Vertical AI

Kate Irwin

This is a segment from The Drop newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Crypto gaming studio VOYA Games has raised $5 million in funding in a round led by 1kx and Makers Fund, with RockawayX also investing.



Angel investors Jeff Zirlin, who cofounded Sky Mavis, and Sebastien Borget, cofounder and COO of The SandBox, also participated in the round (Zirlin is also a partner at 1kx).&nbsp;



“Our goal is to build a token ecosystem where games are connected through a shared player economy and culture,” said VOYA Games CEO and founder Oliver Loffler.&nbsp;



The studio plans to use the funding to release its upcoming game, Craft World, and set up the company for its long-term goals.



Craft World is billed as a “casual resource management game” with NFT items, where humans live with dinosaurs after a meteor hit Earth. Players must farm for resources to build structures. The game is currently in its testnet phase, powered by an unspecified blockchain stack, and has seen over <a href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.angrydynomiteslab.craftworld&amp;hl=en_US">100,000 downloads</a> on Android already. VOYA says more than 240,000 players have registered so far, and it has seen over 1.1 million testnet trades between players.&nbsp;



“They’re building a Web3 gaming ecosystem that prioritizes openness and ownership, treating the game world more like a public good than a closed economy,” said the pseudonymous 1kx partner known as Peter Pan.



The game uses Dyno Coin, a utility token players use to buy NFT items and craft. The team <a href="https://voya-games.gitbook.io/voya-games-litepaper/dyno-coin">says</a> it’s not intended to be a speculative token, and it currently does not appear on crypto exchanges.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcV7V-B1foIg0LQIRgUC4kD8I_doUOR63GtmN0l81MvPgOO5dU6ctBEZYYTh4iikZDsbbUGTuQ7D8FgP-oR-s3hDAcnH_n8NGiK0oWr-xgMXayjfZKfxCqewAari9zU4mndv-CxuQ?key=58OEzndPAZeN-rmaPDPQqw" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A look at the pixelated aesthetic of Craft World.</figcaption></figure>



Craft World is expected to fully launch by the end of this year and will release for iOS, Android, and on the web as a browser game.&nbsp;



VOYA Games was founded in 2023 and is <a href="https://x.com/rev1x0/status/1925180218085454211">tied to</a> Angry Dynomites Lab, which released two pixelated dinosaur NFT collections on Ethereum back in 2022. Loffler previously cofounded Kolibri Games, a mobile gaming studio with games like Idle Miner Tycoon: Gold &amp; Cash, which has over 100 million downloads on Android alone. Kolibri was acquired by Ubisoft in 2020.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcl8s5Z6gXgi0Nkn-K1RAjSs-Fhu40TV_pYi6AjAroIu4YNFvDZYqlN97YcQ0IlZoqBzP3L8h8_8a1TcVmsx4fq-Ebd80PSIGg3RW1mqq7Jflrp4AggIQyQ_EDPd-wVFdWBZ3crpg?key=58OEzndPAZeN-rmaPDPQqw" alt=""/></figure>



Mobile games have continued to make up a significant portion of the crypto gaming market. Game7 research found that mobile games made up 29% of game launches last year, with an additional 20% being Telegram games (which are also primarily mobile games).&nbsp;



That means about half of crypto games have a mobile-first focus, and that doesn’t include the over 26% of crypto games that are launching in a browser, which can also be mobile-first titles.



Mobile games can be cheaper and easier to build than ambitious PC titles while having more opportunities for monetization via quick in-app purchases. They also <a href="https://www.businessofapps.com/data/mobile-games-revenue/#:~:text=Even%20though%20mobile%20games%20still,over%2055%20percent%20in%202023.">generate more revenue</a> than PC titles overall and have more players. Plus, mobile games have the additional advantage that their audiences are more used to monetization strategies like microtransactions and paid tiers of access. 



“Development costs for resource management games are comparatively low. This allows us to release updates quickly and frequently, enabling us to identify and address issues early based on player feedback,” the VOYA Games team <a href="https://voya-games.gitbook.io/voya-games-litepaper/craft-world/why-craft-world">wrote</a> in its litepaper.



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Capital Raise

Crypto gaming startup Voya Games gets $5M for dinosaur-themed crafting sim

Macauley Peterson

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Today’s launch of Circles v2 is a reassertion of crypto’s community-first ideals. Originally launched in 2020 as an experiment in universal basic access (UBA) to currency, Circles is now back with a refined product, a stronger economic model and a renewed mission: to build a fairer alternative to centralized identity-driven distribution schemes like <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/worldcoin">Worldcoin</a>.



It’s a project out of the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/gnosis">Gnosis Chain</a> orbit, and co-founder Martin Köppelmann recently <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO0U_MNwUBo">told</a> a room of supporters that getting the concept live was a 10-year process. “Circles is a quite big and radical idea, and it tries to question, well, how does money work and can we create a better version of money?” Köppelmann said.



At its core, Circles offers an egalitarian money system. Every participant in the network mints the same number of Circles tokens (CRC) — one per hour — for as long as they are active. Unlike Bitcoin, where early adopters gain an irreversible head start, or Worldcoin, which promises global coverage while reserving massive allocations for insiders and investors, Circles maintains balance by design.



Circles is governed by four simple rules:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Universal access lets anyone join and mint currency once they receive trust from three existing users — no biometric scans or privileged entry.</li>



<li>Distributed issuance means every human mints one CRC per hour, creating a continuous and equal flow of new money without insiders or early adopter advantages.</li>



<li>To keep the currency circulating, Demurrage applies a 7% annual decay on all balances, encouraging spending over hoarding.</li>



<li>And the Rule of Trust restricts transactions to users connected by mutual trust links, making the system socially curated and resistant to bots or <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/glossary/#sybil-attack">Sybil attacks</a>.</li>
</ul>



With v2, Circles addresses two of its biggest historical shortcomings: usability and liquidity. A new Metri wallet — built on the same technology as <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/safe">Safe</a> — brings a modern, mobile-first interface that feels more like Venmo or Revolut than a Web3 science project.



Users can browse trust connections, join local groups, and spend or trade their Circles. New functionality allows users to optionally back their personal Circles tokens with stablecoins via decentralized AMMs like Balancer. This creates market-based price discovery for what was once a purely social currency.



Where Worldcoin relies on iris scans and a globally centralized (albeit encrypted) registry, Circles builds organically through a web of social connections. To begin transacting, a new user must be trusted by at least three existing users. With over 100,000 historical accounts from Circles v1, new adopters can bootstrap into existing networks quickly while maintaining the project’s local-first ethos.



&#8220;Groups&#8221; are collections of users who can co-mint, coordinate spending and set shared policies. Groups can now issue their own sub-currencies backed by pooled CRC and even assign real-world goods or services to these tokens.



For example, in early pilots, local vendors in Berlin and Bali accepted Circles for groceries, drinks and services. These group dynamics provide a decentralized scaffolding for what similar projects like <a href="https://colu.com/">Colu</a> once tried to do: bootstrap hyperlocal currencies for urban neighborhoods. Unlike Colu — which subsequently pivoted away from crypto entirely — Circles doesn&#8217;t rely on grants or external incentives. It’s designed as a self-sustaining network rooted in personal issuance and mutual trust.



There’s also no VC backing or OpenAI distribution potential, something which Köppelmann likes to see as a strength. “In Circles, there is no owner of the protocol, no team or investors that get 30% of the whole thing — that does not exist,” he said.



At a time when Worldcoin has reignited global debates over digital identity and data privacy, Circles quietly offers an alternative — one without privileged insiders, biometric scanning or opaque governance.



