Donovan Choy

This is a segment from the 0xResearch newsletter. To read full editions, <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/research">subscribe</a>.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Blockchains sell blocks. A complex market of actors are paid to assemble those blocks, but a part of that market — specifically block builders — is a duopoly between two players (Beaverbuild and Titan).



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com/docsz/AD_4nXdYSLF4ZyYORtvnS4zThXRvtT0NKPihLT-8CgQrDyZqvWfOe1q7Di2c9BWU8Iws4iiPGoNWOQn8jwnk4Zwfd0TEy_XPgIQuTwvNxZx_rzUUe3xQiuHuJxdcRugYumm5xNYIF0Ay?key=fIUkGPUKPRfUqNNxn9KytrYg" alt=""/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: <a href="https://mevboost.pics/">Mevboost.pics</a></figcaption></figure>



This duopoly is bad for various reasons, but chiefly in regard to maximal-extractable value (MEV).



MEV is believed to be monetary value that the end user creates, so returning it to them is ethically preferable. But when a few block builders dominate block building, that creates maximal value extraction that is suboptimal for the Ethereum end user.



To mitigate this, the Flashbots team announced today <a href="https://x.com/SheaKetsdever/status/1861480598000304148">BuilderNet</a>, a new block building network designed to return more MEV and gas fees to users.



Operating alongside Nethermind and the same Beaverbuild, BuilderNet looks to split up the presently “monolithic process” of block building.



This division of labor would allow existing stakeholders such as block builders, searchers and dapps to join a “multioperator network” and concurrently run the same block builder together. When blocks are assembled, rewards are then <a href="https://docs.flashbots.net/flashbots-auction/advanced/gas-fee-refunds#how-are-refunds-calculated">refunded</a> back to stakeholders based on the amount of market value they’ve contributed to a block.



With BuilderNet, any application can permissionlessly and privately submit transaction order flow to a block builder and be paid for it on a pro rata basis.



Transactions stay private since the BuilderNet network will run in a “<a href="https://blockworks-research.beehiiv.com/p/wtf-is-a-tee">trusted execution environment</a>” (TEE), an encrypted secure enclave that allows data to be processed without revealing order flow data.



Operators will also be able to permissionlessly deploy a block builder in BuilderNet.



According to official <a href="https://buildernet.org/blog/introducing-buildernet">docs</a>, this will enable an “even playing field where independent searchers can receive the same financial outcomes and privacy that integrated searcher-builders do today.”



BuilderNet in effect looks to thwart current industry practices in the block builder market that have sought to internalize MEV from end users. These include exclusive MEV revenue-sharing agreements <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/battle-for-wallet-supremacy">between</a> apps/wallets and block builders or other forms of vertical integration within the MEV supply chain between searchers and block builders.



Though BuilderNet will primarily benefit the Ethereum L1 today, it eventually plans to be available for decentralized sequencing on L2s through <a href="https://writings.flashbots.net/introducing-rollup-boost">Rollup-Boost</a>, the block building platform that will be used on Unichain.



Updated Dec. 11, 2024 at 3:51 pm ET: A previous version of this article incorrectly stated that Titan’s relayer accepted blocks exclusively from its own block builder, when in fact it <a href="https://relayscan.io/overview?t=7d">accepts</a> blocks permissionlessly from any block builder.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

0xResearch Newsletter

Flashbots’ BuilderNet to address Ethereum block builder centralization

Darren Kleine

Centralization: the hideous enemy of freedom and progress in the realm of distributed ledger technology. It often rears its head as soon as developers encounter scaling challenges.



In decentralized protocols, the fastest way to move from point A to point B often ironically involves resorting to some sort of centralized mechanism. Forget ideals like <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/censorship">censorship-resistance</a> and independence, devs might cry out, we just want this thing to be quick and cheap!



The quest for further decentralization in the blockchain space continues, but for some elements, Stephane Gosselin says, centralization might not be such a bad thing, after all.



The former co-founder and chief architect of <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/flashbots">Flashbots</a> and founder of Frontier Research spoke to Blockworks on the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjSG38e1Zl0">Bell Curve podcast</a> about layer-2 rollups and how centralized sequencers might not be the problem that many fear.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">All rollup sequencers are centralized</h2>



Let’s get one fact out of the way to begin with: All layer-2 rollups on Ethereum — <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/shared-sequencers-decentralization">every single one of them</a> — use centralized sequencers. 



