Liz Coyne

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Digital Asset Summit 2021, New York City — Blockworks&#8217; Digital Asset Summit 2021 is our flagship US-based institutionally focused crypto <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/events/digital-asset-summit-2021-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conference</a> for asset managers and financial services professionals.



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Blockworks

Digital Asset Summit 2021 Live from NYC

Byron Gilliam

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
&#8220;I don&#8217;t see it as a bad thing, this process that they call &#8216;dollarization’&#8230; Thank god it exists.”



— Nicolás Maduro
</blockquote>



The New York Times recently <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/26/world/americas/trump-maduro-venezuela-economy.html">reported</a> that Venezuela had become “the first nation to manage a large share of its finances in crypto.”&nbsp;



Not by choice, though.&nbsp;



Roughly half of Venezuela’s revenue comes from oil sales denominated in dollars, which Venezuela, being a sanctioned country, cannot legally send or receive.&nbsp;



Previously, sanctioned governments would sell their oil for dollars through a web of shell companies and offshore banks — or barter their oil in return for goods or infrastructure investments.



Now, they have an easier option: Accept payment in stablecoins. Economist Asdrúbal Oliveros <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vp2v8fKXJg&amp;t=279s">estimates</a> that Tether’s USDT stablecoin is the means of exchange for roughly 80% of Venezuela&#8217;s oil sales. The government once banned transacting in stablecoins, which it viewed as a threat to the bolivar. But the crippling effects of US sanctions left Venezuela little choice but to embrace them.



Delcy Rodriguez, now the interim president of Venezuela, recognized the inevitability of crypto-enabled dollarization last August, when she <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/with-dollars-scarce-venezuela-currency-exchanges-turn-crypto-2025-09-03/">told</a> businesspeople that &#8220;non-traditional mechanisms of management” were being implemented to better manage the bolivar exchange rate.



“The Venezuelan government has since June allowed the use of more USDT,” Reuters <a href="https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/with-dollars-scarce-venezuela-currency-exchanges-turn-crypto-2025-09-03/">reported</a> shortly thereafter. With state approval, banks now sell the USDT earned from oil sales to local businesses, which use them to pay both domestic and international suppliers. They want stablecoins to circulate at the retail level, too: The head of the country’s National Association of Supermarkets recently <a href="https://forklog.com/en/hyperinflation-drives-venezuelas-shift-to-cryptocurrency/">told</a> state television that grocery stores were working to implement systems to accept payment in USDT.



In other words, the Venezuelan government is encouraging the use of dollars issued by Tether in place of the bolivars it issues itself.



As a result, USDT — or “Binance dollars” as many Venezuelans refer to them — is now <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/news/usdt-binance-dollars-replace-bolivar-in-venezuela">used</a> “for everything from groceries and condo fees to salaries and vendor payments.”



So for a stablecoin enthusiast like myself, it was disappointing to see that neither crypto nor stablecoins were deemed worthy of a mention in the US government’s <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/media/1422326/dl">indictment</a> of Nicolás Maduro. 



Instead, prosecutors described illicit money moving the old-fashioned way: planes returning from Mexico “loaded with drug proceeds,” weapons like grenades and grenade launchers being bartered for cocaine, protection services paid for by a portion of the cocaine being transported, and a $2.5 million bribe paid in cash dollars.



Why no mention of crypto?&nbsp;&nbsp;



There are two possibilities: 1) The US government no longer says anything mean about crypto, so the prosecutors knew to judiciously leave it out, or 2) crypto and stablecoins aren’t quite capable of moving money in the size Maduro and his associates needed to move it. The former is the more fun explanation, but the latter is the more likely one.&nbsp;



“The state is struggling to liquidate these [crypto] assets expeditiously,” Asdrúbal Oliveros explains, “because moving crypto funds requires passing various controls that are not being met.”



A <a href="https://www.trmlabs.com/resources/blog/understanding-the-use-of-cryptocurrencies-by-cartels">report</a> from TRM Labs reaches a similar conclusion: “Large-scale trafficking organizations continue to rely heavily on physical cash, trade-based laundering, and state or quasi-state protection for moving core proceeds, with crypto generally playing a secondary or complementary role rather than replacing these mechanisms.”



The national security analysts at Lawfare <a href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/sounding-the-alarm-on-digitally-enabled-sanctions-evasion">agree</a>: “Cryptocurrency-based sanctions evasion still represents only a drop in the bucket compared to traditional illicit financial pathways.”



Others are more upbeat about the utility of stablecoins and crypto in, um, “international payments.”



InSight Crime, for example, <a href="https://insightcrime.org/news/us-court-cases-mexico-organized-crime-digital-money/">reports</a> that Mexican drug cartels are being “sustained” by an “industrial-scale crypto laundering pipeline moving dirty cash through digital networks to Chinese chemical suppliers.”



As they detail, stablecoins have found a niche matchmaking between Chinese money brokers who need dollars to sell to clients evading China&#8217;s capital controls and Mexican cartels who need to buy the chemicals they mix into fentanyl from China.



It’s not the product-market fit we crypto enthusiasts have hoped for, but revealed preferences suggest it’s a powerful one. The DEA, for example, <a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/2025NationalDrugThreatAssessment.pdf">says</a> its seizures of illicit cash are sharply lower because criminal groups are “prioritizing crypto over traditional cash-based laundering schemes.”



Seizures of “virtual currency” are correspondingly higher: From 2020 to 2024, the DEA has seized $2.5 billion of crypto vs. just $2.2 billion of cash.



That might explain why Maduro and his associates have stuck to more traditional means of payment — traceable crypto and freezable stablecoins aren’t quite ready for the largest money-laundering needs.



Nevertheless, Venezuela’s embrace of digital dollars is breaking new ground: “US adversaries have established an operational proof of concept,” Lawfare concludes, “and emerging financial technologies will likely further solidify it.”



If so, it might further solidify the dollar, too.



Being banned from using dollars didn&#8217;t make Venezuela accept, say, yuan for its oil — it just made the government use digital dollars instead.



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Latin America

Venezuela’s sanctions are stablecoins’ proof of concept

Shaunda Devens

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Strategy has stepped back in as a visible treasury bid for BTC, but with a very different financing backdrop compared to 2024-2025



At the end of December, Strategy raised cash but barely deployed it into BTC. On Dec. 29-31, it sold 1,255,911 MSTR shares for $195.9 million net proceeds, yet bought only 3 BTC. In early January, deployment resumed: Jan. 1-4 saw another 735,000 shares sold for $116.3 million net, and 1,283 BTC bought for $116 million (avg $90,391/BTC), bringing holdings to 673,783 BTC.



The bigger signal sits in the financing backdrop. In 2024 through early 2025, Strategy funded itself cheaply via convertible debt (cash coupons 0.625% to 2.25%, then multiple 0% converts). That playbook works best when MSTR trades at a premium to Bitcoin NAV (mNAV &gt; 1) because of the equity optionality.&nbsp;



However, by mid-to-late 2025, that premium compressed and flipped to a discount (mNAV &lt; 1), making equity-linked financing harder to place and common issuance mechanically dilutive to BTC-per-share. As a result, the financing shifted toward high-cash-cost preferred, often issued below par, printing roughly 10% to 12.5% effective cash cost on proceeds. STRC&#8217;s dividend rate has been stepped up from 9% (August 2025) to 11.0% (January 2026) to keep the channel open.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110777" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Interestingly, Strategy is still funding buys by issuing common via the ATM even at an mNAV discount, accepting short-term dilution to keep accumulating and maintain liquidity. When mNAV is below 1 and marginal funding costs are double-digit, scaling purchases becomes both more dilutive and more expensive. That makes Strategy a less-reliable, less-price-setting buyer compared to prior premium regimes. It will still matter as a sentiment marker, but unless the premium reopens, its flow is more likely to be episodic clips than a sustained engine for the tape.



Zooming out, 2025&#8217;s marginal bid was essentially a two-horse race: spot ETFs and Strategy. On the accumulation chart, Strategy&#8217;s cumulative purchases tracked in the same range as ETFs for much of the year, meaning Strategy was comparable in flow impact to the ETF complex at points.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110776" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-30.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The setup for 2026 looks materially weaker. With mNAV compressed and financing shifting toward double-digit preferred costs plus dilutive ATM common issuance, Strategy&#8217;s bid becomes harder to scale without worsening BTC-per-share dilution. Strategy is still a sentiment marker, but the buying pressure should be more muted and episodic, leaving ETF flows and broader crypto risk appetite as the more reliable price-setting forces.



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0xResearch Newsletter

The Strategy playbook looks different in 2026

Carlos

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Ranger’s ICO begins today and will run through Jan. 10. For context, Ranger is a full-stack trading terminal with three core products.&nbsp;



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>First is Ranger Perps, a perps aggregator for Solana-based venues like Jupiter Perps, Drift, and Flash Trade, with Hyperliquid support in the works. </li>



<li>Second is Ranger Spot, a meta-aggregator that routes across other aggregators like Jupiter and DFlow for optimal price execution. </li>



<li>The third pillar is Ranger Earn, a newer product that offers curated access to institutional-grade yield strategies through Ranger’s vault infrastructure.</li>
</ul>



Ranger is seeking a minimum raise of $6 million and is selling 39% of the total RNGR supply in the ICO. Proceeds from the raise will be held in a token holder-governed treasury, with the team receiving a fixed monthly stipend of $250,000. The Ranger ICO marks an important milestone for MetaDAO: It’s the first token sale on the platform to include a project with existing pre-ICO investors. The table below shows RNGR’s supply distribution.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110768" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-26.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



ICO participants who receive an allocation will be 100% liquid at TGE (no vesting), while pre-ICO investors will follow a 24-month linear unlock schedule with no cliff. Notably, the team allocation will be tied to price performance: Up to 7.6M RNGR (30% of total supply) becomes unlockable for the team via five milestone tranches triggered at 2x / 4x / 8x / 16x / 32x of the ICO price. Each milestone must be maintained via a three-month TWAP, and there is a minimum 18-month cliff before any team tokens can unlock.



The chart below shows RNGR’s unlock schedule. The team performance pool is an estimate based on the parameters above, but realized unlocks will ultimately depend on RNGR’s sustained price performance post-ICO.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110770" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-28.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The last six MetaDAO ICOs have been heavily oversubscribed, with allocations settled pro rata. This allocation mechanism favors whales, who can afford to overcommit capital to secure a meaningful allocation. As the chart below shows, across the past six MetaDAO ICOs, participants have received an average of ~5% of their desired exposure.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110769" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-27.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Ranger will guarantee point holders access to the ICO via a dedicated allocation bucket, directly addressing the oversubscription dynamic above. I’m constructive on this structure: It rewards early users and contributors through preferential access rather than giving away 10-30% of supply via an airdrop, which can introduce unnecessary sell pressure and weaker alignment. In this regard, any allocation not taken by point holders will roll over and be pro-rated to public ICO buyers.



While the Ranger ICO is compelling on its own (and likely worth participating in, particularly for points holders), the bigger story, in my view, is what it means for MetaDAO: a catalyst that could reaccelerate launch cadence and revenue to start the year.



MetaDAO monetizes ICOs through swap fees on its Futarchy AMM and its LP position on Meteora. The Futarchy AMM charges a 0.5% fee on volume, which was originally split evenly between MetaDAO and the project raising (e.g., 0.25% to MetaDAO, 0.25% to Ranger). On Dec. 28, after mutual agreement with teams, the split was retroactively adjusted so that the full 0.5% now accrues to MetaDAO.



Since the Futarchy AMM went live on Oct. 10, 2025, MetaDAO has generated about $2.4 million in revenue, with roughly 60% coming from the Futarchy AMM and 40% from its Meteora LP position.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110765" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-23.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



That said, MetaDAO’s revenues have declined sharply since mid-December as ICO activity slowed. Today, MetaDAO’s ICOs remain curated, placing far more weight on founder quality, credibility and long-term alignment than on simply maximizing the number of launches. This approach was necessary to validate the product, but it has come with a clear tradeoff: Without a steady stream of new launches, it’s difficult for revenues to increase, and MetaDAO has fallen short on cadence over the past few weeks.



The chart below highlights why. Token volumes tend to be highest around TGE and the days immediately following, meaning sustained Futarchy AMM volumes, and by extension, revenues, are highly dependent on new launches coming through the pipeline.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110766" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-24.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Despite declining daily revenue, META has performed remarkably well, rallying roughly 40% over the past week. As a result, META’s 30-day trailing P/S has increased to ~36x, well above its prior two-month range of ~10-15x.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110771" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-29.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Markets are forward-looking, though, and I expect META’s P/S to compress back toward its historical range over the coming weeks and months as revenue reaccelerates (i.e., not through a price decline, but through higher trailing revenues).&nbsp;



The near-term catalysts are twofold. First is Ranger’s ICO, which will likely be oversubscribed and lead to a spike in Futarchy AMM volumes post-TGE. Second is the <a href="https://v1.metadao.fi/metadao/trade-v5/Bzoap95gjbokTaiEqwknccktfNSvkPe4ZbAdcJF1yiEK">Omnibus proposal</a>, which passed last night and will&nbsp;



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>migrate roughly ~90% of META liquidity from Meteora DAMM v1 into the Futarchy AMM and </li>



<li>burn roughly ~60,000 META (about $550,000 at current prices). Capturing trading volumes from RNGR and META should increase Futarchy AMM revenue in the near term. </li>
</ol>



Beyond the next few days and into the coming months, I expect MetaDAO’s revenues to trend higher as launch cadence accelerates by an order of magnitude. Two catalysts stand out: permissionless launches and Colosseum’s STAMP.



MetaDAO has debated in public comms whether to preserve a fully curated (permissioned) model or experiment with permissionless launches. The latter, despite the risk of lower-quality projects, is a necessary experiment to increase throughput and validate the platform’s scalability, and is probably the direction the team will ultimately pursue.



Finally, I think the market is underpricing what Colosseum’s STAMP could mean for MetaDAO. Colosseum sits upstream of Solana’s startup funnel, spanning hackathons, an accelerator and a venture fund. Many of the ecosystem’s top teams trace their roots back to hackathons (e.g., Jito, Kamino, Drift, Exponent, Hylo). STAMP effectively plugs MetaDAO into that deal flow, creating a steadier pipeline of high-quality launches to complement permissionless ICOs and normalize launch cadence over time.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110767" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-25.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



In conclusion, Ranger and the Omnibus proposal may help reaccelerate revenues in the near term, but permissionless launches and STAMP are what could ultimately drive a tenfold increase in MetaDAO’s ICO cadence (and, by extension, volumes and revenue) over the coming months.