It’s going to be an uphill slog — bootstrapping liquidity, navigating UX hurdles and scaling trust networks are thorny challenges. But, in a sense, Circles v2 is a provocation to the broader crypto ecosystem: What if currency wasn’t about scarcity and speculation, but abundance and participation?



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0xResearch Newsletter

Circles V2 reimagines fair money for all

David Canellis

This is a segment from the Supply Shock newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Bane, the Batman villain, was famously born in the darkness. Molded by it.&nbsp;



Bitcoin’s deepest darkness was, arguably, the year 2014.&nbsp;



Ross Ulbricht had just been nabbed and was awaiting trial. Rolling, related FBI and DEA raids led to numerous high profile bitcoin seizures, including the January arrest of Charlie Shrem for allegedly assisting in the laundering of coins linked to Ulbricht’s Silk Road.



Then a meteor struck: Mt. Gox went belly up in February. Gox’s market share had been shrinking, from over 70% in late 2013 to about a third when it suspended withdrawals, but the Bitcoin world was still rocked.



Marc Andreessen wasn’t worried.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">On This Day</h2>



Exactly 11 years ago, the Washington Post ran a prescient <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/05/21/marc-andreessen-in-20-years-well-talk-about-bitcoin-like-we-talk-about-the-internet-today/">interview</a> with Andreessen. His venture fund Andreessen Horowitz had <a href="https://www.coinbase.com/en-nl/blog/coinbase-raises-usd25-million-from-andreessen-horowitz">led</a> Coinbase’s $25 million funding round about six months earlier, which at the time was the largest fundraise in Bitcoin history to date.



“In 20 years, we’ll talk about Bitcoin like we talk about the internet today,” Andreessen said. It might be an old adage now, but the sentiment was a big deal in 2014. After all, it had come from one of the original architects of the 90s internet boom. Who else would know better?



Bitcoin’s perception in the media was weighing heavily on its prices. BTC/USD had retraced by 60% from its November 2013 bull run peak, from over $1,100 to around $440 as the Andreessen piece was published.&nbsp;



The price of bitcoin would go on to fall by another 50% over the next seven months.



Granted, there was more going on in the world of tech outside of Bitcoin. The world was still processing Edward Snowden’s revelations about the NSA’s wide-reaching internet surveillance, which all told took more than a year to fully sink in.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="912" height="625" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png" alt="" class="wp-image-102771" style="width:634px;height:auto" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=912 912w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=375 375w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=381 381w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=320 320w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/andreesson.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 912px) 100vw, 912px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">We’re now more than halfway to Andreessen’s predicted future.</figcaption></figure>



Trust in US tech had been “seriously damaged,” Andreessen said, which alongside the resulting “balkanization of the internet,” had led to standstill in public policy over how internet technologies should evolve.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“Governments are very worried about what citizens are going to be able to do with these new technologies,” Andreessen said. “Citizens are very worried about what governments are going to do, and everybody&#8217;s worried about what businesses are going to do. It&#8217;s this three-way dynamic that&#8217;s playing out.



“And so for any of these individual issues, it&#8217;s not just ‘What is one leg of this triangle going to be doing?’ It&#8217;s, ‘What are all three of them going to be doing, and how will the tension resolve itself?’”



The answer was Bitcoin.&nbsp;



“I have a lot of friends who are programmers. The programmers have always gone like, ‘Those [Bitcoin] guys are crazy.’”



“And then, almost 100% of the time, they sit down, read the paper, read the code — it takes them a couple weeks — and they come out the other side. And they&#8217;re like: ‘Oh my god, this is it. This is the big breakthrough. This is the thing we&#8217;ve been waiting for. He solved all the problems. Whoever he is should get the Nobel prize — he&#8217;s a genius. This is the thing! This is the distributed trust network that the internet always needed and never had.’”



Some of the interview borders on blockchainism, even if Andreessen was suggesting that some eventual use cases would be underpinned by data written to the Bitcoin ledger: “Digital stocks. Digital equities. Digital fundraising for companies. Digital bonds. Digital contracts, digital keys, digital title, who owns what — digital title to your house, to your car…digital voting, digital contracts, digital signatures. You&#8217;ve got unique pieces of digital content.”&nbsp;



“And, by the way, if we had had this technology 20 years ago, we would&#8217;ve built it into the browser,” he said, referring to Netscape.



<iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/iir5J6Z3Z1Q?si=ntKCl3vTHdlhFrdw" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>







This 40-minute panel alongside Balaji Srinivasan gives a deeper window into how Andreessen thought about Bitcoin in 2014.



Bitcoin <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CdPv-herxA">may or may not be</a> an appropriate venue for all that activity. Still, Andreessen got something very right more than a decade ago, when journalist Brian Fung asked: “Is this, like, a billions-of-dollars kind of industry?”



“Yeah,” Andreessen replied.



“Trillions…?”



“Yeah!” he said. Before laughing like Mr. Burns. Almost six years later exactly, in April 2021, Bitcoin achieved a $1 trillion market cap for the first time.&nbsp;



Now, we just need to wait another nine years to confirm that Andreessen was right about the rest. See you then!



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Andreessen Horowitz

Where is Satoshi’s Nobel Prize? It’s been 11 years since Andreessen made his case

AIOZ Network announces the launch of <a href="https://aiozai.network/?utm_source=blockworks">AIOZ AI</a>, the first decentralized AI model and dataset marketplace built entirely on DePIN. As the foundational layer of AIOZ’s infrastructure, DePIN powers a global network for AI computes, storage, streaming, and IPFS pinning service, enabling AI to be developed and deployed in a decentralized environment with greater transparency, control, and ownership. 



With this release, developers, researchers, and enterprises can upload, purchase, store, and monetize AI models and datasets across a distributed environment. AIOZ AI processes tasks through DePIN Compute, giving contributors ownership, transparency, and control over how their AI assets are used.



&#8220;With AIOZ AI, we’re introducing a new foundation for decentralized AI. Built on DePIN, this platform empowers developers to share, monetize, and eventually tokenize their AI assets, from models to datasets and applications,” said Erman Tjiputra, Founder &amp; CEO of AIOZ Network. “It’s part of our broader vision to create a unified infrastructure where people can store, stream, and compute in a decentralized way, with ownership and value returning to the contributors of the network.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">DePIN: The Foundation of a Decentralized AI Economy</h2>



AIOZ AI is built on DePIN Compute, a decentralized infrastructure that transforms how AI models are processed, stored, and monetized. The platform empowers users to upload models and datasets, unlock potential rewards when their assets are used, and access a growing ecosystem of decentralized AI applications.



AI inferencing and compute tasks are executed on AIOZ’s DePIN . This decentralized infrastructure ensures secure, permissionless access to AI processing while giving contributors a share in the network’s growth.&nbsp;



The AIOZ AI marketplace introduces an initial collection of AI models, datasets, and compute resources, giving early adopters access to a growing decentralized AI ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">AIOZ AI Roadmap and Ecosystem Vision</h2>



The launch of AIOZ AI marks the first step in building a decentralized AI ecosystem powered by DePIN Compute. V1 introduces foundational marketplace features, user accounts, payments, and the ability to upload, purchase, and monetize AI models and datasets, with built-in community features like voting and discussions.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXcDKJsSDWzFnY6xwInX5I8ylnpeHWzadO1wI48eEyp4uiWc8ei89arHmIrQYaPd5bLMc7nGVTgEMgIWF-ugIpcdAkpVBh9MNXNyIPpgDxn9Pk3LU2PSi9hfVUQEX6b9QBNw-OZ0Qg?key=iyk4CTkiRldQ_XjIFosriRMt" alt=""/></figure>



V2 will expand developer functionality by enabling larger file support, Git-based uploads, and API access via SDKs in Python, Go, and Node.js. V3 will integrate DePIN-based AI inferencing, allowing developers to unlock potential rewards from verified model usage and compute tasks. V4 will introduce decentralized training, enabling models to be DePIN-trained and showcased in real-world applications.