The sequencer’s job is to process and order transactions into blocks to be added to the chain. It’s cheaper, faster and easier for rollup providers to maintain their own proprietary centralized sequencer system than to farm out the job.



“I&#8217;m still not convinced that that&#8217;s a bad thing,” says Gosselin, “I don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s a done deal to say that, actually, first in, first out sequencers on a layer-2 are a bad thing.”



The usual argument against rollup centralization, Gosselin says, is that it creates a “latency game” that draws centralization toward a specific geographic region. Being concentrated in a particular place leaves a rollup susceptible to censorship and oppressive <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/regulation">regulation</a> wherever the rollup is deployed, Gosselin says.



“But, still, the question is like, is that actually bad?”



Ethereum has been designed, Gosselin says, as a maximally decentralized <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/layer-1">layer-1</a> with relatively little economic activity on the base layer. Its goal is to settle data without what he describes as “contention” &nbsp; — demand for settling on a specific position — which takes place inside layer-2s instead.



“If you have an architecture where the layer-1 is only settling data blobs and there isn&#8217;t contention, and you have all the activity inside of layer-2s, it reduces the centralization pressure on the layer-1 significantly.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cross-chain messaging to the rescue</h2>



Cross-chain messaging could save the day, Gosselin says, providing censorship-resistance between layers when needed. “You have some way to push messages out from the layer-2 back into the layer-1, or maybe for it to be interpreted by some other spin-up of that layer-2 somewhere else.”



Through a messaging mechanic like <a href="https://ibcprotocol.org/">IBC</a>, Gosselin says layer-2s would remain censorship-resistant and non-custodial because individual rollup participants can “exit their state and bridge it over to some other roll-up in some other jurisdiction.”



Host Mike Ippolito points out that in such a situation, users would experience significant “market disruption.”



“There would be a period of time where we&#8217;d have to migrate the assets and everything down into the main chain and back up onto another rollup.”



The looming threat of disruption, Ippolito says, could “prevent <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/tvl">TVL</a> and activity from migrating up to the rollups as much as they otherwise would.”



Gosselin concurs, noting, “the other argument is, well, if you have some way for the state to be able to exit back to the layer-1,” he says, “then you have a lot of contention on the layer-1.”



<iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=BWG1122973108" width="100%"></iframe>







“And so you have all the same centralization pressure on the layer-1,” he says.



“I don&#8217;t think, by any means, it&#8217;s perfectly solved.”



“At the end of the day, yes, you&#8217;re going to have trade-offs in these different execution environments,” Gosselin admits, but ultimately, app developers just want an interface for connecting and automatically deploying their services.



“These <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/rollups-arent-that-decentralized">shared sequencers</a> or decentralized block builders, cross-chain bridges, are all in the same game of trying to build and provide those services,” he says.



“There&#8217;s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blockchain-goes-modular">so many different ways to build these things</a> — and it’s not clear to me where it&#8217;s going to go.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Bell Curve

Rollup Sequencers Are Centralized — And That’s Fine

DeFi trading is fraught with monetary dangers, borne from its freewheeling and volatile environment. And as if the wild west of crypto trading wasn’t already risky enough, highly effective bots have emerged to gobble up value from unwary traders in recent weeks.



These predatory robots are constantly on the lookout for new victims in <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/ethereum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ethereum’s</a> public mempool, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/mev-searcher-battle-for-profit" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting for opportunities</a> to seize upon vulnerable orders.&nbsp;



Technically, one could argue they’re not “stealing” anything, per se. The bots are really just extracting the maximum value, or <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/mev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MEV</a>, in the most effective way possible under the given conditions.



Ostensibly, they’re just playing by the rules — and finding loopholes — better than everybody else. Their actions just happen to also be at the expense of everybody else. In the traditional finance world, this activity would likely be a clear-cut case of illegal behavior, but legalities are not as well-defined in <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/defi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decentralized finance</a>. <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-defi-proposed-exchange-definition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Not yet, anyway</a>.



On a recent <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0brToNVGjE">Bell Curve podcast</a>, host Mike Ippolito spoke to Blockworks about the tweeted <a href="https://twitter.com/bertcmiller/status/1656392876438462464?cxt=HHwWgIDRifKi2PwtAAAA">observations</a> of a recent MEV exploit from steward and product lead at <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/flashbots-has-a-new-plan-make-tradfi-look-embarrassing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flashbots</a>, Robert Miller. This particular bot, going by the dubious moniker, jaredfromsubway.eth, has been highly successful with a technique referred to as a “sandwich attack.”