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Ranger’s ICO starts today, and MetaDAO eyes a reset

Marc Arjoon

Kunal Doshi

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Markets opened the year with subtle but important shifts. BTC outperformed both equities and gold, higher beta crypto narratives reawakened, and derivatives positioning pointed to a careful rebuild of risk rather than excess. In today’s note, we break down index performance, what ETH derivatives are signaling under the surface, and the growing case for equity perps as a retail driven product nearing an inflection point.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices </h2>



BTC quietly stole the show this week, benefiting from a rare but timely negative correlation to both equities and gold. Traditional markets softened, with the Nasdaq 100 (-1.7%) and S&amp;P 500 (-1.1%) drifting lower while gold sold off sharply (-3%), BTC (+3.7%) ground higher. It was a steady, low-drama move that stood out precisely because of how long it’s been since crypto outperformed across both risk and defensive assets in the same window. The week felt less like speculative exuberance and more like BTC reminding the market of its role as a portfolio diversifier, a dynamic largely absent through much of the past year when correlations repeatedly snapped back toward one. Whether that decoupling persists will likely hinge on macro follow-through, but for now, BTC’s ability to outperform both stocks and gold marks a notable shift in tape behavior worth watching.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110750" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-20.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Last week’s winners were concentrated almost entirely in the higher-beta, most narrative-driven corners of crypto, signaling a shift toward speculative positioning. Launchpad tokens (+27.8%) led by a wide margin, benefiting from renewed retail participation and a resurgence in short-duration token launches as traders chased velocity over fundamentals. Modular (+21.0%) and AI (+19.4%) followed closely, while DePIN (+18.9%) and the Solana ecosystem (+16.1%) also stood out.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110751" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-21.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Within our Launchpad index, leadership once again belonged to MetaDAO, which extended its run of relative outperformance and reinforced its status as the bellwether for the sector. META’s sharp gains this week reflected renewed interest in token issuance infrastructure, as traders gravitated toward platforms most levered to new launches and velocity-driven flows.&nbsp;



What stood out just as much was the breadth: Nearly every constituent in the index finished higher on the week, underscoring how synchronized the move was across the complex. The lone exception was Launchcoin, which lagged while the rest of the cohort participated in the upside. That kind of near-universal participation is typically a sign of sector-level positioning rather than idiosyncratic token news. Looking ahead, the setup remains compelling, with regulatory frameworks expected to crystallize in 2026 and compliant launch infrastructure likely to move from a speculative niche to a structural pillar of the crypto stack, making Launchpads an area investors will be increasingly forced to pay attention to rather than trade opportunistically.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="850" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110752" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-22.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market Update&nbsp;</h2>



ETH derivatives markets in December 2025 were defined by a clear divergence between participation and positioning. Perpetual futures volumes continued to cool, with aggregate ETH perps volume falling roughly 31% month over month, extending November’s decline and reflecting fading speculative intensity amid consolidation and compressed volatility. Activity fell broadly across major venues, signaling reduced appetite for short-term directional trading, particularly during thinner holiday liquidity.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110748" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Despite this pullback in turnover, open interest rebounded sharply. Average ETH open interest rose approximately 63% over the month, reversing November’s contraction and climbing steadily as price action stabilized. The combination of falling volumes and rising OI suggest that exposure was rebuilt quietly and deliberately, pointing to longer-horizon or relative-value positioning rather than aggressive leverage-chasing.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110749" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



This measured rebuild in positioning was reinforced by a continued decline in liquidation activity. ETH liquidations remained subdued throughout December, with weekly liquidation volumes down 56% from November and well below October’s forced deleveraging extremes. Both sides of the market stayed relatively contained as prices consolidated, with short liquidations still modestly exceeding longs but at significantly lower absolute levels. The absence of large liquidation cascades alongside rising open interest underscores a healthier leverage profile, where positions were added gradually and risk was managed more tightly.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110746" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Taken together, declining volumes, rising open interest and falling liquidations characterize December as a period of risk reduction and positioning reset, rather than a return to speculative excess.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The bull case for equity perps</h2>



Equity perpetuals are often framed as a crypto-native attempt to bring traditional markets onchain. In reality, their real competition is not options but leveraged ETFs, a product class that already has massive retail adoption. The appeal is simple. Retail investors increasingly want leverage in a clean and intuitive wrapper.



JPMorgan <a href="https://www.jpmorganchase.com/institute/all-topics/financial-health-wealth-creation/a-decade-in-the-market-how-retail-investing-behavior-has-shifted-since-2015#section3">estimates</a> retail equity flows in 2025 are over 50% higher than 2024 and above the meme stock peak of 2021. Leveraged ETFs have absorbed much of this appetite, with AUM <a href="https://x.com/Kunallegendd/status/2008082680085381274?s=20">growing</a> from $41.6 billion in 2020 to $250 billion by late 2025, and monthly trading volumes exceeding $800 billion.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="989" height="609" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110745" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=989 989w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=417 417w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=424 424w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=356 356w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-18.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 989px) 100vw, 989px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Bloomberg</figcaption></figure>







But leveraged ETFs are flawed: They rely on derivatives to reset exposure daily, which introduces volatility drag. Even when the underlying index goes nowhere, leveraged ETFs can lose value over time. These products are designed for short-term trading but are widely misunderstood and held longer than intended.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="853" height="238" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110743" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=853 853w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-16.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px" /></figure>



Equity perps fix this. They provide constant notional exposure without daily resets, meaning leverage does not decay mechanically. Volatility does not compound against the trader in the same way. For anyone seeking leveraged directional exposure, equity perps are simply a cleaner instrument.



Early traction supports this view. Since mid-October, equity perp volume on Hyperliquid has reached roughly $12.9 billion, with daily volumes commonly found between $200 million and $300 million. Hyperliquid currently dominates market share, followed by Lighter.&nbsp;



Accessibility matters here. It’s no coincidence that equity perp volume has emerged on the same onchain venues that dominate crypto perps.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1196" height="562" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110747" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1196 1196w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-19.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1196px) 100vw, 1196px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: Hyperzap</figcaption></figure>







But there are frictions. When equity markets are closed, market makers cannot hedge, liquidity thins, and funding rates can spike. Platforms manage this differently through restricted trading hours or internal oracle adjustments. These issues explain why adoption has grown steadily rather than explosively.



The long-term winners will not be determined by venue design but by distribution. Just as centralized exchanges dominate crypto perps, equity perps will likely scale through platforms with massive retail reach. Robinhood and Coinbase are best positioned.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="928" height="536" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110744" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=928 928w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=452 452w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=379 379w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-17.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 928px) 100vw, 928px" /></figure>



Source: The BlockBoth have already taken <a href="https://www.coinbase.com/en-sg/blog/system-update-the-future-of-finance-is-on-coinbase">steps</a> toward tokenized equities, and a compliant version of equity perps could emerge as early as 2026. The opportunity is large; leveraged ETFs currently trade between $800 billion and $900 billion per month. Capturing even 5% of those flows would increase trading volumes by <a href="https://investors.robinhood.com/static-files/5e1919af-821f-4655-b088-ed732c3c9353">an estimated</a> 17% for Robinhood <a href="https://www.theblock.co/data/crypto-markets/spot/cryptocurrency-exchange-volume-monthly">and nearly</a> 70% for Coinbase. Ultimately, equity perps are not a crypto experiment. They are a retail product waiting for the right distribution channel.



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ETH derivatives reset and the next retail trade

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Despite what we hear on the news… the great story of our era is that we are witnessing the greatest improvement in global living standards ever to take place.”



— John Norberg
</blockquote>



As years go, 2025 was a pretty good one, I think.



Derek Thompson goes so far as to <a href="https://x.com/DKThomp/status/2006047834819219779">say</a> it was “an exceptional year for America,” citing, among other things, huge declines in traffic deaths, drug overdoses and suicides, the largest-ever drop in murder rates, and dramatic advances in healthcare.



“This seems to be the first period on record when every major cause of premature death — overdose, auto accident, homicide, obesity — is falling at the same time,” he <a href="https://x.com/DKThomp/status/1956014687885074507?t=_kwwOepZ0wQQ_mUwUFMm8w&amp;s=19">adds</a>.



Noah Smith similarly <a href="https://www.noahpinion.blog/p/ten-things-that-are-going-right-in?has_completed_unsubscribed_unlock=true">lists</a> 10 reasons America might be “putting itself back together,” including rising life expectancy, peaking social media usage, and a surge in business dynamism.&nbsp;



Most comprehensively, Human Progress <a href="https://humanprogress.org/doomslayer-1084-reasons-the-world-isnt-falling-apart/">collates</a> 1,084 good-news stories reported this year: everything from the <a href="https://humanprogress.org/poverty-has-declined-for-almost-all-indians/">astonishing decline</a> of poverty in India to the <a href="https://humanprogress.org/puffins-return-to-isle-of-muckfor-first-time-in-at-least-25-years/">return of puffins</a> to the UK.



If I wasn’t a regular reader of the Human Progress website, I’m not sure I’d be familiar with any of them, because good news rarely makes headlines.



This has always been the case — as the old newsroom saying goes, “If it leads, it bleeds.”



But it’s even more true now. In the fierce competition for our scarce attention, news outlets appear to be doubling down on the traditional strategy of terrifying us with bad news.



In 2022, an <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9578611/">academic study</a> found “a pattern of increasing negative sentiment in headlines.” Specifically, headlines in 2019 were found to be 314% more likely to reflect anger, disgust, fear or sadness compared to 2000.&nbsp;



It feels like things have only gotten worse since.



“We are experiencing a contagion of negativity,” Marain Tupy <a href="https://humanprogress.org/our-editors-end-of-year-missive/">warns</a>, “driven by the hypercompetitive media environment, with newspapers, television stations, radio and websites presenting a highly skewed picture of the state of the world.”



The state of the world was far from perfect in 2025, of course. War continued to rage, the climate continued to warm, governments continued to fall ever deeper in debt, migrants everywhere continued to be persecuted.&nbsp;



But the world is almost certainly better than we think it is.&nbsp;



Consider the <a href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/655493/new-low-satisfied-personal-life.aspx">Gallup poll</a> that found that 81% of Americans are satisfied with the way things are going in their life — and only 20% are satisfied with the way things are going in the country.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“A country cannot be doing that poorly if a supermajority of its citizens are having an excellent time,” Malcolm Cochran <a href="https://humanprogress.org/doomslayer-1084-reasons-the-world-isnt-falling-apart/">observes</a>.



Or consider as well the “affordability crisis” that is currently making headlines. After examining the evidence, The Economist <a href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2025/12/30/americas-affordability-crisis-is-mostly-a-mirage">concludes</a> that “never has life been so affordable in America for so many.”



Excellent news! But I suspect that won’t get many clicks.&nbsp;



So here’s my New Year’s resolution: Give more of my clicks to reports of good news.



Let’s check the charts.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">All the bad news that’s fit to print:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1392" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110735" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1392 1392w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-14.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px" /></figure>



Here’s the graphic from the <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9578611/">study</a> finding “a pattern of increasing negative sentiment in headlines.” Whatever the current state of the world, it’s not 314% worse than it was in 2000.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">I’m alright, but we’re not:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="835" height="649" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110728" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=835 835w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=331 331w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=336 336w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=282 282w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-8.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 835px) 100vw, 835px" /></figure>



The aforementioned Gallup poll: 81% of Americans say they are satisfied with their lives but only 20% say they are satisfied with America.&nbsp;



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The kids are not alright:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="911" height="635" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110733" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=911 911w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=369 369w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=374 374w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=314 314w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-13.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 911px) 100vw, 911px" /></figure>



As measured by employment and parenthood, the FT <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/bd61b6e2-d455-4f90-a5e3-648f30f0afc6">reports</a> that young adults are becoming increasingly disengaged from society. I’m guessing this upward trend is at least partially caused by the upward trend in negative headlines.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Not making headlines:&nbsp;&nbsp;</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1399" height="721" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110732" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1399 1399w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-11.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1399px) 100vw, 1399px" /></figure>



For all the hand-wringing over the “affordability crisis,” wages have grown faster than prices for the last decade, at least. In other words, things have gotten more affordable, not less. (Yes, this accounts for housing.)



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Sentiment disconnect:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1225" height="589" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110734" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1225 1225w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-12.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1225px) 100vw, 1225px" /></figure>



Starting with the pandemic, consumer sentiment (in green) decoupled from real disposable income (blue) and has never recovered. More than ever, people are more pessimistic than the data suggests they should be.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Some other things that never recovered:&nbsp;</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1115" height="638" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110736" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1115 1115w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=456 456w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=383 383w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-15.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1115px) 100vw, 1115px" /></figure>



<a href="https://am.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpm-am-aem/global/en/insights/eye-on-the-market/winter-of-our-discontent-amv.pdf">JPMorgan</a> finds that things like restaurants and air travel have fully recovered from the&nbsp; pandemic, but the film industry and mass transit have not.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Trend change?</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="997" height="628" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110730" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=997 997w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=408 408w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=414 414w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=348 348w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-9.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 997px) 100vw, 997px" /></figure>



The Economist <a href="https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2025/10/24/the-world-has-become-surprisingly-less-grumpy">reports</a> that “the world has become surprisingly less grump.” Feelings of worry, stress and anger are off their highs, while feelings of laughter are recovering.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Generation alpha is here:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="490" height="314" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110729" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=490 490w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=401 401w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=407 407w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=342 342w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-7.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 490px) 100vw, 490px" /></figure>



Over 20% of Americans now play Roblox daily. I don&#8217;t know what that means for America, but I’m sure it means something.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">The changing world:</h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1013" height="666" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110731" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=1013 1013w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=391 391w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=397 397w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=333 333w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-10.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1013px) 100vw, 1013px" /></figure>



There are now more births per year in Nigeria than all of Europe; more in Ethiopia than the US; and more in Afghanistan than Japan.



In 2026, maybe there will be more optimists than pessimists, too.



I doubt it would make the news, though.



Have a great year, headline readers.



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Friday charts: Finding good news, in spite of bad headlines

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It was a mixed week for crypto, with BTC ending higher but sharp divergence across sectors. DePIN and Gaming led a surprising rebound after a rough year, while L2s, RWAs and the treasury trade continued to grind lower as flows stayed choppy. 



To add some insight to the new year, we’ve rounded up some weekend reads on stablecoin yield, payments infrastructure, interoperability and last year’s fastest-moving narratives.



<h1 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h1>



With a shortened equity trading week due to the holidays, the focus shifts to crypto performance over the past week. BTC finished the week up 1.6%, though performance across altcoins remains highly fragmented.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1177" height="624" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110723" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1177 1177w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-5.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1177px) 100vw, 1177px" /></figure>



The biggest movers may come as a surprise. DePIN and Gaming led all sectors with gains of 13.1% and 12.6%, respectively. These have been two of the weakest performers in 2025, down -79.5% and -81.3% on the year, making the rebound notable.



DePIN strength was driven by FIL and RENDER, which rose 22% and 13% on the week and together account for 49% of the index. Gaming followed a similar pattern, with IMX up 11%, doing most of the heavy lifting for the sector.