AIOZ AI is part of a broader DePIN-powered infrastructure developed by AIOZ Network. Alongside AI compute, the ecosystem includes AIOZ Stream for decentralized video and audio delivery, AIOZ Storage for S3-compatible Web3 data storage, and AIOZ Pin, an IPFS-based layer securing immutable assets like NFTs.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXd-7mklRux7nLFm8d3TP-cASWdrd8pvbZjS0q3bW2Fc3zcmp1OupjBfrAbNv-22w3kli6j8PQmBtWquEnukw17t55iwDV4AR5yOctgYJA5pkc-E-kmdViRjYtp-Jhsllc6A2uXXPg?key=iyk4CTkiRldQ_XjIFosriRMt" alt=""/></figure>



Together, these components form a unified foundation for AI compute, content streaming, and digital storage, enabling a people-powered internet and defining the future of decentralized infrastructure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Driving Adoption Through the AIOZ AI Challenge</h2>



To support the launch of AIOZ AI and accelerate developer adoption, AIOZ Network is introducing the AIOZ AI Challenge, a recurring competition series designed to spotlight AI talent and grow the platform’s model and dataset library.&nbsp;



The first wave of challenges will roll out after the platform’s public release and run throughout 2025, providing participants the opportunity to build, submit, and refine AI models based on a defined technical framework.



Submissions will be evaluated on performance, utility, and innovation, with leading models incentivized with potential tokens rewards and highlighted in the marketplace for greater discoverability. A public leaderboard will highlight top contributors, who may also gain early access to advanced features, future SDK integrations, and participation in exclusive collaborations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Join the Future of AI with AIOZ Network: Power AIOZ AI by Running AIOZ DePIN</h2>



AIOZ AI runs on a decentralized backbone of contributors. By contributing to the AIOZ DePIN, you help drive AI model training, tasks inferencing, data storage, and unlock the potential for token rewards. No matter your background — tech enthusiast, AI developer, or blockchain believer — your contribution fuels a cutting-edge, community-powered AI ecosystem.



Everything Intelligence. AIOZ AI.



Be the future redefining how AI is built and delivered.



Start your journey today at <a href="http://aioz.network/aioz-depin/?utm_source=blockworks">aioz.network/aioz-depin</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">About AIOZ Network: Powering Web3 Infrastructure Through DePIN</h2>



AIOZ Network is pioneering the future of decentralized infrastructure by advancing DePIN across AI compute, media delivery, and distributed storage. AIOZ Network enables AI processing, content streaming, and secure data storage through a globally distributed network of over 200,000 contributors. The AIOZ ecosystem includes AIOZ AI, a decentralized compute and AI asset marketplace; AIOZ Stream, a platform for live and on-demand video and audio content; AIOZ Storage, an S3-compatible decentralized storage solution; and AIOZ Pin, a distributed IPFS pinning layer designed to store immutable content such as NFTsand digital assets.







This content is sponsored and does not serve as an endorsement by Blockworks. The veracity of this content has not been verified and should not serve as financial advice. We encourage readers to conduct their own research before making financial decisions.



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AIOZ Network unveils AIOZ AI: A decentralized AI marketplace and compute network powered by DePIN

Casey Wagner

Ben Strack

Bitcoin hit a new all-time price peak of $109,500 Wednesday morning, according to Coinbase.&nbsp;



The asset was trading around $108,839 at 11:42 am ET — up 3.4% on the day and 4.5% higher than a week ago.&nbsp;



Bitcoin’s previous price record came in January when the largest cryptocurrency breached $109,000 for the first time on the eve of President Donald Trump’s inauguration.&nbsp;



The price had spent portions of the last few months hovering in the $80,000 to $90,000 range as macroeconomic conditions and new tariff policies have weighed on riskier assets. BTC had spent most of the previous two weeks above $100,000.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/btc">Bitcoin</a>’s current run-up comes as Treasury yields and oil prices are on the rise, though, which typically signals a risk-off appetite.&nbsp;



Current traders may be treating bitcoin as the “safe-haven” asset proponents have claimed it to be for years, but analysts warn that this is probably not a true decoupling.&nbsp;



“More likely, we’re seeing building concern about a bond market ‘event’ triggered by Japan,” Noelle Acheson, author of “Crypto is Macro Now,” wrote in a note Wednesday. “The yield on its 30- and 40-year government debt has shot up over the past few days, and is now at record highs.”&nbsp;



Yields on Japanese 30-year bonds hit a new high of 3.2% during Asian trading on Wednesday, according to data from the London Stock Exchange. The move implies the Japanese yen is gaining strength against the dollar, 10T Holdings founder Dan Tapiero said, which could explain bitcoin’s rally.&nbsp;



Joel Kruger, a currency strategist at LMAX Group, told Blockworks on Tuesday that bitcoin had “impressively” recovered after <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/us-equities-bitcoin-losses-yields-deficit">Moody’s US credit downgrade</a> had the crypto market starting the week under pressure. That rebound was in part due to “a broader risk asset stabilization and healthy demand from medium and longer-term players into dips,” he noted.



“Meanwhile, positive regulatory developments, including the US Senate advancing a stablecoin bill and Coinbase’s S&amp;P 500 inclusion, are reinforcing mainstream acceptance, countering macro pressures from cautious Federal Reserve commentary,” Kruger added.



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<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Bitcoin

Bitcoin hits new all-time high above $109,000

Katherine Ross

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Last night, the SEC <a href="https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025-75">announced</a> it was suing Unicoin and its executives, alleging that the team violated securities laws in its $100 million token raise. Specifically, the SEC named CEO Alexander Konanykhin, general counsel Richard Devlin and former CIO Alejandro Dominguez, as well as former board chair Maria Moschini, in the suit.



In the 77-page <a href="https://www.sec.gov/files/comp-pr-2025-75.pdf">lawsuit</a>, the SEC says that Unicoin and its executives made “false and misleading statements and material omissions” on various public forums.&nbsp;



The team, the SEC claimed, told investors that its token would be backed by real-world assets, but the defendants “never actually intended for Unicoin tokens to be backed by any assets.”



Konanykhin, in the documents, is accused of selling his Unicoin Rights Certificates “months after receiving them from the company,” for more than $2.6 million.&nbsp;



In April, Unicoin said, in a letter to investors, that it <a href="https://unicoin.com/news/unicoin-ceo-rejects-secs-attempt-to-settle-enforcement-probe">rejected</a> a settlement attempt by the SEC after being made aware of the regulatory agency’s probe. The letter claimed that the investigation has racked up “multi-billion dollar damages” to both investors and token holders.



Konanykhin told <a href="https://decrypt.co/315652/sec-charging-miami-crypto-company-unicoin-fights-back">Decrypt</a> in April that he plans to fight the allegations. There are still a lot of legal processes to go through, but so far it looks like Konanykhin might get his day in court.



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Empire Newsletter

SEC sues Unicoin and executives for violating securities laws

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/vaneck">VanEck</a> is planning to launch the VanEck PurposeBuilt fund next month, which will focus specifically on Avalanche.



The goal is to have a dedicated fund that can focus on projects building on Avalanche, and it’ll be managed by VanEck’s Digital Assets Alpha Fund.&nbsp;



I asked Pranav Kanade, portfolio manager for the Alpha fund, why the firm decided to focus on <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/avalanche">Avalanche</a>: “Increasingly, the best builders want to own the full stack with minimal value leakage, and Avalanche’s L1 architecture makes that possible. The Avalanche team has also backed this with strong business development efforts that are delivering results,” he explained.



