbsp;



The US government’s monthly 10-year Treasury note auction on Tuesday drew the highest yield since 2007: 4.68%. Benchmark yields on 10-years hit a high of 4.73% Wednesday morning, a level not hit since last spring.



Zooming out, since the Fed started its rate-cutting cycle <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/on-the-margin-newsletter-uk-japan-rate-decisions">in September</a>, yields on 10-year notes have increased from around 3.7% to 4.7%. It’s an inverse correlation not typically seen, at least if you look back upon the past 10 easing cycles.&nbsp;



What gives?&nbsp;



Well, first of all, we aren’t in a typical easing cycle. Normally, rate cuts signal an approaching recession. This time, the Fed is lowering interest rates because central bankers believe inflation is <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/fed-interest-rate-policy-mistake">sufficiently declining</a> — or at least, they did.



FOMC members’ inflation expectations have risen from 2.6% to 2.8% for 2024, and as such, their median projections for cuts to the fed funds rate has decreased by 50 basis points. Futures markets are now pricing in a 95% chance central bankers hold rates steady at their next meeting later this month.&nbsp;



Plus, bond traders are reacting to the new (old) administration headed for the White House in less than two weeks. Today’s selloff (remember, bond prices and yields move in opposite directions), is likely linked to rising <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/trump-mulls-national-economic-emergency-declaration-allow-new-tariff-program-cnn-2025-01-08/">concerns</a> about Trump’s incoming <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/unpacking-trump-potential-tariff-policies">tariff policies</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;



So, it’s a strange situation with perhaps a reasonable explanation, but we’re keeping an eye on the situation. The latest Fed minutes — set to be released this afternoon — should also give us more insight.



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Yields up, rates down 

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Fidelity Digital Assets addressed a question in its 2025 outlook report that many investors have been asking: “Is it too late?”



The query isn’t absurd given BTC’s recent rise to an all-time high above $108,000 last month. Buying is of course more fun before a big run.&nbsp;&nbsp;



In the <a href="https://fwc.widen.net/s/zbhjbmppgq/fda-2025-look-ahead-report-v6">report</a>, Fidelity Digital Assets research director Chris Kuiper mentions starting to see “early signs of mass diffusion and adoption.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



He adds: “Although this process will likely take decades, 2025 has the potential to be the year that is looked back on as the pivotal time where the ‘chasm was crossed’ as digital assets begin to take root and embed themselves into multiple fields and industries.”&nbsp;



Kuiper cites existing and discussed <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/brazil-bill-for-national-bitcoin-reserve">nation-state</a> and <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/company-treasuries-btc-reserve-asset">corporate crypto adoption</a>, which we’ve tracked here in recent weeks.&nbsp;



“Therefore, it may be too late for the speculators that want another frenzy,” he explained. “However, we believe we are still incredibly early in terms of this new era of sustainable adoption, diffusion and integration.”



This “Am I too late?” question reminded me of my conversation with Franklin Templeton’s Roger Bayston last month. He too mentioned this was something on the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/franklin-templeton-etfs-tokenization-2025">minds of institutions</a>.&nbsp;



“We’ve seen this price run up and now I’m going to buy it?” he said, imitating an investor questioning that logic and wanting to buy cheap.



But with a more favorable US regulatory environment <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-friendly-congress-steps-into-power">unfolding</a>, it appears there’s “plenty of run room,” Bayston added. Bullish <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-q1-analyst-predictions">2025 BTC price predictions</a> range from $125,000 to $200,000.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Beyond the potential regulatory catalysts, Kuiper wrote that inflation could come back in a second wave (given inflation measures resisting a return to the 2% target, large fiscal deficits and the Fed’s rate-cutting cycle).



“If a recession does occur, it will likely be responded to with additional monetary and fiscal stimulus, which historically has been good for bitcoin,” he noted. “If risk assets continue to appreciate and inflation continues to run above the 2% target, bitcoin will also likely do well.”



And then there’s the potential for a stagflationary environment, which Kuiper says BTC has not ever really encountered. A Fidelity Digital Assets chart illustrates gold’s performance during the stagflation era of the 1970s and early ’80s. It shows gold rallying most during the second wave of inflation, offering a potential parallel for how bitcoin might behave.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcOzxUkgRW1XAvJ4g_iMTip6-UCddfGY9JijOwgq8L6Y7SZjIfS3U1OYCl6yA6y2SebIQ5vkUtLL0g2woVQ3eIgv-AlWjOE2O07IZsHYEIzbgm8n40c7NDYYwG0LBWKhs77ACNjGw?key=4NP7wyvb3dLIhRYmIpR1QGIS" alt=""/></figure>



BTC is currently 13% below its all-time high, with potential corrections ahead that could present additional buying opportunities.