On the downside, L2s and RWAs lagged, falling -2.67% and -0.84% over the week. L2 weakness was led by MNT and ZORA, down -5.7% and -6.4%. At the same time, other L2 names such as OP, ARB, and ZK posted gains between 10% and 20%, highlighting sharp divergence within the sector. RWAs were pressured by a pullback in Gold after its strong run this year, with PAXG and XAUT both down around -3.4%.



Flows remain choppy. On Dec. 31, ETFs saw $417.8 million of outflows, nearly offsetting the $428.2 million of inflows recorded the day prior.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="951" height="366" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110718" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=951 951w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 951px) 100vw, 951px" /></figure>



Digital asset treasuries continue to feel the strain, with mNAV multiples compressing further. MSTR and BMNR now trade at mNAV levels of 0.69 and 0.85, underscoring the pressure on the treasury trade as the new year begins.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="738" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110721" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-3.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Recommended end-of-year analyses</h2>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/neutrl-unlocking-institutional-otc-yield-for-stablecoins">Neutrl: Unlocking Institutional OTC Yield for Stablecoins</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1409" height="781" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110724" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1409 1409w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-6.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1409px) 100vw, 1409px" /></figure>



<a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/research/neutrl-unlocking-institutional-otc-yield-for-stablecoins">Blockworks Research finds</a> that Neutrl brings institutional-grade OTC arbitrage into a stablecoin wrapper, offering market neutral yields that are less reliant on funding cycles than existing synthetic dollars. Early traction and double-digit sNUSD yields suggest strong demand, supported by deep token unlock pipelines and privileged OTC access via STIX. The core upside rests on scalable deployment into hedged OTC deals, while risks center on execution, counterparty performance and liquidity management. If yields hold as TVL grows, Neutrl could mirror early Ethena dynamics in a more structurally defensive form. 



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://polaris.fund/articles/crypto-card-moats">Crypto Card Moats</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="866" height="468" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110722" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=866 866w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-4.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 866px) 100vw, 866px" /></figure>



<a href="https://polaris.fund/articles/crypto-card-moats">Polaris Fund finds</a> that crypto cards and neobanks have reached a real inflection point where value is shifting away from rewards and branding toward infrastructure, compliance and liquidity control. The analysis shows that durable moats come from owning primitives like regulated access, programmable liquidity and deep integrations, not cashbacks. Infra rail providers and DeFi native card models capture the most leverage through recurring fees and aligned economics, while CeFi distributors face margin compression. As regulation tightens, scale will increasingly favor players that control licensing, settlement and compliance workflows rather than consumer-facing incentives.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/25-stats-explaining-how-crypto-accelerated-in-2025">25 Stats Explaining How LayerZero Accelerated Crypto in 2025</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="695" height="383" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110720" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=695 695w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-2.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 695px) 100vw, 695px" /></figure>



<a href="https://layerzero.network/blog/25-stats-explaining-how-crypto-accelerated-in-2025">LayerZero finds</a> that 2025 marked the shift of interoperability from a theory into core infrastructure for crypto. Data shows tokenized assets and stablecoins increasingly distributed across many chains, with interoperability accelerating asset velocity, capital mobility and global access. Rather than chains competing in isolation, crypto now functions as a connected network where value moves freely to where demand exists. Adoption of message-based transfers and open primitives reduced costs and friction, making cross-chain activity feel more like software than finance. Interoperability is no longer the bottleneck, but the default layer enabling scale.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><a href="https://reports.tiger-research.com/p/2025-recap-eng?triedRedirect=true">2025: The Year Narratives Moved Too Fast</a></h4>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="595" height="508" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110719" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=595 595w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=301 301w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=306 306w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=257 257w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/image-1.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px" /></figure>



<a href="https://reports.tiger-research.com/p/2025-recap-eng?triedRedirect=true">Tiger Research finds</a> that 2025 was defined by rapid narrative cycles that generated attention faster than they could be validated, leading to widespread fatigue and skepticism. Most narratives faded quickly, but a subset translated into real use cases that pushed the market forward, particularly where retail access was simple and intuitive. Memecoins showed how quickly users can onboard, but also how fragile engagement is without retention. Experiments like InfoFi highlighted incentive-driven growth but exposed quality and trust issues. The clearest progress came where crypto demonstrated product-market fit, including stablecoins, prediction markets and payment rails, showing that durable value emerges only when narratives align with real utility.



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DePIN and crypto gaming led a surprising end-of-year rebound

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As we step into the new year, <a href="https://x.com/0xNairolf/status/2003775659571925224?s=20">mindshare</a> across crypto has rotated meaningfully. Prediction markets, stablecoins and RWAs have emerged as the clear winners, while AI, modularity and memecoins have fallen out of favor. One protocol that stood out this week touches two of the three leading narratives and has quietly been putting up impressive metrics: the Canton Network.



Canton is a blockchain built specifically for financial institutions, designed to enable secure, interoperable and privacy preserving transactions. Its token became transferable on Nov. 10 and, after an initial drawdown of more than 50%, it has fully recovered. It’s now up 47.6% over the past month.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1544" height="815" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110673" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1544 1544w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-185.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1544px) 100vw, 1544px" /></figure>



The scale of RWA activity on the network is already notable. As of <a href="https://x.com/CantonNetwork/status/2003073143108465130?s=20">Q4 2025</a>, Canton has processed $6 trillion in real-world assets and currently handles about $350 billion per day in US treasury activity. Much of this traction comes from institutional partners like <a href="https://www.broadridge.com/about/">Broadridge Financial Solutions</a>, a global fintech leader in trading and settlement infrastructure. Broadridge’s Distributed Ledger Repo platform runs on Canton and processes more than <a href="https://www.canton.network/ecosystem/broadridge-dlr">$8 trillion per month</a> in repo transactions, using blockchain rails to improve efficiency in one of the largest markets in global finance.



Momentum has continued to build through deeper integrations. A <a href="https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/nasdaq-and-qcp-set-new-standard-capital-efficiency-connecting-canton-network-nasdaq-0">partnership</a> with Nasdaq connects Canton to Nasdaq Calypso, enabling automated margin and collateral management and allowing institutions to move and reuse capital more efficiently across traditional and digital assets. More recently, DTCC, the central clearing and settlement backbone of US financial markets, <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/news/2025/december/17/dtcc-and-digital-asset-partner-to-tokenize-dtc-custodied-us-treasury-securities">selected</a> Canton to support RWA tokenization. The initial rollout will allow a subset of US treasurys held at DTCC’s depository to be issued on Canton following SEC approval. Given that DTCC clears roughly <a href="https://www.dtcc.com/dtcc-connection/articles/2024/april/09/dtcc-delivering-for-the-industry">$10 trillion</a> of securities transactions every day, the ability to move settlement from T+2 to near real-time could meaningfully improve efficiency and free up capital within existing market infrastructure.



The network usage is closely tied to the token. Canton’s Global Synchronizer coordinates cross-institution transactions, with predictable fees paid in CC that are burned as network activity increases. Over the past 20 days, the network has burned a median of 6.71 million tokens daily, equating to about $627,000 per day, with peaks between $750,000 and $850,000. For context, Solana averaged roughly <a href="https://app.blockworksresearch.com/analytics/solana">$670,700</a> in REV daily over the last seven days, yet trades at a FDV about 16x higher than Canton.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110676" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-188.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Usage metrics complete the picture. Since November, Canton has averaged around 28,500 daily active users and 678,300 daily transactions, putting it <a href="https://app.nansen.ai/macro/blockchains">in line</a> with networks like Monad on DAUs and Ton on transaction count.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="1148" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110674" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=358 358w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=364 364w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=305 305w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-186.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



There is still much more to unpack around architecture, validators and long-term token design, but the early signals are hard to ignore. With exposure to narratives such as tokenization, stablecoins and privacy, Canton is shaping up as one of the more interesting protocols to watch as we head into 2026.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Lighter’s TGE</h2>



Lighter airdropped and launched LIT on Dec. 30, closing out a timeline that traders had been stress-testing via a Polymarket contract that effectively functioned as a TGE proxy. Odds briefly slipped to ~60% intraday before the launch went through. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/4dcc8b99-cee4-44c7-b0e6-e0523d2378e4" width="624" height="351">



LIT&#8217;s max supply is 1 billion with 250 million circulating at TGE, a 25% day-one float. The airdrop was funded by Seasons 1 and 2 points, with 12.5 million points converted into LIT, implying roughly ~20 LIT per point on the headline math. Allocation splits are 50% ecosystem (25% now, 25% later), 26% team, and 24% investors. Team and investors sit behind a one-year cliff followed by three-year linear vesting. Against that backdrop, premarket points pricing has repriced sharply post-TGE, with points buyers down around 50% from peak levels that implied roughly $100 per point at the top.



The more interesting debate is not the airdrop, but token holder protection. Lighter is leaning directly into the token equity mismatch critique, arguing that revenues from the core DEX and future products can be tracked onchain in real time and allocated between growth and buybacks depending on conditions. It goes further by claiming the value created by all products and services will fully accrue to LIT holders, with the token issued directly from its US C-Corp, which will operate the protocol &#8220;at cost.&#8221; Directionally, that is a stronger posture than the common separate labs capture profits model, but it is not a hard guarantee: &#8220;At cost&#8221; is elastic (e.g. Uniswap Foundation employee salaries).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1184" height="1114" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110675" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1184 1184w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=273 273w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=277 277w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=233 233w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-187.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1184px) 100vw, 1184px" /></figure>



On comps, the market is valuing Lighter similarly to Hyperliquid. At $2.7 billion FDV and $700 million circulating, Lighter&#8217;s float is ~25.9%, nearly identical to Hyperliquid&#8217;s ~25.4% ($24 billion FDV and $6.1 billion circulating). More importantly, Lighter is trading on a fees multiple that is already in Hyperliquid&#8217;s range: 26.6x FDV/annualized fees (and 6.9x circulating/annualized fees) vs. Hyperliquid at 29.9x (and 7.6x). That&#8217;s despite a large gap in absolute scale, Lighter printed $8.5 million in 30D fees vs. Hyperliquid&#8217;s $66.8 million, and Lighter&#8217;s open interest is $1.45 billion vs. $7.44 billion for Hyperliquid.



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Canton’s $6T RWA rails and Lighter’s Hyperliquid multiple

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Technology is everything that doesn’t work yet.”



— Danny Hillis
</blockquote>



The world’s first webcam was an inadvertent hit.



Computer scientists at a University of Cambridge lab, to avoid the disappointment of walking to the kitchen only to find their communal coffee pot empty, cobbled together a network application called XCoffee.



A spare video camera, mounted in the kitchen and connected to the laboratory’s network via Ethernet, was programmed to send low-resolution photos of the coffee pot to the scientists&#8217; desktops every 20 seconds or so.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="690" height="383" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110667" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=690 690w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-184.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px" /></figure>



It was a novel arrangement in 1991 — and when the researchers migrated it from the laboratory network to the still-novel world wide web in 1993, it became the world’s first webcam.



It also became the web’s first mainstream use case.



The world wide web was a lonely place in 1993, with few web pages to look at and no search engines to find them with.



Somehow, though, people found their way to the coffee pot webcam.



These early surfers of the internet were so eager to do something — anything! — on the web that they found themselves enthralled by a fixed view of a standard coffee pot.



Is it almost empty? Is the coffee getting darker? Has someone had a cup while I was away???



It was reality TV at its very worst.



It was also a hit.



The opportunity to keep tabs on a Cambridge coffee pot must have spread strictly by word of mouth, because there was no social media to share it on, no search engines to find it with.&nbsp;



But the pot’s audience grew steadily, with the lab’s servers receiving first hundreds and then thousands of visitors — and then exponentially: Millions of people were soon using the web to monitor someone else’s coffee.



One of the lab’s researchers received emails from Japan requesting that the kitchen light be left on overnight so that people in different time zones could have a chance to watch the (presumably empty) coffee pot.



The Cambridge, England tourist information office began offering directions to the lab to visitors hoping to see the star coffee pot in real life.



Finally, peak coffee pot mania hit in 2001, when the lab’s decision to permanently unplug its webcam made <a href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=81417&amp;page=1">front-page headlines</a>.



By that time, there were more substantial things to do on the internet, of course, like watching cat videos and pirating music — and not much later, there would be all-consuming things to do like scrolling through Facebook and posting videos on TikTok.



None of that was imaginable in 1993. But the popularity of the coffee pot webcam was a first hint that the world wide web would soon go mainstream: People’s eagerness to use the web to watch coffee stay warm was a clear sign they’d also want to use it for anything and everything.



This is a hallmark of great technology: If people are eager to use new tech when it’s not very good (three-frames-per-minute video) and for unexpected reasons (watching coffee), it’s a surefire bet that much bigger things are coming.



So, here’s something on my wishlist for <s>2024</s> 2026: Crypto has its coffee pot moment.



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History

The long wait for crypto’s “coffee pot” moment

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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“You have to enjoy failure.” — James Dyson
</blockquote>



In a 2003 research paper, Google engineers <a href="https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/en//archive/googlecluster-ieee.pdf">shared</a> their new approach of building “reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.”



This was a radical change. Instead of paying up for super high-end Sun servers engineered for near-perfect reliability, Google was embracing cheap, commodity hardware running free Linux software. They then developed additional software to work around the hardware&#8217;s frequent failures.



Redundancy through volume, they found, is cheaper than precision through engineering.



This is the model for modern AI data centers, too: You can&#8217;t have a three-month training run crash just because one GPU dies out of 20,000.



It’s not, however, the model for manufacturing the GPUs themselves.



Instead, semiconductor fabrication plants are built to produce GPUs with an ultra-low level of defects, which demands near-perfection at every step of an incredibly complex process — the opposite of Google’s recommendation for data centers. But this is not engineering perfectionism. It’s an economic necessity.&nbsp;



“Why do we need to have 99.9999% reliability at every step of the process?” Ben Thompson <a href="https://sharptech.fm/member/episode/an-open-ai-reminder-netflixs-expanding-appetite-q-a-on-remote-work-taco-bell-and-data-centers-in-space">asks</a>. “It’s all the cost of capital equipment.”



Mostly that’s because the $200 million ASML machines every fabrication plant uses to make cutting-edge semiconductors “are the most overengineered things on earth,” Thompson explains.&nbsp;



This creates a feedback loop of spiraling cost and perfection: Fabrication plants have to be near-perfect to be profitable because the ASML machines are so expensive — and the ASML machines are so expensive because they have to be perfect.



As a result, it now costs as much as $20 billion to build a single semiconductor fab.



Thompson compares the process of making semiconductors with hyper-complex ASML machines with the process of making rockets at SpaceX, where Elon Musk chooses to “blow up a bunch of Starships because you don’t want to be wasting anything on complexity that actually isn’t necessary.”