A sandwich attack consists of two rapid swaps surrounding a victim’s trade. It begins with an innocent trader sending their order to the public mempool, at which point the bot — always searching — spots its opportunity.&nbsp;



The attack begins with a frontrun, followed up by an attack on the backend of the selected trade, hence the term “sandwich.” In an example <a href="https://twitter.com/bertcmiller/status/1656392901944037376?s=20">posted</a> by Miller, the bot exploits pepe (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/pepe" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PEPE</a>) trades with ether (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/eth" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH</a>).&nbsp;



The frontrun, Miller explains, sells the attacker’s pepe for ether. This causes the price of ether to climb immediately before the targeted trade is initiated. The victim then swaps their pepe for ether, receiving less than they should expect due to the price hike caused by the bot.&nbsp;



Following this, the bot promptly sells ether back for the memecoin, which is now cheaper because of the victim’s sell order.&nbsp;



In this particular example of a brief moment of exploitation, the bot gains 0.04 ETH and 300 memecoins, unbeknownst to the hapless victim. It might not sound like much, but it’s happening constantly, netting the bot millions of dollars over the past few weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Extremely good at sniping</h2>



Ippolito says this particular bot is highly effective because it “takes a very different approach.” It starts with a large supply of a token — in this case, pepe — so “there&#8217;s just much less competition.”&nbsp;



“The reason why more bots don&#8217;t do that is just because warehousing becomes very difficult,” he says.



“You don&#8217;t really want to hold a whole bunch of your assets in something that&#8217;s as volatile as something like pepe, because any profits that you get from the sandwiching could be offset by declines from the memecoin basically failing.”



“But I guess jaredfromsubway is extremely good at sniping.”



<iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=BWG9793790587" width="100%"></iframe>







Indeed, the bot is especially effective at “sniping,” suspiciously snapping up a large supply of pepe within ten minutes of it being deployed. This lucrative acquisition allowed it to have the required inventory for its MEV strategy.



One way to avoid becoming a victim of attacks of this nature is to change a wallet’s RPC (remote procedure call) to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/flashbots-frontrunning-protection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flashbots’ Protect RPC solution</a>. The tool diverts transaction orders from the public to a protected mempool. From there, it privately transmits transactions, rendering them invisible to bots, thus eliminating the possibility of such attacks.



On a positive note, co-founder of Framework Ventures, Vance Spencer, suggests the recent ramp-up in MEV activity is a good sign for the market, noting that “MEV is turning back on.”



Michael Anderson of Framework Ventures agrees, noting that the level of engagement on pepe indicates “green shoots” out of the bear market and the possibility of finally “moving past it.”



For good or bad, “MEV is gonna be a benefactor for all of that.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Ethereum

Sandwich Attacks: Stealing or Just Playing the DeFi Game?

Bessie Liu

Flashbots, an organization designed to simplify the MEV market, has created a new tool to protect user wallets and dapps from being front-run by bots.



This tool comes at a time where bots designed to profit from sandwich attacks have gained a lot of attention in the cryptocurrency community.



In particular, a pseudonymous trader who decided to name themselves after a convicted child sex offender, jaredfromsubway.eth, has made headlines after <a href="https://eigenphi.substack.com/p/performance-appraisal-of-jaredfromsubway-eth">profiting</a> millions of dollars from a sandwich bot that was mainly targeting <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/pepe">PEPE</a> traders.&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">jaredfromsubway.eth&#39;s alpha and how to stop him&mdash; @bertcmiller ⚡️🤖 (@bertcmiller) <a href="https://twitter.com/bertcmiller/status/1656392876438462464?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">May 10, 2023</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



​​Robert Miller, steward and product lead at Flashbots, told Blockworks that the concept of Flashbots Protect is not new.



“Originally in proof-of-work Ethereum, Flashbots offered a way to privately transmit bundles of transactions to miners. We quickly realized that this tool could also be used by users to send their regular transactions privately to miners too, skipping the public mempool and gaining frontrunning protection,” Miller said.&nbsp;



On top of offering frontrunning protection, Miller noted that Flashbots has been looking at ways to provide users with a way to internalize their MEV, otherwise known as MEV redistribution.



“It took us a long time to figure out a mechanism for this that was efficient, safe, and that we felt could reasonably be decentralized over time. That was how MEV-Share was born,” he said.