“At the same time, earlier-stage teams looking to test for product-market fit can launch on the C-Chain, which is competitive with the best high-throughput <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/evm">EVM</a> chains. The Avalanche ecosystem offers solutions for builders across their entire lifecycle.”



The team doesn’t plan to launch any other funds with another ecosystem at the moment, Kanade added.&nbsp;



The fund will invest in liquid tokens and projects backed by venture capital, which could include a variety of sectors, including gaming, financial services, payments and AI.&nbsp;



It’ll aim to invest typically “around or after a Token Generation Event, with a fundamentals-first strategy focused on long-term outcomes.”



Any unused capital will be deployed onchain through real-world asset products on Avalanche, which could include tokenized money markets to ensure liquidity is maintained, a <a href="https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/05/21/3085546/0/en/VanEck-Prepares-to-Launch-PurposeBuilt-Fund-to-Invest-in-Real-World-Applications-on-Avalanche.html">press release</a> said.&nbsp;



As for how the fund itself came about, Kanade explained that the Avalanche team “liked our investment strategy.”



“We brainstormed a structure that would work well for both sides. Today’s best founders in the token space often face a &#8216;discovery&#8217; problem — it&#8217;s easy to get drowned out by the speculative noise around <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/meme-coins">memecoins</a> and vaporware,” he added. “We wanted to support a more mature approach to capital allocation, and Avalanche shared that vision. With many of the strongest founders already building in Avalanche, this was a natural direction for us.”



The team isn’t confirming the size of the fund at this time. But the announcement overall is just yet another sign of the times, as we continue to see a trend of capital going towards builders who are focused on other opportunities outside of infrastructure.&nbsp;



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VanEck plots launch of Avalanche-focused PurposeBuilt fund

Byron Gilliam

This is a segment from The Breakdown newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/brand/the-breakdown" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Trust is one of the greatest economic forces on Earth.”



— Charlie Munger
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What money will the world trust next?</h2>



The Spanish dollar (a.k.a. pieces of eight, a.k.a. Spanish peso) was the first global currency.



From the 16th through 19th centuries, silver coins minted by the Spanish government circulated on all six of the world’s inhabited continents, and were legal tender on five of them (parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and both Americas).



In many of those places, they were so welcome you could even cut them into halves, quarters, or eighths and spend the pieces as change (hence the name “pieces of eight” for a whole coin).



The Spanish dollar wasn’t quite a global reserve currency, but that’s only because central banks didn’t yet hold reserves.



But it served as a store-of-value reserve for private savers around the world — and that makes today’s US dollar the institutionalized, fiat-era successor of the Spanish dollar.&nbsp;



Both global currencies served the same function: to reduce friction in international trade by providing a near-universal medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.



Today’s global reserve currency pays homage to its predecessor in both name and symbol — the &#8220;$&#8221; dollar sign is thought to have evolved from the mark for the Spanish currency (the dollar sign is still also called “the peso sign” for that reason).



But the debt goes deeper.



The first US dollar, established as the basic currency unit of the United States in 1792, was a silver coin deliberately designed to have roughly the same metallic content as a Spanish dollar: ~24 grams of pure silver (plus about two grams of copper to make it more durable).



The US government did not mint nearly enough of them to go around, however, so Spanish dollars continued to circulate widely alongside US dollars — the two dollars were treated as interchangeable in daily transactions for many years, with the Spanish dollar even remaining legal currency in the US until 1857.



That was natural enough, since both dollars had the same metallic content.



But the lesson of the Spanish dollar is that it wasn’t just about the metal.



Instead, the Spanish dollar became the first world currency because people trusted its issuer.



Dozens of countries issued silver coins in the 17th century, but the Spanish dollar found favor because it came from highly standardized royal mints in the Spanish colonies — and because it was backed by a powerful empire that enforced quality control and valued the integrity of its currency.



People didn’t weigh every Spanish dollar they received, for example, or inspect its purity — if it came from a Spanish mint, they trusted that it had both the quantity and the quality of silver that the Spanish government said it did.



After Latin American countries won independence, however, Spain lost control of the silver mines and nearby minting facilities that had supplied the world with Spanish currency.



The newly independent countries of Latin America continued to mint nearly identical silver dollars — but political instability led to inconsistent minting, intentional debasement, and even counterfeiting at poorly supervised provincial mints.



Partly as a result, merchants and bankers around the world began favoring money from more reliable issuers like Britain and the US — not because they had more silver, but because they had more trust.



There’s a lesson in that.&nbsp;



The British pound sterling became the next global currency, backed by its convertibility into gold and also the trust in British institutions — you couldn&#8217;t melt down a pound note, but people trusted the Bank of England to exchange it for about 7.3 grams of gold on demand.



But global currencies came to be valued for more than their metal — trust in a government’s credit, a central bank’s stability, and the liquidity of its financial markets soon became equally as important.



In the 19th century, the British pound sterling — backed by gold, sensible British governance, and London’s advanced banking system — overtook the Spanish dollar as the preferred medium for large-scale finance and reserves.



The next global currency, of course, did away with the metallic backing altogether: the US dollar is backed only by our faith in the Federal Reserve, the US government, and US financial markets.



But maybe not for long.



The US still has the world’s largest economy, deepest financial markets, and strongest property rights — but erratic government policy and heated rhetoric is making people question how much they should trust the US dollar.&nbsp;



So much so that many are rethinking where to place their trust next.



Ken Rogoff thinks it could be China’s renminbi.



“There are a lot of countries,” he told the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZiZpi6AEko">Monetary Matters podcast</a>, that “don&#8217;t trust the United States. They would just rather deal with China. They understand China&#8217;s business, they know what China wants … They&#8217;d rather China had [their information] than Donald Trump.”&nbsp;



The consequence, he says, is that you might soon find yourself in “some African city” that used to love US dollars and “you&#8217;ll pull out your dollars and they’ll go, ‘What are those? Where are the renminbi?’”



That will be quite a change.



Others think the change will be even bigger — that the next global currency won’t be issued by a government at all: Bitcoin is a “trustless” form of money that many believe will transcend the trust issues that undid the Spanish dollar and British pound, and now bedevil the US dollar.



It would make for a natural evolution: Spain was trusted to mint silver money &gt; the US was trusted to issue fiat money &gt; bitcoin will be trusted to create magic internet money.



It would still have to be trusted, though, because “blockchain applications are never fully trustless,” as Vitalik once commented in a <a href="https://link.mail.beehiiv.com/ss/c/u001.5yMUnFGBFiy9jJgiqJ8glTwYwDK1WrHmNhjzb73bFcyN3Wug4KKcSaB61qXlbbgU673lKFNaG8UyC9r-cmdBqxpVQmZIp4VJ36wmCQea6ZUVbbGm21Wc3P23kznR7qdZ-YFKglKGhzmF-gJFnPxj6G8Jjh1oTyhPZHuHcCTfr9PLQ1xjfkBV9HNPIV7IwBlfV503InqTPw0_fApLYjyeji9B2BrDKcfDsOLOzMH6C2_Pum3aG3FOy-hq0Vom8hxACgn15jBK2vVeFJzCyC4udw/4b0/VM7QRPOfTCSvaniBjUngSg/h2/h001.WV4G0zgA_PACYHj6wO3r1-jWSHmWkvRuwjcogx_6EL8">blog post</a>.&nbsp;



Bitcoin’s $2 trillion market cap is evidence that it’s already trusted by an astonishing number of people — but I’m not sure it will ever be trusted by the much greater numbers required to make it a global reserve currency.



Because history shows that people trust governments to issue their money.



But it also shows that the US dollar wasn’t the first global currency — and probably won’t be the last, either.