Repeatedly blowing up rockets helps SpaceX find the “exact line where you want to be,” as Thompson puts it — the line between complexity and usefulness that allows them to avoid the astronomical upfront costs required by perfection.&nbsp;



In other words, failure can be a feature, not a bug, of complex systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">It’s about the journey…</h2>



Failure is a core feature of crypto systems, too: Every blockchain is designed around the assumption that some percentage of its nodes will be malicious or faulty.



This makes blockchains resilient — like Google&#8217;s data centers, they continue to produce valid blocks despite individual failures. But that fault tolerance doesn&#8217;t extend to the code running on the blockchain.



Smart contract code, written by fallible humans, will inevitably have bugs or design flaws. This can be costly, because unlike traditional finance, there&#8217;s no reversing a crypto transaction once a flawed contract or protocol is exploited.&nbsp;



Code eliminates intermediaries, but at the cost of zero fault tolerance.



This makes code-is-law crypto a system that philosophically embraces decentralized fault tolerance but architecturally demands perfection.



There is no way to design your way around that.



In traditional finance, where systems are permissioned and transactions are reversible, banks can aim for near-perfection by implementing ever-stricter KYC/AML rules and hiring ever more compliance officers.&nbsp;&nbsp;



In crypto finance, where systems are permissionless and transactions are irreversible, we can only aim to learn from our mistakes.&nbsp;



There have been a lot of them: from The DAO exploit that nearly sank Ethereum in 2016 to the record-setting $1.5 billion Bybit hack in 2025.



With luck, though, these could come to look in hindsight like Elon Musk’s exploding rockets. Each exploit reveals an attack vector — reentrancy, oracle manipulation, protocol design flaws — that can be fixed in future iterations.&nbsp;



Like Starship explosions, the failures show what actually needs hardening vs. what was unnecessary caution — each an opportunity to find the right balance of complexity and usefulness in a new kind of financial system.&nbsp;



Crypto is often judged by its failures, which is fair enough, given their frequency and size.&nbsp;



But the failures aren&#8217;t bugs in the process of building a new financial system. They are the process.



To enjoy crypto, then, you’ll have to enjoy failure, too.



Happy new year.



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Crypto

Failure is an option in crypto finance

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Yield Basis (YB) is a novel DeFi mechanism that uses leverage to eliminate impermanent loss (IL) from AMMs. The founder of Yield Basis is the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/yield-basis-curve-dao-vote">same founder as Curve</a>, and synergies exist between the two. The mechanics of how this mechanism works can be found <a href="https://github.com/yield-basis/yb-paper/blob/master/leveraged-liquidity-paper.pdf">here</a>.&nbsp;



After years of witnessing failed attempts, YB strikes me as the first solution with legs, but you don’t need to take my word for it. YB already accounts for the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/michael-egorov-yield-basis-protocol">three-largest BTC DEX pools</a> in DeFi ($400 million+).&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1570" height="361" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110703" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1570 1570w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-190.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1570px) 100vw, 1570px" /></figure>



Moreover, this means that (wrapped) BTC token holders can now earn yield while supplying liquidity. Historically, the seven-day moving average for this (supply) yield has ranged between 4% and 40%.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1573" height="430" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110702" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1573 1573w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-189.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1573px) 100vw, 1573px" /></figure>



And since many of us don’t LP into AMMs (unless we’re farming something), you might have forgotten that yields are earned in the pool tokens. So yes, that means native BTC yields.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="992" height="585" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png" alt="" class="wp-image-110704" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=992 992w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=443 443w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=371 371w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-191.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 992px) 100vw, 992px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://app.valueverse.ai/tokens/yield-basis">Valueverse</a></figcaption></figure>







As for the token itself, it’s not just a <s>meme</s> governance token — there’s actual value. The <a href="https://x.com/yieldbasis/status/1995962614522765405">fee switch</a> was turned on earlier this month. YieldBasis LPs have two options for generating yield from provided liquidity: (a) hold the ybBTC LP token and receive BTC-denominated trading fees, or (b) stake ybBTC, forgo BTC-denominated trading fees and participate in YB emissions.&nbsp;



Corporate Finance 201 agrees with me when I say, &#8220;Don&#8217;t buy back the token, give me the earnings from the protocol, and I can decide for myself if and when I want to buy the token.” What I mean is, dividends give optionality, especially when you can choose which type of yield to receive. For perspective, for the week ending Dec. 25, roughly $450,000 was distributed (and this figure is despite caps on the LP pools).



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="546" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110705" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-192.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://app.valueverse.ai/tokens/yield-basis">Valueverse</a></figcaption></figure>







If you’ve read this and think there’s finally a way to earn native yield on BTC without IL and without the risks, effort and costs of hedging, then you’d be right — but there could be more. YB is positioned as more than just an IL-free AMM: It is a yield and liquidity infrastructure designed to make otherwise non-productive assets yield-bearing while establishing secondary markets. By targeting wrapped native assets and tokenized RWAs, YB can theoretically make any sufficiently liquid and volatile asset productive, allowing issuers to earn from liquidity rather than subsidize market making, while also enabling holders to access yield and downstream DeFi use cases such as collateralization.



This model extends beyond crypto majors like BTC and ETH to tokenized commodities and equities such as Gold, Silver, and NVDA, whose onchain adoption is currently constrained by IL, shallow liquidity, and the absence of yield or liquidation pathways. Yield Basis could unlock these markets by offering a unique, superior yield option with an attractive risk-reward profile, deep liquidity and strong network effects.&nbsp;



YB is not without risk. I encourage you to read the paper (or get AI to explain it) and understand the potential downsides, but also the potential unlocks that YB has to offer.



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“Corporations are legal entities that own themselves.”



— Lynn Stout
</blockquote>



The idea that companies should be run for the benefit of shareholders is a relatively new one.



For most of the 20th century, American corporations were instead operated according to the principle of <a href="https://sk.sagepub.com/ency/edvol/organization/chpt/managerial-capitalism">managerial capitalism</a>:&nbsp; “a form of capital accumulation and organizational control in which managers are the central agents of power.”



This was the era of the “Organization Man,” when control of a company was decoupled from ownership and professional administrators considered themselves stewards of a permanent institution, responsible for balancing the interests of a broad array of stakeholders rather than serving shareholders alone.



Often, the most favored stakeholders were the executives themselves.



In Barbarians at the Gate, the tendency for corporate self-dealing was vividly illustrated by the “RJR Air Force” — a fleet of private planes the CEO of R.J. Reynolds used for weekend golf outings and personal trips to his vacation home.



In one memorable instance, the only passenger on a corporate flight was the CEO’s German Shepherd (sent home early from a weekend trip to avoid the consequences of biting someone).



The excesses of managerial capitalism were also dramatized in the movie Wall Street, when Gordon Gekko tells the shareholders of Teldar Paper they’re being exploited by the company’s management: “You are all being royally screwed over by these bureaucrats, with their steak lunches, their hunting and fishing trips, their corporate jets, and golden parachutes.”



Gekko’s message to Teldar’s shareholders — that they owned the company and executives should therefore work for them — was rooted in the thinking of Milton Friedman, who argued in a 1970 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html">New York Times op-ed</a> that “in his capacity as a corporate executive, the manager is the agent of the individuals who own the corporation.”



“In a free‐enterprise, private‐property system,” Friedman added, “a corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business. He has direct responsibility to his employers. That responsibility is to conduct the business in accordance with their desires.”



In the case of publicly traded companies, he reasoned, shareholders owned the business, so that’s who executives worked for.



Intuitive as that seems, Lynn Stout says it’s all wrong: “Corporations own themselves,” the legal scholar <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Shareholder-Value-Myth-Shareholders-Corporations/dp/1459638697/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3PKL416LYQRU9&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.2iwtqTFEmJThAUXTdx-4qO1pe-jvioCLao8k-mA_EH-2jZ6Z0BTzjr1FLkUBjTyPlnDPNw5oorX6LMp99D2fIhCjgjB5-8RmFUpn4f4PRxY2uvyJnDELAMAayPqzlN8aOluY54ak6XH-Tk2d8k92jY66hk5AMeP8_OJMVpFMYmY_X5_nfPJZPbpBXw0ZoBTu_5IHfFnWJNfkfeW21A-iX4kbjkt_pa78-yG_Q7Jn4XY.9uIwWS9D_JYqoQzssJQ2WG46NiVJ2WY7kSS-yW1TZPE&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=lynn+stout&amp;qid=1767033692&amp;sprefix=lynn+stout%2Caps%2C151&amp;sr=8-2">argues</a>, “just as human entities own themselves.”



What shareholders actually own, she explains, are, well, shares: “a type of contract between the shareholder and the legal entity that gives shareholders limited legal rights.”



Nowhere in that contract does it stipulate that executives work for shareholders. Or that they should favor investors over any other stakeholders, be it employees, customers, suppliers, society at large or the environment.



“The idea that corporations should be managed to maximize shareholder value,” Stout says, “is based on factually mistaken claims about the law.”



Nevertheless, that’s exactly how US corporations have been run, almost universally, for the past three or four decades (since Gordon Gekko, basically).&nbsp;



Stout laments the short-termism she believes that’s led to, arguing that a cult of “shareholder primacy” has caused corporations to aim for near-term profits at the expense of long-term investing.



(I’d counter, however, that the current boom in AI investment probably disproves that.)



Stout advocates instead for a return to the kind of managerial capitalism that, in her telling, successfully built infrastructure like railroads and canals with less regard for the profits they’d produce and more regard for how useful they’d be. “Investors in these early corporations were usually also customers,” she reasoned. “They structured their companies to make sure the business would provide good service at a reasonable price – not to maximize investment returns.”



Is that how crypto protocols should be structured, too?



The current debate in crypto is how to grant token holders the kind of rights that shareholders think they have in traditional finance.



But if Stout is right, that may be the wrong goal.



Without formal ownership rights, tokens might attract investors less like Gordon Gekko and more like the 19th-century shareholders who so eagerly funded societally beneficial railroads and canals.



Railroads and canals were networks, after all — networks that may never have been built if 19th-century companies were run strictly to maximize profits for their shareholders.



And protocols are networks, too.&nbsp;



Even if those protocols are often run like companies, Stout’s work shows that there’s more than one way to think about what kind of rights investors should have.



If crypto protocols are only about maximizing returns for investors, then, yes, token holders should be granted rights that more formally make them Gordon Gekko-like owners.



But if crypto finance is meant to be a new kind of participatory capital, it might be more productive to grant token holders fewer rights.&nbsp;



Or maybe even none at all.&nbsp;



Rather than offering the kind of legal protections likely to attract profit-maximizing investors, protocols could instead rely on their users to fund their development.&nbsp;



This might allow them to evolve into something fundamentally different from profit-maximizing corporations.



Conceivably, that could turn out to be the most useful guarantee for token holders, too: Investors that are also users may be treated better than investors that are only owners.



When the customer and the capitalist are one and the same, the only way to maximize value for both investors and users is to build something that actually works.



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Users are the best investors to have

Sam Schubert

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The headline in crypto today is Lighter’s LIT token finally going live, marking a key moment in the ongoing battle for perps market share. In today’s coverage, we break down one of the most overlooked beneficiaries of perps growth (Pendle via Boros), and take a closer look at the evolving dynamics within the Solana liquid-staking landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Markets kicked off the final week of the year on a softer note. Bitcoin (-0.81%) underperformed its US equity benchmarks, with the Nasdaq (-0.59%) and S&amp;P 500 (-0.39%) posting modest pullbacks after tech stocks drove the S&amp;P 500 to all-time highs last week. Meanwhile, Gold (-4.04%) and other precious metals saw a sharp selloff amid profit-taking, after having been standout performers in the past few weeks.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="877" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110655" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-177.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Back on the crypto front, Perps (+1.3%) was the only index to finish the day in the green, with HYPE leading gains ahead of <a href="https://x.com/Lighter_xyz/status/2005892910051406087?s=20">Lighter’s TGE</a> today. Competition for perps market share has heated up in recent months. Lighter has shown that verifiable execution and zero retail fees can drive market-leading volume, leading perps trading with just over $200 billion in volume over the past 30 days, followed by Aster ($172 billion) and Hyperliquid ($161 billion). That said, Hyperliquid remains the only one of the three operating without active incentives and is the clear revenue leader, generating ~$47 million over the same period.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="866" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110656" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-178.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The real test will be whether Lighter can hold its volume lead after TGE, especially with many attributing its recent surge to points farming. In an announcement thread last night, the team outlined the token structure and airdrop details, noting that “the value created by all Lighter products and services will fully accrue to LIT holders” and that the labs entity will operate at cost. Token distribution is split between ecosystem (50% of total supply) and team/investors (remaining 50%), with 25% of total supply airdropped to points holders from Seasons 1 and 2.



As of writing, LIT is trading at a circulating market cap of $695 million and an FDV of $2.8 billion. Per DeFiLlama, the protocol has generated <a href="https://defillama.com/protocol/fees/lighter">$8.76 million</a> in revenue over the past 30 days ($105 million annualized), implying LIT trades at a P/S of ~7x and an FDV/Sales of ~27x. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market update</h2>



While everyone is busy debating who will win the perps race (mostly Hyperliquid vs. Lighter chatter after Lighter’s TGE), the most interesting beneficiary might be hiding in plain sight: Pendle, via Boros. In my view, Pendle stands to gain from the structural growth and adoption of perpetual futures, regardless of who ultimately dominates, on either CEX or DEX rails.



Pendle launched Boros in early August 2025, bringing to DeFi a new onchain financial primitive: interest rate swaps. One can think of Boros as a perps exchange itself, but with two key twists. First, instead of betting on the price movements of assets, one is betting on the movements of yield. Second, while perpetuals (as the name suggests) have no expiry, Boros markets have a maturity date.&nbsp;



Although Boros has rolled out gradually, early traction has been strong. As shown in the chart below, daily open interest (OI) by maturity peaked at $245 million on Dec. 26, 2025, when eight markets with a combined $177 million in OI expired. The growth pattern in OI is highly cyclical, much like Pendle v2, reflecting the natural peaks and troughs around the maturities and redemptions inherent to yield markets.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110659" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-181.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Regarding its underlying mechanics, Boros enables trading of funding rates by creating something called a Yield Unit (YU). For those familiar with Pendle v2 markets, YU is similar to the Yield Token (YT), and represents the future yield of an underlying asset until its maturity. Traders can either go long or short the YU.