Users can now change their RPC (remote procedure call) software on their wallets to Flashbots Protect RPC.&nbsp;



“The Flashbots Protect RPC filters for actions that might generate MEV and those that are unlikely to do so,” Miller said. “The actions that might generate MEV are sent to a protected mempool and actions that are unlikely to generate MEV, such as just sending a friend ETH or USDC for sharing a pizza, are sent through a standard RPC such as Infura to the public mempool.”



This will protect users from sandwich bots lurking on public mempools such as the one deployed by jaredfromsubway.



“It can take a few blocks for the Flashbots Builder to propose a block sometimes. Be patient. We&#8217;re working on this though! Better inclusion is coming,” Miller said.&nbsp;



The Flashbots team is also working on other projects including “better inclusion rates, more efficient MEV payments through Flashbots Matchmaker, more expressivity for users around their programmable private transactions, and better awareness of nonce.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Flashbots

Flashbots is Now Offering its Users Frontrunning Protection

From its inception, the founders of the Solana network envisioned a decentralized, speedy and scalable applications platform. The network’s developers sought unique solutions to problems that cropped up on other protocols, particularly contrasting their strategies against the dominant competitor, Ethereum.



Even though the two systems are different from each other, they both face one major challenge: MEV. It’s the unrelenting effort by certain participants to extract wealth — the “<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/mev">Maximum Extractable Value</a>” — from the network’s activity in a manner that can be detrimental to users.



MEV activity on <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/ethereum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ethereum</a> has been a fast and furious battle for some time, with solutions to combat harmful exploitation, like <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/flashbots">Flashbots</a>, arising in response. While Solana can proudly claim to have averted several MEV issues via its design, it has struggled to avoid at least one crucial problem: spam.



Co-founder of Jito Labs, Lucas Bruder and co-founder of Ellipsis Labs, Eugene Chen spoke to Blockworks on the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IknurQzmVhY">Bell Curve podcast</a> about their efforts to mitigate Solana’s spam problem.



Following the MEV timeline, Solana is at a more primitive stage than Ethereum, Chen says. Most validators on Solana are benevolent in practice whereas the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/mev-searcher-battle-for-profit">Ethereum MEV environment can be pretty ruthless</a>, “which is kind of a luxury, but not something that we can depend on forever.”



“MEV on Solana today is quite similar to what it looked like on Ethereum in 2019 or early 2020, pre-Flashbots, when MEV was just starting to become a problem,” Chen observes.



He believes that <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/solana" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solana</a> developers today have a huge advantage, as they can learn from the “ton of fundamental MEV research” that’s already taken place in Ethereum’s development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The statistics don’t lie</h2>



Bruder illustrates the spam problem with a few statistics, noting that in recent observations, 60% of computing power was spent on arbitrages — rapidly repeated trade orders hammering the network in an effort to push through profitable transactions.&nbsp;



“And there is a 98% failure rate. So, you know, 98% of arbitrage transactions are failing on Solana.” This strategy wouldn’t be feasible on Ethereum due to gas costs but on Solana, more than half of all “compute units” are spent executing failed transactions, Bruder says.



“Right now, the best way to land a transaction is spamming,” he says.



“It&#8217;s like a hundredth of a penny to send a trade, not including priority fees, if you attach those. So it&#8217;s super cheap to do it.”



Part of the challenge is that, unlike Ethereum, Solana does not use discrete time windows. Instead, it’s a continuous flow of transactions. The Jito-Solana client addresses the spam problem by introducing a Flashbots-like bundle mechanism where transactions sit in a “pseudo-mempool” for roughly 200 milliseconds. Searchers can then bid for priority to be sent to validators.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Slowing down time</h2>



“What you’re doing,” Flashbots strategy lead Hasu comments, “is you&#8217;re actually slowing down time.”



“You&#8217;re turning it from continuous time into discrete time. So there&#8217;s actually a waiting period for transactions to accumulate.”



Bruder adds that “packets essentially flow through a relay that any validator can run,” so it can’t censor transactions through any sort of centralized preferential treatment.



“Basically, it&#8217;s like an all-or-nothing commit sequence similar to Flashbots,” he says.



“We modified the validator,” Bruder says, “so that it knows how to process a bundle in this multi-threaded context and it will execute it atomically.”&nbsp;



Bruder notes this offers “a very strong selling point for searchers that are kind of just spamming and crossing their fingers that it will land.”



The bundle is prioritized via “a special transaction pipeline” that is less congested, offering stronger ordering guarantees, skipping the buffer, and executing as quickly as possible as soon as the auction is over.