Swan Bitcoin co-founder Brady Swenson said it appears the market has largely priced in the creation of a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/senator-lummis-bitcoin-reserve-bill-crypto-policy">strategic bitcoin reserve</a> soon after Trump takes office.



He added in an email: “If that does not happen quickly, the inauguration could actually be a ‘buy the rumor, sell the news’ event, which would send bitcoin price temporarily downward.&#8221;



You don’t need me to say none of this is investment advice. But I’ll remind you anyway.



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Fidelity exec addresses ‘too late?’ question, stagflation scenario

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Today, Starknet unveiled its dedicated rollup chain tech stack, SN Stack. The project was first <a href="https://medium.com/starkware/the-starknet-stacks-growth-spurt-ab7ea3ebd596">teased</a> in a July 2023 blog post.



The SN Stack offers developers the ability to build validity rollup chains with customized parameters like block times and sizes, using proven components of Starknet such as Starknet OS, CairoVM or the Blockifier execution engine.



Developers can opt to use Madara, an open source and modular framework to quickly develop appchains, or Dojo, a framework more suited to building onchain gaming apps. Starknet appchains will also be able to leverage the StarkWare sequencer infrastructure which in future will be open source.



“From now, projects will be able to build appchains using the gold-standard ZK-STARK cryptography with the ease and low-cost that has only been possible with optimistic rollups,” said StarkWare co-founder and CEO Eli Ben-Sasson.



ZK-STARKs are considered to be an <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/starkware-polygon-labs-stwo-zk-prover">improved version</a> of zk-SNARKs due to their lack of reliance on an initial trusted setup, though STARK proof sizes are larger.



For cross-chain interoperability, there is a proof-based interoperability solution in the pipeline that leverages Starknet’s upcoming open-sourced prover <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/starkware-starknet-zero-knowledge-prover">Stwo</a> (Stark Two), a Starknet spokesperson told Blockworks.



<a href="https://docs.paradex.trade/documentation/getting-started/what-is-paradex">Paradex</a>, a perpetuals exchange, is the only existing rollup built on SN Stack today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A short history of rollup stacks</h2>



In 2020, Ethereum embarked on a rollup-centric roadmap that sought to offload execution to L2 chains for scalability. This introduced the incentive for rollup teams to develop their own custom rollup tech stacks, attract rollup chain developers and curate a gated ecosystem.



Optimism was first to the game. Optimism’s OP Stack was officially introduced in late 2022 and launched in early 2023. In 2023 followed the launches of Arbitrum’s “<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-arbitrum-orbit-mainnet">Orbit</a>” then Zksync’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/zksync-launches-op-stack-rival">ZK Stack</a>.



Last month also saw the announcement of Commonware’s “<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/commonware-optimized-blockchain-development">anti-framework</a>” stack by ex-Ava Labs VP of engineering Patrick O’Grady. Commonware promises an even more modular architecture and less lock-in than the aforementioned rollup stacks.



Optimism’s first-mover advantage has largely paid off, as is the case with open-source tools. Based on L2Beat, OP Stack is the most widely used stack with at least 50 combined rollup and Validium chains built <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/optimism-interoperability-layer-superchain">on its technology</a>, including <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/kraken-ethereum-layer-2-superchain">Kraken’s Ink</a>, Coinbase’s Base and the upcoming <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/0xresearch-newsletter-uniswap-layer-2">Unichain</a>.



This network effect provides Optimism with a lucrative monetization opportunity. For instance, Optimism offers rollups the option to enter into a revenue-sharing agreement that shares 2.5% of sequencer revenues or 15% of transaction fee profits (whichever is higher).



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXc97Gs0wGFCj2hTJuMUEmmpTFmoznE1qrl-OQBfQbnEhAcqUiBGC9PudFEOl_9cap1cE3g7slfrsPuH1q4YGsrouxCIQJhj6HmD2foZwOC1o73VpWO25E31n3qfDTuWYZPtEJ-fNQ?key=qgLCVkfQQmtfMDLHMgqaypk0" alt=""/></figure>



While Starknet has yet to specify a monetization model for SN Stack, the team has confirmed details will be announced in the future.



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



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