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Long position: If a trader is long 2 YU-BTCUSDC-Hyperliquid at 10% implied APR, they are committed to paying a 10% fixed rate, while receiving the underlying APR (funding rate payments) equivalent to a 2 BTC position in Hyperliquid BTCUSDC.</li>



<li>Short position: In a short position, the trader would commit to paying the floating underlying APR in return for a fixed APR, determined by the average implied APR at the time they entered the position (10% in this example).</li>
</ul>



On Boros, rates are settled periodically at the same time as the underlying exchange’s funding rate settlement. For example, funding rates on Binance are settled every eight hours, so rates on Boros for the Binance pools are also settled every eight hours. Similarly, Hyperliquid funding rates are settled hourly, and Boros rates for these pools follow the same hourly settlement schedule. At maturity (or when the position is closed), if the average Underlying APR &gt; average implied APR upon entry, a long position will profit and vice versa.&nbsp;



Beyond OI, which currently sits at ~$88 million, another key metric for Boros is notional trading volume. As shown in the chart below, Boros has processed roughly $6.8 billion in cumulative volume since launch, with a median monthly volume of around $1.5 billion over the past four months.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110658" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-180.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Boros has two main fee sources: (1) a flat fee on top of the implied APR for every swap, which varies by market, and (2) a flat fee of 0.2% of the fixed APR side of every YU during settlement. The chart below shows that Boros has generated ~$300,000 in cumulative revenue since inception, averaging ~$67,000 in monthly revenue over the past four months. Of note, liquidation fees remain insignificant, amounting to ~$1,300 since inception.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110661" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-183.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Swap fees correlate with notional trading volume. In a market with a swap fee tier of 0.05%, traders will profit if implied APR changes by more than 0.1% in their favor (assuming no yield settlement), as traders will have to open and close the position, thus incurring 2x the swap fee. On the other hand, OI fees (0.2% of the fixed APR during settlement) follow the cyclical growth patterns of Boros’ OI.



While the bull case for Boros is that it becomes DeFi’s default interest rate derivatives venue (extending beyond funding rates to stablecoin yields, money market rates, LST yields and more), its largest opportunity over the next six to twelve months is squarely in the perpetuals vertical. Boros launched with only BTCUSDT and ETHUSDT perps markets on Binance in August, but has since expanded to additional venues (Hyperliquid and OKX) and assets (HYPE). The chart below shows that OI was dominated by Binance early on, but is now almost evenly distributed across venues as of Dec. 29: Binance (37%), Hyperliquid (35%), and OKX (29%).&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110657" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-179.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Regarding asset dominance, the ETH-USD market remains the largest on Boros by OI, followed by BTC-USD and HYPE-USD.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110660" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-182.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



A key advantage of Boros is that it benefits from the maturation of perpetuals without being tied to any single venue, since it can support multiple exchanges and assets. As more sophisticated participants enter the perps space, they’re likely to demand strategies that Boros uniquely enables: hedging funding payments on a long position, hedging funding receivables on a short position, or implementing cash-and-carry trades. Looking ahead, as perps gain regulatory acceptance and more traditional firms trade RWA perps like equities and commodities, these players will want to trade YUs of TSLA, gold and hundreds of other assets on Boros.



Today, Boros represents less than 5% of Pendle v2 revenue, but it is well-positioned to be the most important growth vector for the protocol and may eventually rival or exceed v2 over time.



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A sleeper in the perps category

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<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
“It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel.”



— Susan B. Anthony on bicycles
</blockquote>



The 1880s saw bicycle riders shift from sitting directly — and precariously — above the comically giant front wheel of a Victorian penny-farthing to the far safer position between the two normal-sized wheels of a modern bicycle.



The change was enabled by the innovation of chains that transferred pedal power to a bicycle’s rear wheel, leaving the front wheel just for steering. Further innovations like diamond-shaped frames, weldless steel tubes, and pneumatic tires soon completed the bicycle&#8217;s transformation from a dangerous novelty into the practical mode of transport and exercise we know today.



The safer, smoother and more comfortable ride was an immediate hit. Within a few years, bicycle manufacturing became a booming industry, with the number of manufacturers in Birmingham alone rising from 72 in 1889 to 177 by 1895.



This set off a mania among investors that the authors of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Boom-Bust-History-Financial-Bubbles-ebook/dp/B08BKWLR4T/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1P0VUHI6SMQRS&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.zUx4NXn833SvErEgwhQUqYDSpsYEz604QHlW87HGBwiwBkcIul-x3T9oFG1mhSJZsQGe-dkiKcjp9X5A6Lit_VkeycbRHKBX7wmahBpA57lrST_NU0J2hl09grQMy4n7ZRv_HKyf_tK4lZCd1Egt0zjtIPYaUOd2kPG2x18HECC5bGrHGDbxiZREFTnY3Okbe8pucoweHem-lCIM16wajZNh7xvrts8c4DUb70lU5WI.Zy505g6Obv-QP9gZA-IMoe1F-EzUmhQg65lKV9ykTnE&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=boom+and+bust&amp;qid=1766872398&amp;sprefix=boom+and+bust%2Caps%2C134&amp;sr=8-1">Boom and Bust: A Global History of Financial Bubbles</a> describe as “a particularly clear illustration of the usefulness of bubbles.”



Manic investors drove an index of cycle shares 258% higher in the first five months of 1896, which attracted a boom of new stock market listings: In the two years to 1897, 670 cycle, tube or tyre firms floated shares on England’s regional stock markets.



Many of these were of the lowest quality, such as Accles Ltd., which sold £135,000 of shares but reported just £71 in revenue before filing for bankruptcy less than two years later.



Predictably, cycle shares lost <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/who-wins-and-loses-in-a-bubble-evidence-from-the-british-bicycle-mania/AFA0435425A3A550FE032EA6965D75EE">73% of their value</a> from the peak of Bicycle Mania in the early months of 1896 to the end of 1898.



As painful as it must have been for investors, the bust was probably worth it: The investment bubble accelerated improvements in tire quality that later enabled the automobile industry and spurred advances in machine tools and ball bearings that spread throughout English manufacturing and beyond.



Better yet, the flood of affordable bicycles the bubble produced had a modernizing effect on society that no one could have predicted.&nbsp;



The Victorian social expectation that women be chaperoned when traveling was shattered when bicycles became widely available — chaperoning a woman on a bicycle was impractical, and there were simply too many riders for Victorian men to police.&nbsp;



This also sparked a &#8220;rational clothing&#8221; movement, as the impossibility of cycling in restrictive corsets and skirts led to the development of more practical dresses.



It’s hard to overstate what a radical change that was.



“Let me tell you what I think of bicycling,” Susan B. Anthony told the New York World in 1896. “I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world.”



Such was the popular association between feminism and cycling that the bicycle became the symbol of the suffrage movement — women rode free from Victorian social norms on a booming supply of modern bicycles.



For that, we have the overenthusiastic investors of the 1890s to thank.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Invest like it’s 1999?</h2>



In 1999, Warren Buffett warned that world-changing technologies are often ruinous for the investors that correctly predict them.&nbsp;



The auto industry was one example: “If you had seen at the time of the first cars how this country would develop in connection with autos,” he <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Snowball-Warren-Buffett-Business-Life-ebook/dp/B009MYD9F8/ref=sr_1_1?adgrpid=189582036234&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.Xb2VwsIiT8ool3LsPmJ7m8CyMsVm_pZCnVa4JSMUHanPbD03EojsPrfhbKDoM7hQsZaJU9AgW0oPJabzKOLzKVRvKSaQNA8XtS0-j-hjHcA6UW6-CDiFTO-Q3ZTqBD5eNtiISDdZwM-hD43pJ5XbMBPBORuDdRBIj1aPFKFd7y6bZjnjddQCm8zT6WluD5pOdk0ZnovqjoiYxEcLpvLM0zvRSqO--aKB--KLWrDpNZM._SpQBGIQJoYLdDN0pkFuAgexpPv_C8gEOEa71zHJM4A&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;hvadid=779665860385&amp;hvdev=c&amp;hvexpln=0&amp;hvlocphy=1021047&amp;hvnetw=g&amp;hvocijid=1495674898975822742--&amp;hvqmt=e&amp;hvrand=1495674898975822742&amp;hvtargid=kwd-301575015975&amp;hydadcr=22567_13821264_8257&amp;keywords=warren+buffett+the+snowball&amp;mcid=4c18b671fe2f3ba48fe9fd0678efcb91&amp;qid=1766963105&amp;sr=8-1">told</a> the annual gathering of VIPs at Sun Valley, ID, “you would have said, ‘This is the place I must be.’ But [out of] two thousand [auto] companies, as of a few years ago, only three survived…so autos had an enormous impact on America, but in the opposite direction for investors.”



Airlines were another: “Imagine if you could have seen the future of the airline industry back there at Kitty Hawk. You [would] have decided, this is the place to be.” But “as of a couple of years ago,” he noted, “there had been zero money made from the aggregate of all stock market investments in the airline industry in history.”



That was Buffett’s way of warning his VIP audience they could be right that the internet would change everything — and wrong that investors would profit from it.&nbsp;



The dotcom bubble popped eight months later.



Today, artificial intelligence is the obvious candidate for the next world-changing technology to ultimately disappoint investors: It probably will revolutionize everything; but which companies, if any, will capture the value it creates remains anyone&#8217;s guess.



Crypto is another.



The news this year was shockingly good — the SEC flipped from anti- to pro-crypto, the GENIUS Act legalized stablecoins, prediction markets went mainstream, TradFi institutions scrambled to get involved — but token prices have been shockingly bad.



That might just be because expectations got ahead of reality.



But it might also be a sign that, however much value crypto ultimately creates, little of it will accrue to the investors that funded it.&nbsp;



People are excited about the tokenization of real-world assets, for example. But if most of those assets are tokenized by Robinhood, BlackRock and the DTCC, the crypto investors who financed the infrastructure that made tokenization possible won’t capture much of the value it creates.&nbsp;



Similarly, the crypto industry has devoted billions of dollars to developing zero-knowledge proofs, and it’s easy to imagine how these could be great for the world — they may be humanity’s last line of defense against AI slop.&nbsp;



But they may also be terrible for investors: ZK proving is math that doesn&#8217;t need a tradeable token to function.



There are many more such examples — likely because the value that crypto set out to create was not meant to be captured.



Just the opposite: Composable, open-source, decentralized crypto was meant to disintermediate the rent seekers of technology and tear down the toll booths of finance.



At the end of a disappointing year for token prices, it&#8217;s tempting to conclude that crypto is progressing too slowly toward those goals.



But if crypto turns out to be as good for the world as bicycles, no one should complain if it&#8217;s also as bad for investors.



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The old story of investing in new technology

Michael Ippolito

Jason Yanowitz

2025 was a line in the sand moment for crypto.



Decades from now, we will look back at these years as 2009 &#8211; 2024. Then 2025. Then everything after.



It’s worth taking a moment to reflect on exactly why that is and what it means for the next decade.



Until this point, crypto could fairly be categorized as “the Wild West” with all the good and bad that entails.



We’ve had a decade of unprecedented innovation in computer science, cryptography, and finance, leading to innovations like 24/7 markets, permissionless financial products, and zero-cost global dollar payments.



Concepts and products that crypto introduced are now changing the world.



But throughout that same decade, frauds, speculation, and a lack of regulatory clarity damaged the optics of crypto and put a ceiling on the industry’s growth.



That all changed in 2025 with the administration’s regulatory embrace of crypto. In a complete reversal, the SEC went from fighting crypto to announcing “Project Crypto” and pledging to bring the world’s financial infrastructure onchain.



We also got our first major piece of positive crypto legislation (GENIUS). Several crypto companies went public. Stablecoins went mainstream. Prediction markets are the fastest growing product outside of AI. Billion-dollar M&amp;A is finally happening. DEXs are eating market share from CEXs. RWAs grew 4x. The list goes on…&nbsp;



For the first time ever, banks, payments providers, startups, and enterprises have an incentive to build onchain.



Everyone loves to compare crypto to the internet, so here is our analogy: We believe we just experienced the equivalent of 2002 for the internet.



The age of speculative capital driving crypto is over, and the slow grind up where innovations truly scale has only just begun.&nbsp;



This has profound implications for investors, builders, and society as a whole.



From our perspective, here’s what it means for Blockworks.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">We’re making our next big bet.</h2>



The theme of the last decade can be described as “assets moving onchain.” $300B moved into stablecoins. $100B moved into DeFi. Another $50B flowed into perps and related markets.



Now, we’ve entered a new era.&nbsp;



We believe the theme of the next decade will be real businesses building onchain.



If you squint, you can see what it looks like. Startups like Hyperliquid, Pump, and Aave generate hundreds of millions of revenue with just dozens of employees. Fintechs like Robinhood, Stripe, and Klarna launched their own chains and stablecoins. Institutions like BlackRock, Franklin Templeton, JPMorgan all transact on open, public blockchains.&nbsp;



The world is moving onchain. Slowly at first, then all at once.&nbsp;



In the next decade, we will go from $10 billion in onchain revenue today to more than $1 trillion.&nbsp;



Combined with AI, that shift onchain will create an explosion of opportunity and entirely new types of companies that have never existed before.



We’ve spent this past year positioning ourselves to win what we believe is the biggest opportunity we have ever seen since starting Blockworks.



The problem as we see it today: Even the most talented teams have to run multibillion-dollar protocols and onchain businesses on a patchwork of block explorers, internally built dashboards, and broken spreadsheets.&nbsp;



There is no single operating system and software platform for teams to run their business on.&nbsp;



Blockworks is going to solve that.&nbsp;



Our next phase is about turning the data platform we have built into a true operating system for onchain businesses.&nbsp;



We are building for a world where Blockworks is running the core data and workflows for millions of onchain businesses.&nbsp;



More on this in 2026!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">2025 by the numbers</h2>



Thanks to our team, 2025 was our strongest year in our history. A few highlights:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Sales: We grew ARR by more than 10x this year. Data and analytics ARR is now growing faster than any other line of business.</li>



<li>Profitability: We remained profitable, with positive net operating income and more cash on our balance sheet than the start of the year.</li>



<li>Massively scaled our data platform: Our data warehouse now contains more than 2.1 trillion rows of data flowing through 100+ pipelines that ingest data from 82 distinct sources. This data powers nearly 2,600 visualizations and 280 dashboards for 145 different companies.</li>



<li>Shipped 4 major analytics products: We launched Analytics 2.0, with a custom data warehouse, frontend, and studio product, and used that backbone to ship a dashboard builder, chart builder, and the first version of our API (which already has 378 metrics available).</li>



<li>Expanded data beyond just onchain data: We added offchain datasets for ETFs, fundraising, M&amp;A, centralized exchanges, and more. This will be important as we add more offchain data for companies in 2026.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Token transparency framework: After presenting to the SEC and receiving their support, we introduced the Token Transparency Framework, an open disclosure standard for crypto projects. TTF is already being used to rate leading protocols and we’re now in active discussion with exchanges, financial institutions, and other data providers to integrate the framework across the industry.</li>



<li>Podcasts: Our podcast network is by far the most listened to network in crypto. Our creator-led shows now reach several million professionals and investors across finance, crypto, and tech.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Social: We’ve built a community of 800,000+ followers across our creators and brands.</li>



<li>Events: DAS New York was our best conference ever: It was the first time a sitting US president has addressed a crypto conference.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Day after day</h2>



When we started Blockworks in December 2017, the mission was simple: Build the best source of crypto insights and information for investors and professionals.&nbsp;



Since then, we’ve built a global team of nearly 100 people. Millions of people listen to our podcasts. Tens of thousands have attended our events. Hundreds of institutions read our research and consume our data.&nbsp;



If you zoom out, the story of Blockworks is not a string of funding rounds, product launches, or headline hires. We are a company that has survived multiple bear markets, stayed default alive, and quietly compounded into something much more ambitious than we ever believed possible.