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Dollar

An uneasy world may soon look for its next ‘global money’

This is a segment from the Lightspeed newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Starting in June of 2022, Solana Spaces operated a brick and mortar store for Solana-branded merchandise and user onboarding in New York’s Hudson Yards development. The venture’s biggest financial backer then was FTX, and it (along with a second store in Miami) <a href="https://decrypt.co/121863/solana-spaces-closing-stores-in-nyc-and-miami">folded</a> in early 2023 following the exchange’s implosion.



This week at Solana’s Accelerate conference, Solana Spaces returned as a pop-up store with a new core team. The project doesn’t have FTX backing, but the reboot began with a very “2025” source of funding — a memecoin.&nbsp;



Solana Spaces season 2 has more limited ambitions than the original, running pop-up stores for crypto merchandise alongside crypto conferences. For the faithful who descended on the New York pop-up, there was a general sense of pleasant surprise that a memecoin team pulled off a brick-and-mortar store activation.



The lower east side pop-up was bustling with crypto natives on Tuesday morning. Merch was on sale from a variety of Solana-based projects and NFT collections. I purchased a mug and checked out by paying with stablecoins from the Phantom app on my iPhone.&nbsp;



When another customer came up to check out, Amol Gharte — a Solana Spaces core team member who was working the register — didn’t have the item’s price handy and joked that he could make one up.



“It’s all made up anyway,” the customer responded, and Gharte and I shrugged and nodded our heads at the vague declaration. A second customer stepped up to pay but somewhat sheepishly pulled out a credit card, explaining that he wanted to get credit card points from the purchase.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeguOGCVPG75tSFwgJsfh0IiJacxE54B_7EJLZ12By9nBeX9kIadmIP3vYLi4lsT4RQ7Icv3BFgwjDCLp28-Xds-lF-A8bScXcYVwA9tl9U-H1hTGgRqS-fJZIOBZ-F9mQKJOHP?key=-IwutMucqNNqfC1Y2f6sRg" alt=""/></figure>



A fan of the old Hudson Yards store launched a memecoin called STORE in January which briefly eclipsed $12 million in market capitalization, according to DEX Screener data. Some early buyers of the token — which is now closer to $3 million in market cap — came together to try and revive Solana Spaces, Gharte told me. He added that the Solana Spaces team hasn’t sold its tokens and has self-imposed a vesting period.



The project is partly self-funded but also has inked sponsorship deals and received grant funding from the Solana Foundation, Gharte said.



The vision for Solana Spaces is to continue running pop-ups during crypto conferences, where Spaces gives crypto teams a place to sell their merchandise, and Solana Spaces collects 20% of the profit, Gharte said. He estimated 70% of sales volume is paid with credit cards compared to 30% in stablecoins.



I found Vibhu Norby, who was founder and CEO of the original Solana Spaces before building a Jupiter-acquired NFT app named DRiP, steaming a cloth banner in the back of the store. He told me he was “skeptical” when he saw a memecoin community crop up around reviving his deprecated business, but he gave the team some initial capital, support and introductions, and he hoped they could figure it out.



Norby told me he was initially drawn to starting Solana Spaces by a belief that blockchain communities can form network states, a Balaji Srinivasan-coined term for digital communities forming their own real-world communities. Norby added that in crypto, traditional identity markers tend to be replaced by things like profile pictures or merchandise.&nbsp;



“To me, there is a higher meaning to it. It’s not just a merch shop. Here you come and you find your home, and you walk away with a piece of that,” Norby said.



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conference

Solana Spaces comes back to life in NYC

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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President Trump today made a visit to Capitol Hill for the House GOP Conference Meeting in hopes of convincing Republican holdouts to support his “big, beautiful” tax bill.&nbsp;



Despite ongoing fighting within the GOP, Trump told reporters before the meeting that the party is more unified than ever.



“This is really just a pep talk,” he said this morning. “We have a very unified House and we have a very unified Senate.”&nbsp;



Trump added that Republicans who don’t get on board could face an uphill battle in midterm elections.&nbsp;



The bill seeks to extend Trump 1.0-era tax cuts, increase defense and border security spending, and cut Medicaid and food stamp programs, among other things. It’s really the bulk of Trump’s agenda wrapped into a single legislative wrapper.&nbsp;



The proposed legislation also covers state and local tax (SALT) deductions. The current draft raises the cap on deductions to $30,000 for individuals earning less than $400,000. It’s a point some Republicans have been concerned about, but negotiations are apparently underway.&nbsp;



The House Rules Committee is slated to vote on an updated version of the bill tomorrow morning. The new draft cuts federal funding to states providing Medicaid and other government coverage to immigrant children and pregnant people, according to the <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/05/20/trump-presidency-news/">Washington Post</a>.&nbsp;



Trump has said he hopes to get the bill over the finish line by Memorial Day, so we’ll be keeping an eye out. Expect market volatility to pick up should further signs of disagreements within the party surface.



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congress

Trump heads to House to push “big, beautiful” tax bill

This is a segment from the Forward Guidance newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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May has brought more crypto M&amp;A, long-awaited US public listings, a milestone S&amp;P 500 entrance and a bitcoin price surge. And we’re only two-thirds through the month.



In this environment, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/vaneck-crypto-equity-etf-entrant">crypto equity diversification</a> is the name of the game. That’s according to Matthew Sigel, who is managing VanEck’s new Onchain Economy ETF (NODE).



“Thanks to tailwinds from the bitcoin price and the financial deregulation [from the] Trump administration and SEC, equity capital markets are wide open right now for anything crypto related,” Sigel told me. “That includes SPACs, IPOs and M&amp;A. Expect much more capital formation in the space over the next month if bitcoin holds up.”



Though BTC has not yet reached the peak of ~$109,000 it hit in January, its level above $106,000 was the asset’s highest weekly close. BTC hovered around $105,800 at 2:30 p.m. ET.&nbsp;



All’s to say, BTC is holding up fine for now. So too is Coinbase stock (up +2% over the past five days), despite news of a security exploit and an SEC investigation — countering more bullish updates of its <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/coinbase-deribit-deal-focus-derivatives">pending Deribit acquisition</a> and inclusion in the S&amp;P 500.&nbsp;



Various Wall Street analysts called COIN’s initial dip on the breach news a tad overblown, with Oppenheimer and Cantor Fitzgerald reaffirming buy ratings. An IMD report, which measures companies’ <a href="https://www.imd.org/news/future-readiness/future-readiness-indicator-2025/">readiness</a> for long-term trends, ranked Coinbase fifth in financial services — behind JPMorgan Chase and ahead of insurance giant Progressive.



The crypto exchange’s leapfrogging of financial players like HSBC and UBS is “because tokenized asset custody counts toward both growth expectations and innovation yield, two factors where many universal banks lag,” the report notes.



On the diversification point, Sigel is putting investor money where his mouth is. NODE invested in about 70 securities out of the gate — above its guidance of 30-60 and with a bunch of ~1% positions.



After VanEck’s spot bitcoin ETF, top holdings include COIN, Robinhood (just acquired Canada-based WonderFi), Galaxy Digital (<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/galaxy-defi-technologies-nasdaq-us-listings">listed on the Nasdaq</a> last week), Mercado Libre and Strategy.



Speaking of MSTR, the Michael Saylor-led firm bought 7,390 more bitcoin last week (and now holds 576,230 BTC in total). Other companies continue doing the same.&nbsp;



Metaplanet has accelerated its bitcoin buys, revealing its latest purchase of 1,004 BTC on Monday. The company has nearly doubled its BTC stack over the last seven weeks (from 4,046 on March 31 to 7,800 BTC).



Nasdaq-listed DigiAsia indicated in a Monday news release that its board of directors approved a plan to create a bitcoin treasury reserve. It’s seeking a $100 million capital raise to build a BTC position and execute “crypto-based yield strategies to optimize treasury performance.”