As we head into 2026, we are more convinced than ever that crypto will improve the world by broadening access to assets, increasing transparency, and reducing financial friction. Blockworks will play an instrumental role in that world.



For those that want it, the crypto opportunity has truly never been bigger or more important to humanity.



See you in the trenches,



Jason and Mike



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2025 Reflections

Boccaccio

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">subscribe</a>.



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Happy Monday, and hope you all had a merry Christmas! We&#8217;re back with updates on recent crypto performance as we move into the New Year.



Gold led traditional benchmarks higher this week while BTC slipped nearly 1%, diverging from the broader risk-on mood. Solana ecosystem tokens outperformed, with JTO and DRIFT posting double-digit gains as L2s and Ethereum-linked sectors bled. Aave still dominates DeFi lending with 86% of protocol revenue, but its grip has loosened from 91% in January as Fluid and newer entrants chip away. Meanwhile, Lighter continues to beat out Hyperliquid on weekly volume, though the looming airdrop may be inflating those numbers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Indices</h2>



Benchmarks drifted up slowly over the past week: Gold led gains (+3.57%) while the S&amp;P 500 (+1.15%) and Nasdaq 100 (+0.84%) also posted modest advances. BTC bucked the trend, slipping 0.90% despite the broader environment.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110624" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-175.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



Crypto sector indices showed mixed results over the week. On the upside, Solana Ecosystem (+4.4%) led gains, followed by Launchpads (+3.23%), DePIN (+2.23%), Perps (+2.17%), and Modular (+1.7%). DEXs (+1.42%) and AI (+1.07%) also posted modest advances. On the downside, L2s (-8.27%) and Lending (-6.82%) saw the steepest declines, with Ethereum Ecosystem (-6.57%) and Crypto Miners (-5.97%) also under pressure.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="883" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110623" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-174.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



JTO led the Solana Eco index with a +10.30% move, followed closely by DRIFT (+8.10%) as liquid staking and perps narratives found renewed interest. JUP (+4.14%), ORCA (+3.81%), and RAY (+3.40%) also posted solid gains, reflecting strength across the DEX sector. On the lagging end, MPLX (-2.68%) struggled to find footing, and PUMP was the clear underperformer at -5.11%, continuing to bleed as memecoin-launchpad fatigue set in.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="900" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110625" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=464 464w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-176.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Charts for the week</h2>



Aave has dominated the DeFi lending space in 2025, capturing 86% of protocol revenue and generating $120.9 million YTD. That said, Aave&#8217;s grip has loosened slightly over the year, dropping from 91% market share in January to 86% in December. New entrants HyperLend (launched March) and Jupiter Lend (launched July) now account for a combined 3.4% of the market, while Fluid more than doubled its share from 2.4% to 4.9%, making it the fastest growing competitor among established protocols.



<h1 class="wp-block-heading"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="blob:https://cms.blockworks.co/ae5768ea-1528-4ab0-a8d3-7b64084e6716" width="624" height="347"></h1>



Outstanding loans tell a similar story. Aave holds $21.3 billion in loans, representing 74.7% of the market, a share that has remained relatively flat since January. The real movement has been among challengers: Morpho grew from 10.6% to 12.8% of outstanding loans, while Spark collapsed from 11.5% to just 4.7%. Fluid nearly doubled its share from 3.6% to 5.0%, and newer entrants Jupiter Lend (2.1%) and HyperLend (0.7%) have carved out small but growing positions.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110622" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-173.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



The downtrend in network revenues has continued, with total weekly revenue dropping 21% to $26.4 million, the lowest in at least a month. Hyperliquid saw the sharpest decline among major chains, falling 40% from $11.8 million to $7.1 million, while Ethereum dropped 38% to $2.2 million. Solana held up better, slipping just 2% to $4.7 million. Tron remained the top revenue generator after Hyperliquid at $6.1 million despite an 11% decline. The only notable gainers were smaller players: Arbitrum (+37%), Polygon (+50%), and BSC (+2%), though these moves represent relatively small absolute amounts.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1600" height="889" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110621" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1600 1600w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-172.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" /></figure>



In August 2025, Hyperliquid saw $396 billion in volume and $121 million in revenue, with trailing 30-day volume peaking at $395 billion and the protocol dominating 80%+ of DeFi perps market share.



Lighter has done $30.9 billion in perp volume over the past seven days and $203.7 billion over the past month, with $1.48 billion in open interest. Aster has seen $26 billion in seven-day volume and $160.6 billion over 30 days, with a larger $7.4 billion in OI. Hyperliquid has fallen behind on weekly volume at $21.5 billion, though it still holds more than double their combined OI at $2.4 billion. With a Lighter airdrop incoming, we&#8217;ll see how the landscape shapes up if volumes drop drastically once the points program ends.



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The perps wars are heating up

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It’s been a slow week with Christmas, and traditional markets were closed yesterday. BTC slipped slightly (-0.4%) on muted volumes across the board, reflecting the broader holiday lull. With price action quiet, it’s a good moment to step back, reflect on 2025, and think about 2026 positioning.



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Bitcoin has underperformed stock benchmarks this year, but its performance vs. gold and silver is even more striking. In hindsight, those two will likely be remembered as the standout assets of 2025, a surprising outcome if you’d predicted it at the start of the year. Gold is having its best year since 1979, up around 72% year to date and recently breaking out to new all-time highs above $4,500 an ounce. Silver has done even better, rallying nearly 160% year to date and about 45% in the past month alone, reaching a record ~$75 an ounce yesterday.



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Looking ahead, 2026 could present compelling opportunities in liquid tokens. Many quality DeFi names are trading near multi-year lows, even as fundamentals and forward-looking growth remain strong. Crucially, value capture has flipped from infrastructure to applications: On Solana, for example, apps now generate roughly 3x the revenue of the network. The key question for investors is whether, and when, valuations will start to reflect this new reality.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1234" height="684" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-110615" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1234 1234w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/image-170.png?w=80 80w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1234px) 100vw, 1234px" /></figure>



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Gold and silver won 2025

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Ryan Connor

Head of Research

Pendle: Yield King

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Asset Managers

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Speakers

Paul S. Atkins was sworn into office as the 34th Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 21, 2025, after being nominated by President Donald J. Trump on January 20, 2025, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 9, 2025.



Prior to returning to the SEC, Chairman Atkins was most recently chief executive of Patomak Global Partners, a company he founded in 2009. Chairman Atkins helped lead efforts to develop best practices for the digital asset sector. He served as an independent director and non-executive chairman of the board of BATS Global Markets, Inc. from 2012 to 2015.



Chairman Atkins was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as a Commissioner of the SEC from 2002 to 2008. During his tenure, he advocated for transparency, consistency, and the use of cost-benefit analysis at the agency. Chairman Atkins also represented the SEC at meetings of the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets and the U.S.-EU Transatlantic Economic Council. From 2009 to 2010, he was appointed a member of the Congressional Oversight Panel for the Troubled Asset Relief Program.



Before serving as an SEC Commissioner, Chairman Atkins was a consultant on securities and investment management industry matters, especially regarding issues of strategy, regulatory compliance, risk management, new product development, and organizational control.



From 1990 to 1994, Chairman Atkins served on the staff of two chairmen of the SEC, Richard C. Breeden and Arthur Levitt, ultimately as chief of staff and counselor, respectively. He received the SEC’s 1992 Law and Policy Award for work regarding corporate governance matters.



Chairman Atkins began his career as a lawyer in New York, focusing on a wide range of corporate transactions for U.S. and foreign clients, including public and private securities offerings and mergers and acquisitions. He was resident for 2½ years in his firm's Paris office and admitted as conseil juridique in France.



A member of the New York and Florida bars, Chairman Atkins received his J.D. from Vanderbilt University School of Law in 1983 and was Senior Student Writing Editor of the Vanderbilt Law Review. He received his A.B., Phi Beta Kappa, from Wofford College in 1980.



Originally from Lillington, North Carolina, Chairman Atkins grew up in Tampa, Florida. He and his wife Sarah have three sons.

Paul S. Atkins

Samara Cohen, Senior Managing Director, is Global Head of Market Development for BlackRock where she helps to shape the evolution of market structure to support investor access and product innovation. She is a member of the firm’s Global Executive Committee (GEC).



Samara works with stakeholders across the capital markets ecosystem, including investors, academics, market makers, trading venues and service providers. In partnership with Global Corporate Affairs, Global Product Solutions, BlackRock Global Markets &amp; Index Investments, and Digital Assets, she is focused on advancing market structure priorities on behalf of investors. Samara previously was Chief Investment Officer of ETF and Index Investments and led teams delivering the market quality and investment integrity for BlackRock’s index funds and iShares ETFs. Samara is a member of the GEC Investment Subcommittee and the GEC Talent Subcommittee. She is also the GEC sponsor for BlackRock’s Women’s Initiative &amp; Allies Network (WIN) and Co-Head of the Global Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Steering Committee (GDSC).



Prior to rejoining BlackRock in 2015, Samara was a Managing Director in the Securities Division of Goldman Sachs, where she built and led the Global Market Transition team to develop and deliver solutions to clients in the evolving market structure and regulatory environment following the 2008 global financial crisis. Samara first joined BlackRock in 1993 as an analyst in the Institutional Client Business. Samara has been recognized for her leadership in the financial services industry. In 2023 and 2024, Samara was named one of American Banker’s Most Powerful Women in Finance.



She has been honored as one of Barron’s Most Influential Women in U.S. Finance for the past four consecutive years. In 2025, she received the Women’s Bond Club Merit Award for her outstanding contributions to the industry. She is a member of the Board of the Directors for the Securities Industry Financial Markets Association (SIFMA), and a member of the Board of the BlackRock Foundation. She earned a BS Econ in Finance from the Wharton School and a BA in Theatre Arts from the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Pennsylvania. She earned an MBA from Harvard Business School.

Samara Cohen

Stephen I. Miran took office as a member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System on September 16, 2025, to fill an unexpired term ending January 31, 2026.



Prior to his appointment to the Board, Dr. Miran served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Donald J. Trump. He previously worked as a senior strategist at Hudson Bay Capital Management and a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research.



From 2020 to 2021, Dr. Miran served as senior adviser for economic policy at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. He worked in financial markets for a decade before joining the Treasury.



Dr. Miran received a BA in economics, philosophy, and mathematics from Boston University. He earned a PhD in economics from Harvard University.

Stephen I. Miran

Michael S. Selig was sworn into office as the 16th Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission on December 22, 2025, after being nominated by President Donald J. Trump on October 27, 2025, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on December 18, 2025.



Chairman Selig most recently served as chief counsel of the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Crypto Task Force and senior advisor to SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins. In this role, Chairman Selig helped to develop a clear regulatory framework for digital asset securities markets, harmonize the SEC and CFTC regulatory regimes, modernize the agency’s rules to reflect new and emerging technologies, and put an end to regulation by enforcement. He also participated in the President’s Working Group on Digital Asset Markets and contributed to its report on “Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology.”



Prior to government service, Chairman Selig was a partner at an international law firm, focusing on derivatives and securities regulatory matters. During his years in private practice, he represented a broad range of clients subject to regulation by the CFTC, including commercial end users, futures commission merchants, commodity trading advisors, swap dealers, designated contract markets, derivatives clearing organizations, and digital asset firms.



Chairman Selig earned his law degree from The George Washington University Law School and was articles editor of The George Washington Law Review. He received his undergraduate degree from Florida State University.

Michael S. Selig

Paolo Ardoino is the CEO of Tether.

Paolo Ardoino

Richard Teng is an experienced executive with over three decades of experience in financial services and regulation. He has been the CEO of Binance since his appointment in November 2023. By working closely with various stakeholders, including regulators, policymakers, industry players, and users, Richard is driving the growth of Binance in a compliant and sustainable manner. Before taking on this role, Richard held several senior leadership positions within the company after joining in August 2021. Prior to Binance, he was the CEO of the Financial Services Regulatory Authority at Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM), where he established himself as one of the world’s foremost innovative regulators. Richard’s extensive experience also includes serving as the Chief Regulatory Officer of the Singapore Exchange (SGX) and as the Director of Corporate Finance at the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Richard holds a Master’s in Applied Finance from the University of Western Australia.

Richard Teng

Robbie Mitchnick serves as the Head of Digital Assets for BlackRock. He is a member of the Corp Exec-COO Executive team. Robbie is responsible for driving BlackRock's digital assets strategy, including working with internal business units to develop and execute on strategic initiatives around digital assets.



Prior to joining BlackRock, Robbie spent time at CPP Investment Board in Public Markets and Private Investments, and at Ripple. During his time at Ripple, Robbie co-authored 'A Fundamental Valuation Framework for Cryptoassets' along with John Bates Clark medal winner Susan Athey.



Robbie has BA &amp; BCOM degrees from Queen's University and an MBA from Stanford, where he graduated as an Arjay Miller Scholar and the Robichek Award winner in Finance. He holds a Blockchain Technologies Certification from MIT Sloan and is a CFA Charterholder.

Robbie Mitchnick

Johann Kerbrat is the Senior Vice President and General Manager of Robinhood Crypto. He oversees and leads strategy for the crypto business. Johann joined Robinhood to support the company in its mission to democratize finance for all and open up access to crypto to everyday investors. Prior to joining Robinhood, he held engineering roles at Airbnb, privacy-focused cryptocurrency startup Iron Fish, and founded an e-commerce and payments platform company. Johann grew up in Nice, France and holds an MSc in Software Engineering from Oxford Brookes University.

Johann Kerbrat

Tom Zschach is a senior technology and innovation executive with more than threr decades of experience building and operating mission critical infrastructure for global financial markets. As Chief Innovation Officer at SWIFT, he leads initiatives shaping the future of cross border payment and digital finance, working closely with the global financial community. Previously, he served as Chief Information Officer at CLS Group and LCH.Clearnet, where he sat on executive management teams and defined enterprise technology strategy. Earlier in his career, he held senior leadership roles at Bank of America Merrill Lynch and Barclays Capital across rates, currencies, equities, and prime brokerage. He holds degrees in Computer Science and Finance from California State University and an Executive MBA from TRIUM.

Tom Zschach

With 7 years of experience across investment banking, hedge funds, and private equity, Guy has built a strong foundation in the financial sector. Prior to founding Ethena, he spent 6 years at Cerberus Management, a firm with $60 billion in assets under management, where he focused on investing in financial services businesses across the capital structure.

Guy Young

Christine Moy is a Partner at Apollo, where she serves as Head of Digital Assets, Data, and AI Strategy. She leads Apollo’s efforts in digital asset innovation, investing in and partnering with companies transforming financial services while integrating blockchain technology into Apollo’s businesses. She also oversees the firm’s Enterprise Data Strategy, driving high-impact data initiatives, commercializing data products, and working across the firm to identify and implement the most promising AI use cases that enhance decision-making and amplify team capabilities. Previously, Christine was a Managing Director at J.P. Morgan, where she led the Blockchain program, focusing on digital assets, tokenized payments, and decentralized identity. Earlier in her career at J.P. Morgan, she worked in Syndicated Loans, Securitized Products, Credit Risk, and Commodities. Christine holds a BA from Brown University.

Christine Moy

Sandy Kaul is EVP, Head of Innovation at Franklin Templeton, providing advisory consulting for the firm and thought leadership as part of the Franklin Templeton Institute. She delivers actionable intelligence and insights on the future of the investment and wealth management industry for the firm and its clients. Ms. Kaul has cultivated deeply informed insights and has an extensive background in driving market leading research, thought leadership and predictive models centered on the evolution of the investment and wealth management industry. She identifies and champions opportunities to address industry advancements and drive transformation, with a focus on innovative distribution trends and digital disruption. She delivers strategic insights to inform the firm's decision-making on partnerships and investments, including within Franklin Templeton's growing digital asset business. Ms. Kaul has over 25 years of well-rounded industry experience and is a frequent speaker at industry events and a widely published author. She combines her unique blend of sell-side, buy-side and consulting insights to drive her research and thought leadership around what constitutes best practices and where innovation is occurring. Ms. Kaul joined Franklin Templeton in 2022 from Citi, where she served as Managing Director and Global Head of Business Advisory Services, and launched and built out the Citi's Business Advisory Services practice, a market leading provider of industry thought leadership spanning Citi's Markets and Global Wealth organizations. Ms. Kaul rejoined Citi in 2009, after originally starting her career there in 1985 as a Futures Research Analyst covering the soft commodities markets with Citi's predecessor firm, Shearson Lehman Brothers. She joined Commodities Corporation/Goldman Sachs Asset Management in 1995 as a Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) and Portfolio Manager. After managing money for nearly six years, Ms. Kaul shifted her attention to consulting where she led the strategy practice within the Financial Services division of the renowned dot.com firm, Scient, and then went on to become a Partner at the capital markets niche management consulting firm m.a.partners/Detica. Ms. Kaul holds a bachelor's degree in history and political science from Colgate University.

Sandy Kaul

Kristin Smith is President of Solana Policy Institute, a non-profit organization devoted to advocating for public policies that allow networks like Solana to flourish. She serves as a liaison between policymakers and the Solana ecosystem to assist in the creation of legislation and regulation that promotes the growth of the industry in the U.S. Prior to SPI, Kristin was CEO of Blockchain Association, the Washington, D.C.-based trade association representing the crypto industry’s leading companies.



Kristin has been a renowned voice for the industry, having been featured on Fortune’s 40 under 40 list, Washingtonian’s Most Influential People and Tech Titans, CoinDesk’s 50 people who defined the year in crypto, The Hill’s Top Lobbyists, and CoinTelegraph’s top 100 Influencers in Crypto and Blockchain. Prior to leading Blockchain Association, Kristin helped blockchain and technology companies achieve their public policy objectives in Washington. She served as a Senate and congressional aide on Capitol Hill for nearly 10 years, much of which was spent focusing on technology policy.

Kristin Smith

Vice President of Digital &amp; AI

Sangbu Kim

Global Head of Growth at Visa

Rubail Birwadker

Theo is an investment manager at Baillie Gifford and Chair of the Tokenisation Working Group. Theo is the architect of the firm's tokenisation strategy, and responsible for designing and creating tokenised funds as one of the firm's Digital Asset experts. Theo co-manages the Baillie Gifford Strategic Bond Strategy, and is chair of the Corporate Credit Macro Group. Prior to joining Baillie Gifford in 2021, Theo was a financial journalist from 2019, with roles at various news outlets including Bloomberg and Business Insider. Theo graduated BA (Hons) in Music from Durham University in 2020 and is a CFA Charterholder.

Theo Golden

Ronit Ghose is the Global Head, Future of Finance, Citi’s think tank for the future of money and technology. Ronit’s current areas of focus include Digital Assets, the Metaverse, Web3, the applications of AI to Finance and other frontier topics. Previously, Ronit was Global Head of Banks and Fintech Research for Citi.



Ronit is an Advisor to various Governments, Universities, VC investors and tech firms in the UK, UAE and Africa. Prior to joining Citi, he worked at the British Bankers’ Association and was a research assistant in the UK Parliament for a former Prime Minister. He has an undergraduate degree from the University of Oxford &amp; a postgraduate diploma from the University of London.

Ronit Ghose

Rebecca Rettig is the Chief Legal Officer at Jito Labs, where she leads legal, compliance, and policy strategy. She previously held the same role at the Aave Companies, a DeFi software developer, and Polygon Labs, a blockchain technology company; at both, she built the policy function and managed all legal and compliance matters. Ms. Rettig is a pioneer in shaping legal and regulatory frameworks for blockchain systems and applications, advising on matters including decentralization, token launches, and mechanisms. DeFi, structuring, and decentralized governance. She has liaised with policymakers and regulators globally on how DeFi systems operate and the appropriate intersection of law with this novel technology. Ms. Rettig began her legal career at Cravath, Swaine &amp; Moore LLP, litigating complex financial disputes, as well as a landmark peer-to-peer file-sharing case and one of the largest airline mergersin history. She was a partner at Manatt, Phelps &amp; Phillips and currently is Of Counsel at Arktouros pllc, a boutique law firm specializing in cutting-edge technology companies. She has been recognized as one of Crain’s Top Women Lawyers in New York City.

Rebecca Rettig

A pioneer in modernizing and democratizing derivatives trading, Donald R. Wilson, Jr., founded DRW in 1992. Three decades later, the principal trading firm employs over 2,000 employees globally and utilizes diverse trading strategies to take risk and support liquidity in markets including fixed income, FX, commodities and equities. Under Don’s leadership, the firm has expanded to include four subsidiaries: Cumberland (crypto), DRW Venture Capital (focused on fintech and enterprise tech), Convexity (real estate investor) and Artemeter (carbon market solutions).  Don also has co-founded and invested in market-centric initiatives, including Digital Asset, Eris Innovations, Climate Vault, ErisX, Silicon Data, and Compute Exchange. Don holds an undergraduate degree in economics from the University of Chicago, where he currently serves as a trustee.

Don Wilson

Dan Tapiero is the Managing Partner, CEO &amp; CIO of 50T. Dan brings 30 years of experience in macro and commodity investing and trading, research and economics, as well as entrepreneurship. Dan has an extensive set of relationships in the institutional investment management space and is a thought leader that regularly speaks and contributes on macroeconomic topics. Before founding 50T, Dan was the managing partner of DTAP Capital Advisors, a global macro investment fund, that he founded in 2003. He is the co-founder of Gold Bullion International (GBI), a physical precious metals platform for the wealth management industry that also expanded into the cryptocurrency universe in 2014. He is a co-founder of the Agricultural Company of America (AGCoA), one of the largest farmland REITs in the U.S. at the time of its sale in 2013. Previously, from 1992-2012, Dan was a macro-focused portfolio manager and analyst at Tiger Management, Duquesne Capital Management, Steinhardt Management Co., and SAC Capital Advisors. Dan graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Brown University, where he also earned his B.A.’90 and M.A.’91 in European History. Dan has been on the Board of Trustees of the Lawrenceville School for the past twelve years and currently leads the Investment Committee for its endowment.

Dan Tapiero

Sid Powell is the CEO &amp; Co-Founder of Maple Finance and with his Co-Founder Joe Flanagan founded Maple in 2019. Sid comes from a background in debt capital markets and institutional banking. During his career in traditional finance, he participated in $3BN+ of corporate bond issuance,and served as Treasurer for a commercial lending company in Australia. Maple has originated more than $5b in institutional lending since inception and currently holds over $550m in assets on the platform. We aim to be the global leader in tokenized private credit and first choice for institutional borrowers.

Sid Powell

Rune Christensen is the Co-Founder of Sky Protocol, a decentralised finance protocol that delivers USDS, the largest yield-generating stablecoin. As co-founder of Sky Protocol, Rune is considered one of the original thought-leaders in DeFi. Sky provides an unmatched track record of security and scale, immediate redemptions, and transparency with real-time backing data.

Rune Christensen

Ray Hindi is the co-founder of L1D and currently acts as the CEO/CIO. Ray has an investment background in venture, hedge funds and interest rate trading. Ray holds a BEng from UCL and an MSc in Finance from Imperial College. He previously acted as the CIO of Bellegarde Capital AG an independent investment group with activities focused in fintech, blockchain and other alternative investments. Also previously at Swiss Capital (StepStone Group) responsible for the firm’s macro outlook, macro hedge funds and event driven coverage. From 2005 to 2011 Ray was part of Harcourt Investment Consulting AG, a USD 6 bn fund of hedge funds firm in Zurich, and responsible for USD 2 bn of investments (rates, macro and distressed). He started his career at Bloomberg LP in London and subsequently left the firm to trade interest rates for a London based proprietary group. Ray holds a BEng from University College London (UCL) and an MSc in Finance from Imperial College.

Ray Hindi

Haseeb is a Managing Partner at Dragonfly. He was previously a partner at Metastable Capital, and has a background in software engineering at Airbnb and Earn.com (acquired by Coinbase).

Haseeb Qureshi

Mr. Kanade joined VanEck in 2022 and serves as Portfolio Manager for the Digital Assets Alpha Fund. Prior to joining VanEck, Mr. Kanade worked at Millennium Management as a Credit Portfolio Manager working closely with a team of six investment professionals. Prior to Millennium, he was the founding member of the Head of Research for the Liquid Credit investing business at Angelo, Gordon &amp;amp; Co.  Prior experience of Mr. Kanade includes his role as Managing Director / Research Analyst with a focus on Technology and Energy at Hutchin Hill Capital. Pranav started his career at UBS in credit research during the European credit crisis. He has a B.S. in Finance and Accounting with a specialization in Entertainment, Media and Technology from the New York University Stern School of Business.

Pranav Kanade

Eric Balchunas is Senior ETF Analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence, where he leads the ETF and fund research and contributes to Bloomberg Opinion. He is a frequent speaker at industry events and conferences, as well as the co-creator of the Bloomberg podcast Trillions and Bloomberg TV’s ETF IQ. Eric is author of The Bogle Effect (2022) and The Institutional ETF Toolbox (2016). Eric holds a bachelor's degree in Journalism and Environmental Economics from Rutgers University.

Eric Balchunas

Jean-Marie Mognetti, CEO and Co-founder of CoinShares, has been a pivotal figure in the digital asset industry since 2014. Holding a Master’s degree from Sir John Cass Business School in Mathematical Trading and Finance, he boasts extensive experience as a commodity trader specializing in quantitative analysis and risk management. Prior to CoinShares, Jean-Marie honed his expertise at Hermes Commodities Fund Managers, where he managed trading programs with a focus on macroeconomic commodities, including cryptocurrencies. Under his leadership, CoinShares has emerged as a leading force in the alternative digital asset management space in Europe.

Jean-Marie Mognetti

Soona Amhaz is founder and managing partner of Volt Capital, a venture firm that backs early-stage crypto startups including many leading protocols and companies like Nansen, Sound, Magic Eden, Squads, Farcaster, LayerZero, and Magic. Prior to starting Volt Capital, Soona co-founded On Deck and operated in the big data/AI space, scaling companies from seed stage to post-Series C.

Soona Amhaz

Hunter Horsley is CEO and co-founder of Bitwise Asset Management, a global crypto asset manager with more than $15 billion in client assets. With offices in San Francisco, New York, and London, Bitwise manages over 30 investment solutions spanning ETFs, separate accounts, alpha strategies, staking solutions, and private funds. In his role, Hunter leads the firm’s executive team and oversees client relationships, product development, and industry stewardship.



Prior to Bitwise, Hunter was a product manager at Facebook and Instagram. A 2019 Forbes “30 Under 30” honoree, Hunter was a 2024 nominee for ETF.com’s Lifetime Achievement Award, and was named to CoinDesk’s “Most Influential” in crypto list. He graduated from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science in Economics.

Hunter Horsley

Jordi Visser heads AI Macro Nexus Research for 22V Research. A product he developed to equip investors with a framework to tackle the intertwined dynamics of AI-driven innovation and economic transformation. He also produces weekly general content on X, Substack, and YouTube and has a weekly podcast with Anthony Pompliano.



Founder and Chief Strategist of Visser-Labs, a consulting firm dedicated to helping asset managers and investors navigate the disruption caused by AI and digital assets. Since launching the firm in 2024, Jordi has focused on advising clients on how to adapt their strategies, portfolios and firms to the evolving financial landscape shaped by emerging technologies.



Prior to launching Visser-Labs, Jordi was the President and Chief Investment Officer of Weiss Multi-Strategy Advisers, where he spent two decades. He joined the firm with his team as a Portfolio Manager to build out the macro portion of the firm.



Before his time at Weiss, Jordi was the Founding Managing Partner of Anchor Point Asset Management, a global macro hedge fund. Prior to that he was a Managing Director at Morgan Stanley, where he traded various global equity derivative books and opened the firm’s office in Sao Paulo, Brazil in 1997 where he managed the sales and trading effort.



He graduated magna cum laude from Manhattan College.



Jordi also regularly produces general content on X, Substack, and YouTube.

Jordi Visser

Robert Leshner is the CEO and Co-founder of Superstate, an asset management firm modernizing investing through tokenized financial products. Prior to founding Superstate, Leshner co-founded Compound Labs in 2017, which developed one of the first DeFi applications. Robert is a venture investor at Robot Ventures and co-hosts The Chopping Block, a crypto-native podcast. He is directly responsible for designing smart contracts such as Governor Bravo and the ERC-7246 token standard, Encumber. He has a degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania and is a Chartered Financial Analyst. Additionally, Robert is the former chair of the San Francisco Revenue Bond Oversight Committee and a CFA charter holder.