Many of the newly-forming “bitcoin balance sheet companies” are too small for institutional equity investors and will need to do follow-on deals to grow, Sigel said.&nbsp;



“It will be interesting to see how many of these deals can get done if bitcoin takes a pause for any reason,” he added. “What a super high volatility part of the market.”



As for bitcoin’s outlook, YouHodler markets chief Ruslan Lienkha noted that BTC’s latest price action — holding above $100,000 for 11 days and counting — “appears to be a consolidation phase, marked by accumulation, potentially setting the stage for another leg higher that could lead to a new all-time high.”



Bitcoin ETF <a href="https://farside.co.uk/btc/">inflows</a> remain strong, with $667 million entering the US products yesterday. Lienkha views the $90k-$110k as “a psychologically and technically important price corridor” that BTC would be supported at, even following a retreat from a possible new peak.



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Equity capital markets ‘wide open’ for crypto as BTC hits $106k

Donovan Choy

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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How should blockchains be valued?



In crypto’s very short history, there have been many attempts to definitively answer that question.



One <a href="https://research.ark-invest.com/hubfs/1_Download_Files_ARK-Invest/White_Papers/Bitcoin-Ringing-The-Bell-For-A-New-Asset-Class.pdf">early approach</a> drew from monetarist economic theory, applying the MV = PQ equation. That idea has largely fallen out of fashion as hundreds of chains have come onto the market with their own “money.”



Then there was the Bitcoiners’ stock-to-flow ratio, based on the assumption that scarcity — measured by the ratio of existing supply to annual issuance — directly drives value. This framework too has lost credibility due to Bitcoin’s volatility and the model’s repeated breakdowns post-2021.&nbsp;



When smart contract platforms blew up in 2020, some investors turned to total value locked (TVL) to market cap ratios, a rough analog to price-to-book in traditional finance. But TVL was too easily gamed, offering little in the way of reliable fundamentals.



Staking yields on proof-of-stake chains introduced a new narrative: L1 tokens could be valued like yield-bearing assets using discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. While attractive in theory, this framework, too, cannot account for the sky-high valuations of L1 tokens.



As far as I can tell, most of these valuation theories have pretty much fallen out of favor with professional crypto investors today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">REV (real economic value)</h2>



Today, a growing class of investors are grappling onto REV (real economic value) to explain the value of blockchains.



What is REV?



REV is the total economic demand to transact on a given L1.&nbsp;



REV = Transaction fees + maximal-extractable-value (MEV) tips



Or <a href="https://www.blockworksresearch.com">Blockworks Research</a>’s technical definition:&nbsp;



“Network REV (Real Economic Value) is a standardized metric that tracks blockchain value accrual generated by user activity. REV consists of both in-protocol transaction fees and out-of-protocol tips that users pay for transaction execution, so it measures the monetary demand to transact onchain.”



REV notably does not include “issuance,” the inflationary emissions with which every blockchain pays its validators.



(That metric is <a href="https://dba.xyz/l1-l2-token-value-capture/">TEV</a> i.e. “total economic value.”)



As such, REV rejects the <a href="https://blockworks-research.beehiiv.com/p/3-blockchain-metrics-that-suck">thinking</a> that blockchains should be treated as traditional businesses with formal “revenue and cost” income statements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">REV today</h2>



The below chart is what REV looks like today for the major chains. Ethereum dominated REV in 2020-2021 (remember $100 gas fees?), but Solana is in the lead today.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXd_rGG94_dsGmWat7pDSXrALdwCM15a8rcAGCihFql6LZ8wJlUJ5Q-5lq4hswN3mtb7cZkLJ9EIIWNoGqWkO4bmXJ9o-Ufm9V52a27oHtIcAL6zHV9owPGW0OBO8SEH40oZ6IGq?key=q8A3jW_-tutcDD5c855TEw" alt=""/></figure>



The core idea behind REV is that investors can apply a price ratio to it, enabling a comparable apples-to-apples price multiple across blockchains for forward-looking earnings.



Here’s what it looks like in practice when applied to the all-time-highs fully diluted valuations of the major L1 tokens:&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXepF1YGNehUJgfMxeCDtczvtjAg84lPDbG-mGebYqdPY8lozRPEwbKjfclgR8gNz7dh802NP4Z7ZISvfdOS7oioQZZKQrvM-MfimC_4ua20VAAqAgrS7t51s1PI0FOqroP-NZy99g?key=q8A3jW_-tutcDD5c855TEw" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://x.com/0xBreadguy/status/1923792248099176922">0xBreadGuy</a></figcaption></figure>



Based on the above chart, REV partially explains the valuations of chains like Ethereum and Solana, whose REV-to-ATH multiples of ~26 remain within a plausible range relative to fees paid by users onchain.



However, newer chains like Aptos with a 6,368.8x multiple, likely driven by speculative momentum, still seemingly defies fundamental valuation.



I asked Blockworks Research’s <a href="https://x.com/smyyguy">Dan Smith</a> about this.&nbsp;



“Aptos is a two-year-old startup with a similar TAM to every other chain, so even if investors attribute a 1% of winning its vertical, its valuation on a probability-adjusted basis remains high. This is similar to suggesting a&nbsp; pre-revenue startup cannot have a valuation since there is no revenue. It’s all about your future REV,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">REV criticisms</h2>



REV is not without its critics.&nbsp;



Criticisms have tended to fixate on the “MEV” component of REV, questioning the assumption that blockchains have an equal ability to capture MEV.



As DefiLlama’s 0xngmi points out, blockchains differ in their protocol architectures and transaction ordering policies, which means MEV is not captured similarly.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">imo the issue with REV (chain fees + mev bribes) as a metric is when it&#39;s used to compare very diff chains: &#8211; FCFS rollups have no MEV bribes &#8211; Ethereum has widespread usage of MEV-protected RPCs and swaps (cowswap, 1inch fusion&#8230;) &#8211; Solana has bribes + low MEV protection So if…&mdash; 0xngmi (@0xngmi) <a href="https://twitter.com/0xngmi/status/1891211415769231784?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 16, 2025</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



For example, <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/arbitrum">Arbitrum</a> ordered its transactions on a first-come-first-serve (FCFS) basis up until a month ago, when a market-ordering mechanism was introduced with <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/arbitrum-timeboost-live-dao-revenue">Timeboost</a>. Under the old FCFS policy, Arbitrum’s REV would be lower than in a post-Timeboost era. From a REV perspective, Arbitrum was “leaving money on the table.”



Secondly, REV fails to explain bitcoin’s $2.1 trillion valuation, as Block Analitica’s monetsupply points out.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeSwq7hUngajPNfGqoG9FECncpF9_OsB48tJ2-_TX5vk1edIgwamQdMOYZ1Is34Kn_mu_2aDSFEozXFh-I4itGRVURsI5xpss3CsTnXNvv8-CoFF5UZ-LyYHpvvBKvkiP8ar1TK?key=q8A3jW_-tutcDD5c855TEw" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://x.com/MonetSupply/status/1923898388140966113">X</a></figcaption></figure>



The all-time high price to REV multiple for bitcoin would be a staggeringly high 10,096 (annualizing bitcoin&#8217;s Q1 2025 REV of $208 million), far above the same for SOL or ETH at ~26.