Robert Leshner

Seth Ginns is a Managing Partner and Head of Liquid Investments at CoinFund, and a key member of the Venture Investment Committee. He has 20 years of Wall Street experience and has been deeply involved in the crypto community since his angel investment in Coinbase in 2012. He is also an angel in Starkware, Chainalysis, participated in the Ethereum ICO in 2014, and loves traveling globally to developer events as a way to keep a finger on the pulse of the market. His angel portfolio also includes Instacart, BillionToOne and DoorDash, and many earlier stage, high growth startups.



Prior to CoinFund, Seth invested in public growth equities over 18 years at Jennison Associates. He holds a BA in Mathematics and South Asia Studies from the University of Pennsylvania, where he serves on the International Advisory Board of the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the School of Arts and Sciences and served as an Overseer at the School of Nursing and Co-Chair of the Innovation Committee.

Seth Ginns

James Seyffart is a senior research analyst within Bloomberg Intelligence (Bloomberg's Research Department), focusing on the broader asset management industry with specialized expertise in the coverage of Funds like ETFs, Mutual Funds and Hedge Funds. He has assisted in the creation and development of multiple functions and datasets on the terminal and still aids in this process today. He also aids colleagues in digital asset research and their overlap with traditional financial markets. This overlap gives him expertise in the bridges being built between DeFi and TradFi but particularly in the area of Bitcoin and other digital asset funds. Professionally, he's been covering Bitcoin and Crypto since at least 2017.



James is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®), a Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA®) and a member of their New York societies/chapters. He has a B.S. in Finance and Accounting from The College Of New Jersey (TCNJ).

James Seyffart

Tarun Chitra is the Co-Founder and CEO of Gauntlet, the leading model provider in crypto and premier DeFi vault curator. Gauntlet manages risk across custom vault strategies and builds models safeguarding tens of billions of dollars in digital assets across the crypto ecosystem, driving capital efficiency and mitigating risk.



Under Tarun’s leadership, Gauntlet equips investors, builders, and token issuers with data-driven strategies to confidently allocate funds onchain by leveraging the most trusted crypto-economic research and analysis. Tarun’s research collaborations include more than 25 peer-reviewed papers on crypto and DeFi, and he is among the most cited contributors in DeFi economics.



He invests in fintech and blockchain companies through his fund Robot Ventures and is a biweekly contributor to Laura Shin’s investor podcast, “The Chopping Block.” Tarun is an alumnus of D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES) and Vatic Labs, and holds a B.A. in mathematics and a B.S. in applied engineering physics from Cornell University.

Tarun Chitra

Henri Stern is the cofounder and CEO of Privy. Privy builds user onboarding and wallet infrastructure to enable better, safer products built on crypto rails.

Henri Stern

Ben founded ParaFi in 2018 as one of the earliest investment firms focused on the blockchain and digital asset ecosystem. Prior to founding ParaFi, Ben spent the first 10 years of his career in institutional investing roles at leading asset managers including KKR and TPG. While at KKR, Ben served as a Director in the credit business, investing across a wide array of industry sectors and parts of the capital structure, including distressed special situations, private credit, and opportunistic and liquid credit. Ben also led KKR's blockchain research as part of the firm's Innovation and Disruption Council beginning in 2016. Prior to KKR, Ben served as a Vice President with TPG’s former credit business, Sixth Street Partners. As one of the first investment professionals to join the platform, Ben helped scale its private credit vehicle, TPG Specialty Lending, which went public in 2014. Earlier in his career, Ben was a member of the private equity team at Littlejohn &amp; Company and investment banking team at Rothschild &amp; Co. Ben has a passion for capital markets, behavioral economics and game theory, all of which drew him to the blockchain space. He grew up playing chess competitively and continues to play actively to this day (peak ELO 1871). He graduated with a B.A. in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, magna cum laude, from the University of Pennsylvania.

Ben Forman

Matt Hougan is one of the world’s leading experts on crypto, ETFs, and financial technology. He is Chief Investment Officer for Bitwise Asset Management, a pioneer in cryptoasset index funds with more than $1.2 billion in assets under management. He was previously CEO of ETF.com, where he helped build the world’s first ETF data and analytics system, the leading ETF media site, and the world’s largest ETF conference, Inside ETFs. Hougan is co-author of both "A Comprehensive Guide to Exchange-Traded Funds" and "Cryptoassets: The Guide to Bitcoin, Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies for Professional Investors" from the CFA Institute’s Research Foundation. He is a crypto columnist for Forbes, and a three-time member of the Barron’s ETF Roundtable.

Matt Hougan

Kelly Greer is a partner at Crucible Capital, an investment firm that invests in early stage companies in energy, compute and crypto, deploys and finances bare metal compute infrastructure, and trades liquid opportunities across 3 distinct investment vehicles.

Kelly Greer

Yuval co-founded Digital Asset in 2014 to harness the promise of blockchain technology to create an open financial network where value flows as freely as information on the internet.



 As a Co-Founder and CEO of Digital Asset, Yuval has been instrumental in reshaping global finance by merging traditional systems with the power of decentralized technology. Yuval played a pivotal role in the formation of the Canton Network, the only public layer-one blockchain with privacy. He is also a Board Member and Treasurer of the Global Synchronizer Foundation, which he helped to create with the support of the Linux Foundation, to bring fair and transparent decentralized governance and organizational neutrality to the adoption and evolution of the Canton Network.



 Yuval is a member of the Digital Asset Markets subcommittee of the U.S. Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) Global Market Advisory Committee and serves on the Board of Directors of the Global Blockchain Business Council, a leading industry association for the blockchain technology ecosystem. He has also testified before the U.S. House Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Digital Assets, Financial Technology and Inclusion. Before founding Digital Asset, Yuval gained extensive experience in finance and technology, holding key positions at Citadel and DRW Trading, where he managed an algorithmic trading desk and helped launch DRW Venture Capital.

Yuval Rooz

Luigi Buttiglione is a globally recognized economist, with extensive expertise in monetary policy, public debt management, and complex macro-financial strategies. His career spans academia, central banking, investment banking, and hedge funds.



Before founding LB MACRO in 2018- an international macroeconomic and financial consulting firm- he served as Head of Strategies at Brevan Howard Asset Management (2008–2017) and held senior roles at other leading funds (2003–2008), as well as Chief Economist at Barclays Capital (2001–2003).



Earlier, he worked as an Economist at the Research Department of the Bank of Italy, in the divisions of Monetary Analysis, Real Economy, and Forecasting (1989–2000). During this time, LB provided strategic counsel to the Governor on monetary policy, actively managed the Italian Republic’s public debt, and contributed as a member of both the Bank of Italy’s Forecasting Committee and the European Central Bank’s Working Group on Forecasting.



LB has also held academic positions as a Professor at the Universities of Milan and Bologna, a Visiting Scholar at Harvard University. He is the author of numerous academic articles in monetary and international economics. LB holds a degree with highest honors in Monetary Economics from “La Sapienza” University of Rome and an MBA from New York University.

Luigi Buttiglione

Summer Mersinger is CEO of Blockchain Association, where she leads advocacy efforts to advance digital asset innovation and policy in Washington. She previously served as a Commissioner of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, nominated by President Biden and unanimously confirmed by the Senate. With over 20 years of experience in public policy and government affairs, Summer has held senior roles at the CFTC, on Capitol Hill as Chief of Staff to Senator John Thune, and in the private sector.

Summer Mersinger

CEO at Pendle

Jeff Park is a Partner and Chief Investment Officer, responsible for leading its investment and capital markets strategy, portfolio construction and risk management.



Before joining ProCap Financial, Mr. Park was the Head of Alpha Strategies and Portfolio Manager at Bitwise Asset Management, one of the world’s largest crypto-specialist asset managers. Prior to Bitwise, he was a Partner at Corbin Capital Partners, a multi-billion alternative asset management firm that specializes in multi-strategy hedge fund and opportunistic credit investing, where he led the firm’s digital asset investing efforts.



He is a graduate of Stanford University with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations.

Jeff Park

A.J. Warner is the Chief Strategy Officer at Offchain Labs, the team behind Arbitrum, a leading Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution. He leads the company’s strategic initiatives, including business development and ecosystem partnerships, driving adoption and long-term growth of the platform. A.J. holds a Juris Doctor and an MBA from New York University and a bachelor’s degree in Economics from Yeshiva University. Prior to joining Offchain Labs, he worked as an associate at Paul Hastings LLP and gained experience in economics research, sales, and freelance sportswriting, bringing a diverse professional background to his role in blockchain strategy.

A.J. Warner

A lifelong investor and operator, John Wu serves as President of Ava Labs, a technology company backed by Andreessen Horowitz (a16z), developing the blockchain platform Avalanche. In his role at Ava Labs, John leads commercial and product teams focused on creating tools that empower finance, consumer, and gaming sectors to launch innovative applications. With a network market cap of $10+ billion, Avalanche has established itself as a trusted platform for institutions such as JPMorgan, Citigroup, Apollo, and KKR.



John has over 20 years of experience as a fintech executive and technology investor, running Sureview Capital, a global hedge fund backed by the Blackstone Group and managing a global technology portfolio at Kingdon Capital. He began his investment career at Tiger Management.



With a BS from Cornell and MBA from Harvard, John's academic endeavors have translated into a lifelong engagement with these institutions through a commitment to education and mentorship; while also supporting students through his family scholarship trust. He serves as an executive fellow at Harvard Business School and sits on various boards at Cornell University. Deeply committed to community service, John is a board member of his YMCA, a non-profit focused on community development, health, and social responsibility.

John Wu

Austin Campbell is the founder and managing partner of Zero Knowledge Group, a blockchain and fintech advisory boutique and publisher of the Zero In newsletter, and an adjunct professor at NYU Stern. He has previously held trading roles at JP Morgan, Citi, and Stone Ridge, parent of NYDIG, and was the head of portfolio management and chief risk officer at Paxos. He has testified twice in front of Congress on crypto topics.

Austin Campbell

Raghav Chopra is the Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Tephra Digital, a digital assets investment firm backed by Jefferies. Previously, he was the Portfolio Manager of a $600 million technology hedge fund portfolio for AllianceBernstein LP, and prior to that, he worked at The Blackstone Group. Mr. Chopra began his career in private equity at The Carlyle Group and in investment banking at Goldman Sachs &amp; Co. in 2006. He received his MBA with High Distinction from Harvard Business School, where he was named a George F. Baker Scholar, and his B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Economics with Distinction from Yale University. He serves on the Board of Directors of the Harvard Club of New York City Foundation and Argo Blockchain plc.

Raghav Chopra

Rob Hadick is a General Partner at Dragonfly, a ~$4bn crypto focused investment firm. Previously, he helped lead multi-stage investments into crypto companies and protocols at GoldenTree Asset Management ("GTAM"), a ~$50bn multi-strategy hedge fund. Prior to GTAM, Rob invested in and advised fintech, technology, and crypto companies while at Heritage Partners, Goldman Sachs, and PJT Partners. He holds a MBA from Columbia Business School, and a Bachelors in Economics and Political Science from Washington University in St. Louis.

Rob Hadick

Felipe is the Chief Investment Officer at Theia, a liquid token fund focused on fundamentals. Theia invests in companies building out the Internet Financial System.



Prior to co-founding Theia, Felipe was a Vice President and early employee at BayPine, a private equity firm focused on creating value through digital transformation within traditional industries. Felipe was also a Vice President at Declaration Partners, the family office of David Rubenstein. Previously, he was a Senior Associate at JLL Partners, investing in buyout and growth equity transactions across healthcare, business services and industrials. Felipe holds a BA in Economics from Yale University.

Felipe Montealegre

Russell Barlow is CEO at 21shares, bringing over 25 years of experience in regulated asset management. Previously, he was the Global Head of Multi-Asset and Alternative Investment Solutions at Abrdn plc, where he managed a team of over 110 people across three continents and assets exceeding $250bn, including hedge funds, private credit, private equity, property, infrastructure, real assets, and more. Russell has designed, launched, and managed investment products and served as a Non-Executive Director of Archax, the UK’s only FCA-regulated digital asset exchange.

Russell Barlow

CEO @ Helius

Mert Mumtaz

Lekker Capital is a global macro hedge fund with a particular focus on the emerging digital asset industry. Prior to founding Lekker, Quinn served as the Head of Capital Markets for two institutional lending businesses in the digital asset ecosystem, most recently at Maple Finance. Quinn spent five years in fixed income and capital markets at Guggenheim Partners in New York before his full-time foray into crypto.

Quinn Thompson

Tyler Neville is a Partner at Corriente Advisors, a macro thematic hedge fund based in Fort Worth, TX that is active in bitcoin and cryptocurrencies.  Previously, Tyler traded equities &amp; derivatives at several hedge funds and Franklin Templeton, a trillion-dollar asset manager.  Tyler also served as Editorial Director at both Real Vision and Blockworks in between stints in the investment world.

Tyler Neville

Santiago Roel Santos (CryptoPunk #9159) is an investor focusing at the intersection of DeFi and the Web3 metaverse (NFTs/gaming). Most recently was a Partner at ParaFi Capital, one of the largest crypto funds specializing in DeFi. Prior to that, he was at Sageview Capital investing in Internet and software and, before that, at JP Morgan investment banking. Santiago began investing in crypto in 2012.

Santiago Roel Santos

Sonya is Co-Founder of 3F Labs, building an on-chain yield index of leveraged exposure to the world's leading alternative assets.



Previously, she was Chef at Steakhouse Financial, a DeFi builder focused on risk curation, stablecoins, and DAO advisory, where she led business development and grew Morpho’s TVL from zero to $1B.



She holds a BA in Mathematics from NYU and a Master of Finance from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Sonya Kim

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Mike Dudas

Chris is the CIO of Digital Assets at Amitis Capital. In his early career, Chris worked at several major institutions including CIBC World Markets, Société Générale Barr Devlin, Antarctica Asset Management and ING Investment Management. In 2010, he joined SAIL Advisors (the family office of the founder of Duty-Free Shoppers) as Head of Research for Tactical Trading and Relative Value Strategies. He later joined Cliffwater LLC as Managing Director covering global macro and relative value strategies on the hedge fund research team. Most recently, Chris was the CIO of Digital Assets at Forest Road, where he oversaw a digital assets-focused venture capital fund of funds. Chris has a BA in Economics and Anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania and an MComm in Finance from the University of New South Wales, where he was a Federation Scholar. Chris holds the CFA, CPA, and CAIA designations. Chris has broken 9 Guinness World Records and has run marathons on all 7 continents and in all 50 US states.

Chris Solarz

Michael Bucella is Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Neoclassic Capital, a digital asset investment firm with a strong focus on Asia. Prior to Neoclassic, Michael served as General Partner with BlockTower Capital from 2017 to 2022, growing the firm near inception to managing in excess of $1B in AUM across hedge fund, venture, and credit strategies. Previous to BlockTower, Michael spent nearly a decade with Goldman Sachs in New York across both the Asset Management (GSAM) and Securities Division.