Paradigm’s Matt Huang, however, sees this as an exception for BTC, mainly because bitcoin never wanted to be a smart contract platform and is largely seen as a monetary store-of-value asset today.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXeZSg9vfPtXwmgVQYGjubGX7fCzWmjAdyiu33fN25TnHOI8-JGq4uInST2Rzpt2KR6yD3rQEVazKc86amDnI760ai6zuANWszkdDAfVopvm1mnZaduWjhW5XXnxjQmk-H4iOaJK2w?key=q8A3jW_-tutcDD5c855TEw" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://x.com/matthuang/status/1923785692553138338">X</a></figcaption></figure>



What I think <a href="https://x.com/ryanberckmans/status/1924316558651789323">REV critics</a> have largely pushed back against is not the usefulness of REV as a metric per se, but a perceived overemphasis on REV as a way to value blockchains.



Blockworks Research’s Dan Smith <a href="https://x.com/smyyguy/status/1924444236239290756">acknowledges</a> that while chains should maximize for REV, that is not the same as optimizing for MEV extraction.



“The intent of REV is to track the amount of dollars paid for transaction execution, as that is not currently being done properly. For instance, Token Terminal or DefiLlama counts only the burn, which is objectively incorrect,” Smith said.



“It’s all about future REV, not today’s REV.”



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Valuing blockchains: The great REV debate

This is a segment from The Drop newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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The foundation behind The Open Network (TON), which <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ton-telegram-relationship">uses Telegram</a> but operates independently from it, has hired a new head of growth. Martin Masser is now trying to bring more awareness to the chain that saw a “tap-to-earn” run last year.



He told me in an interview that even in crypto circles, most know what Telegram is, but far fewer know about TON. Masser’s focused on expanding TON’s presence and awareness in the US and Europe. US residents can’t yet use TON Space (a self-custodial browser wallet inside Telegram), but Masser confirmed expanding TON Space to the US is part of the plan. That said, no live date for US access has yet been announced.



“I love the American market, especially. There’s so much that comes out of America, a lot of the narratives as well. We haven’t even had that to touch,” Masser said, adding: “I love going to America. There’s an energy. There’s a buzz, you know.”



Masser hopes that US builders will increasingly look to TON and Telegram as viable options for crypto projects like games, payments and remittance tools, DeFi miniapps, and other apps within the app that provide just about any service you could think of.&nbsp;



“My role as head of growth isn’t to give narratives. I don’t want to tell people you have to do stickers, you have to do gifts, you have to do DeFi, you have to do all of this stuff. I do see foundations try to do that, try and force this narrative,” Masser said.&nbsp;



“I love the fact, because people use Telegram, they have their ideas already, and then you’re giving them a lot more tools. I want to be there a) to support them, give them feedback, and also connect, because there’s lots of teams I’m already now connecting,” he added. “You can add so many more things.”



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crypto apps

TON Foundation’s new head of growth pushes for US expansion

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Axie Infinity and Sky Mavis cofounder Alexander Larsen is calling out Sui-powered game <a href="https://playseedgo.com/">Seed</a>, also known as Seed Go, alleging copyright infringement.&nbsp;



“This infringes on our Axie Infinity IP, and it’s not okay,” Larsen said in response to a tweet about the project.



He also tagged two Mysten Labs cofounders, plus Sui and Mysten Labs, asking them to address the issue “so we can all save money and time.”



A spokesperson for Sky Mavis separately confirmed to me that the company has informed the Sui team of the alleged infringement and is looking to resolve the issue outside of court.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery that mediocrity can pay to greatness. That said, this infringes on our <a href="https://twitter.com/AxieInfinity?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@AxieInfinity</a> IP, and it&#39;s not okay. <a href="https://twitter.com/EvanWeb3?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@EvanWeb3</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/EmanAbio?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@EmanAbio</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/SuiNetwork?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@SuiNetwork</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/Mysten_Labs?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">@Mysten_Labs</a>, can you deal with this so we can all save money and time. <a href="https://t.co/to6ZQVOUw0">https://t.co/to6ZQVOUw0</a>&mdash; Psycheout.ron (@Psycheout86) <a href="https://twitter.com/Psycheout86/status/1924353059976597570?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 19, 2025</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



Seed Go is tied to the “Seed Combinator” gaming platform and uses pastel blob-like “Seedmon” NFT characters that players can “breed.” It also has a token, SLOVE, and the SEED token. Seed Go is a Telegram mini-app.



Axie Infinity, which was launched back in 2018, made a name for itself as one of the earliest players in crypto gaming with its blob-like pastel “Axies,” NFT creatures that players can “breed” and use to battle each other. It has had a token called Smooth Love Potion token (SLP) since 2019, as well as the Axie Infinity (AXS) token.



Larsen recently <a href="https://x.com/Psycheout86/status/1924404688255918220">shared</a> that Axie Infinity has made over $1.3 billion in total revenue since its launch.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="962" height="461" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png" alt="" class="wp-image-102703" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=962 962w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedvaxie.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 962px) 100vw, 962px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Seed versus Axie Infinity</figcaption></figure>



Jeffrey “Jiho” Zirlin, another Ronin and Sky Mavis cofounder, <a href="https://x.com/Jihoz_Axie/status/1924456523003994592">called</a> Seed Go “Axie at home,” referencing the “<a href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/we-have-food-at-home">food at home</a>” memes. Such memes refer to an experience where a child asks their parents for takeout or to go to a restaurant. But the parents say there’s food at home — and that food is bland, gross, or just not as good as the preferred option. (The “at home” memes have spawned loads of spinoff references for years now, sometimes about movies or other forms of entertainment).



Seed Combinator, which appears to be run by SeedDAO, has the support of Sui developer Mysten Labs, according to a <a href="https://chainwire.org/2025/04/01/seed-opens-a-new-chapter-for-gamefi-narrative-after-hitting-top-1-nft-collection-on-sui/">press release</a> from the game project. Another <a href="https://chainwire.org/2025/01/10/seed-secures-investment-from-sui-foundation-to-build-a-100m-user-web3-gaming-ecosystem-on-sui/">press release</a> states that Seed was “inspired” by Pokemon Go and Axie Infinity, and notes that the Sui Foundation invested in its project.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="672" height="660" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png" alt="" class="wp-image-102704" style="width:629px;height:auto" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=672 672w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=262 262w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=266 266w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=223 223w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/seedgo.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 672px) 100vw, 672px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A quick look at Seed Go via Telegram</figcaption></figure>



Reached for comment, the Sui Foundation distanced itself and Mysten Labs from the Seed project. A Sui Foundation spokesperson confirmed to me that a small investment was made in Seed, but did not specify an amount.&nbsp;



They noted that Mysten Labs was not involved in Seed’s game development, but it did help the game set up Sui smart contracts to connect the Telegram game to Sui.&nbsp;



The spokesperson emphasized that the Sui Foundation has very high standards for the projects it endorses, and it does not currently support Seed.&nbsp;&nbsp;



SeedDAO did not respond to my request for comment.



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Gaming

Sky Mavis alleges Seed Go infringes on Axie Infinity IP

This is a segment from the Supply Shock newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Bitcoin Pizza Day is meant to celebrate the first-ever bitcoin payment for a physical good: Papa John’s pizza in 2010.



But here’s a palate cleanser: Three days earlier, the founder of early MMORPG A Tale in the Desert adopted bitcoin for monthly subscriptions, apparently becoming the first commercial video game to do so.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">On This Day</h2>



We’re cheating a little bit: Bitcoin MMO Day was actually yesterday, on May 19.



At least, that was when Andrew “teppy” Tepper first announced he had opened his Ancient Egypt-themed online roleplaying game to bitcoin.



“I run the MMO <a href="https://www.desert-nomad.com/">A Tale in the Desert</a>. We charge $13.95/month for the game, and pay about $0.74 in merchant and gateway fees,” teppy <a href="https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=30.msg1159#msg1159">wrote</a> on Bitcointalk.



“We’ll now accept Bitcoins as an alternate payment method. The price per month is 2,000 BTC, which according to the exchange is a discount right now.”&nbsp;



He was right: Bitcoins traded for less than half a cent at the time, pricing one month worth of game time at only $9.20 if paid in BTC — a 33% discount.



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXe90FVRbG8cVb2RnfyVOHnfIfP57q7ngzZ61VNyVO4M5ignuZ3IOiEBs38mrVG65W21gXVeXuj5JjRObNRqZNicX8hZndhXHQfA8fo8QpM7Ij64-gqd6LxGN_NnWnrTPegyYCIj5A?key=tyl1-0TKTUZTU4F69tqd8A" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A screenshot from A Tale in the Desert circa 2010 shows a new frontier, just as Bitcoin was.</figcaption></figure>



Tepper had initially hoped to match in-game usernames with messages attached to each bitcoin transaction. Laszlo Hayncez, the Bitcoin Pizza Guy, quickly pointed out that messages could only be included when sending coins to IP addresses, a feature that was eventually removed in 2012 due to security concerns.



“Hmm &#8211; is there any text field associated with an address based transaction? It does make accepting Bitcoins a bit more cumbersome. Would including such a text field as part of the protocol compromise anonymity somehow?” Tepper replied.



Tepper’s quest spawned a discussion about encrypted messaging via transaction outputs that roped in Satoshi himself: “Bitcoin uses EC-DSA, which can only do digital signing, not encryption. RSA can do both, but I didn&#8217;t use it because it&#8217;s an order of magnitude bigger and would have been impractical.”



Laszlo continued to help Tepper in engineering a secure solution to accept bitcoins, one that would generate a new bitcoin address for receiving each separate payment.



It’s unclear whether such a system was ever implemented, but the address Tepper originally supplied for subscriptions <a href="https://mempool.space/address/17CJvRrNdqSPN3Zs2dWfNY6GoCiMRfNG2T">received</a> an eye-watering 42,100 BTC across 27 separate transactions in two months, worth around $3,600 back then but $4.4 billion today.



Tepper went on to <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2013/jul/08/dragons-tale-mmorpg-gambling-bitcoin">launch</a> another MMORPG, Dragon’s Tale, three years later, based entirely around online gambling.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXd097dHtPG3kqTDJn0obQxhZD9MVFFf2Py0Ih8WsCdfTHaqR-T9dc1Fzog0TgJKuWPYBeWeceeOz-FUkqRNuVe64N9be_O202c1whQR_6eWicmEw3gZO-o2um-lOA5Lhabjg8G7Uw?key=tyl1-0TKTUZTU4F69tqd8A" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Y&#8217;all got any more of those soldier statues?</figcaption></figure>



Of course, Dragon’s Tale accepted bitcoins (and credit cards), and even featured <a href="https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1591143.msg15978685#msg15978685">faucet-like mini-games</a> that gave out free BTC as late as 2016, when coins were trading at nearly $600 apiece.



We’ve got a line out to Tepper to see if he’s up for a chat, but in the meantime…



Happy Bitcoin MMO Day!



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Happy Bitcoin MMO Day to those who celebrate

This is a segment from the Empire newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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As crypto continues to shift to a more fundamental focus, it makes sense that new metrics will be introduced — such as net new assets (NNAs).&nbsp;



Blockworks Research <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/consumer-crypto-and-net-new-assets">defines them</a> as “assets that didn’t previously exist and/or couldn’t exist without crypto rails.” And, to be fair, it’s not a new metric to track, according to my colleague Ryan Connor.



Connor penned a report on NNAs and how they play into the rise of consumer crypto, something I’m keenly interested in.



Basically, Connor makes the case that crypto is becoming more mainstream and rolling out the red carpet for the consumer apps. These now have the opportunity to build up their user bases and, hopefully, become profitable. UXs have improved, the SEC’s no longer out to get US-based crypto projects, and <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/meme-coins">memecoins</a> have found a niche.&nbsp;



There are three examples for Connor: <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/pump-fun">Pump[dot]fun</a>, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/permissionless-capital-markets">Time[dot]fun</a> and Believe. Pump[dot]fun is perhaps the most obvious, being the go-to memecoin hub for everyone. For reference, the chart below shows the tokens launched.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXf9p9R5rI8YS_oWlOdTMx92JTac-aNwPis9V-4NtgqLPVeFLGtxMdM-eiHkFDLHj6agiKG8m8MeSaeJAY5jDzlC7VH1Cb4nFBdsV362SaMSQ8raZRbcV211AOyrB-mKDfCGEdNnpw?key=0o_wAyLiexIHyqxofZECZQ" alt=""/></figure>



“Importantly, Pump[dot]fun didn’t invent anything new. It simply addressed latent demand. For years, crypto natives have bent over backwards to issue arbitrary assets with funny names, trade them, and find the next 1000x,” Connor wrote. Pump[dot]fun just simply took advantage of the narrative.



I mean, just take a look at Pump[dot]fun’s total volume.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="978" height="562" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png" alt="" class="wp-image-102688" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=978 978w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=454 454w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=381 381w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/punpfun-volue.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 978px) 100vw, 978px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The dark purple is the volume of Pump[dot]fun’s AMM, Pumpswap, which <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/pumpswap-large-amm-solana">launched back in March</a>.</figcaption></figure>



But the effects go further than just the platform, Connor told me. It’s also sparked a rise in overall memecoins.



“A handful of crypto native funds are telling us they believe Pump[dot]fun style memecoin trading has staying power. We think the market is starting to wake up to this reality, as builders are leaning harder into the category,” he wrote.&nbsp;



Stemming from similar roots, Blockworks Research thinks that social tokens, too, have their own staying power…but they’ll need to somehow sustain value. Time[dot]fun’s sought to solve that issue by allowing creators to both earn trading fees when minutes are sold or bought, and allowing them to earn fees on volume and the redemption of minutes by fans.&nbsp;



For a non-crypto comparison, think <a href="https://www.cameo.com">Cameo’s</a> playbook.&nbsp;



But Time and Believe each have a ways to go to prove that they can maintain Pump[dot]fun level traction.



Candidly, I’ve had multiple discussions with Connor on Believe and, initially, I was lukewarm to it. But he has a compelling case. And the chart does speak for itself.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdzrbBFbFy2Y_y6HPeJkiuco7ErjP2l7FTdXjSM2NNyVfACYt7ZGC3ASqKkJzTDpKqQPYrJLT33NyyzIVtTk6NjaHYtPdJJuazJqJ-a1Ycb-vVPDvl-ON8XOK27JqxMAgKmMMkStA?key=0o_wAyLiexIHyqxofZECZQ" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Look at that volume go. </figcaption></figure>



Believe is different from either Pump[dot]fun or Time[dot]fun in that it seeks to give traders and developers access to a market where the two can directly interact. The goal is to remove venture capital from the picture and let traders invest in smaller projects aiming to build apps.



“The potential equity valuation of a few million dollars of free cash flow would be low, but let’s say, best case, may be valued at 20M USD via its forward [free cash flow], plus some premium for growth via a large installed base of a few [hundred] thousand or million downloads,” Connor explained.&nbsp;



“While this is a fantastic outcome for the founder, this outcome is too small for a VC portfolio. By targeting this underserved cohort on the supply side, Believe brings venture-like upside to a growing cohort of retail crypto capital,” he said.



If successful, a market for crypto opens up, similar to one giving TradFi traders access to private companies like SpaceX. Undoubtedly, there’s demand, but for how long?&nbsp;



Even with Pump[dot]fun’s record, you can see in the charts that there have been times when activity has dipped due to decreased appetite.&nbsp;



It’s hard to deny the data, though, and for now it looks like these three act as a way to not only get retail investors in the door but keep them active in the space.



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