“The main thing,” Bruder says, “is that you offer a better ordering guarantee and the chance to skip the pipeline.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Adoption is growing</h2>



“We&#8217;ll probably see something <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/new-flashbots-upgrade-could-revolutionize-crypto-markets-after-the-merge">similar to Flashbots</a> where if someone has alpha, they&#8217;ll probably just go through the normal channel,” Bruder concedes. But when activity starts being contested, it may become a sort of “fee war,” at which point participants can “start to extract things more efficiently using bundles.”



While Bruder admits it’s been difficult to get things started, adoption for the Jito solution is increasing. “We&#8217;re seeing a lot of bundles landing today.” 



<iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=BWG6858877792" width="100%"></iframe>







“We&#8217;re currently at 24% of Solana stake running the client and there&#8217;s 115 validators running the client.” Anyone from “super small validators” to “staking facilities” are using the client — it’s “a wide range,” he notes.



Hasu, impressed by the numbers, remarks, “when you said that you have 24% of stake adopted, I thought you would say more like two percent, because you previously said it&#8217;s been very hard.”



“But I mean, 24% is really impressive, right?”



“The first 20% is super hard,” Hasu says encouragingly, “and then the next 80% is probably gonna be very easy for you guys.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Solana Has a Spam Problem. Can It Be Fixed?

Innovation in blockchain technology is largely driven by a singular goal: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/measuring-decentralization-is-your-crypto-decentralized">decentralization</a>.



After all, if the broad decentralization of data wasn’t the primary goal of all of this work, everybody could just share a giant spreadsheet on a centralized database somewhere à la Web2. That would be much faster and easier than any sort of distributed ledger solution.



Herein lies the problem: People want to use distributed technology, but with the conveniences of a centralized service. User demands create an insatiable craving for more speed and efficiency.



The centralized elements that are implemented to achieve this level of performance are often quietly tucked away, like a skeleton in the closet, to be dealt with — hopefully — at a later date.&nbsp;



The two goals of decentralization and speed seem to be diametrically opposed. You often can’t get one without sacrificing the other.



Layer-2 <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/rollups">rollups</a> are touted as a potential solution to this conflict, but the emphasis in development and demand — at least for now — seems to fall squarely on the side of faster transactions, sweeping the problem of centralization under the rug. It’s a sort of “we’ll cross that layer-2 bridge when we get to it” attitude.



DBA co-founder Jon Charbonneau and <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/new-flashbots-upgrade-could-revolutionize-crypto-markets-after-the-merge">Flashbots</a> Product Steward Robert Miller spoke to Blockworks about the problem of focusing on speed at the expense of decentralization on the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3o2YP6sxpg">Bell Curve podcast</a>.



Charbonneau suggests that in the near future, “there&#8217;s going to be meaningful pressure to decentralize, whether that is on a technical/social level” or “on a regulatory level.”



“There are probably some [regulatory] questions when you&#8217;re the only person operating this thing,” he quips.



The simplest way to increase decentralization, Charbonneau says, is to “strap a consensus set on there.”



“You have some form of <a href="https://ethereum.org/nl/roadmap/pbs/">PBS</a> — some form of auction between these validators who are on the rollups — and we know that&#8217;s a system that works reasonably well.”&nbsp;



“So my guess is we start to see that across a lot of roll-ups over the next year, plus.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Let’s do this at the speed of light</h2>



Miller presents the challenge of squaring tools for decentralization like “existing consensus sets, auctions like PBS, which generally take a little bit more latency” with the “desire for super-low block times on rollups.”



“As far as the latency,” Charbonneau replies, “I understand that some rollups care a lot more about that than I care about that.”



“Low latency, certainly well below Ethereum L1 block times — yeah — users want that. Does it have to be 300 milliseconds, 400 milliseconds? No, I don&#8217;t really think it does.”



“I think it&#8217;s fine if your blocks are a second or whatever,” he says.&nbsp;



“I really don&#8217;t notice the difference, quite frankly, as a user. I don&#8217;t get the obsession with, ‘let&#8217;s do this literally at the speed of light.’”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Too close for comfort</h2>



Of course, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/mev-who-should-profit">certain MEV participants</a> are obsessed with shaving milliseconds off transaction times to edge out competitors in pursuit of profit, which can lead to another problem.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/mev-who-should-profit">MEV: Who Should Profit From a Protocol’s Economic Activity?</a>



Miller points out one key issue in the latency game that derives from a simple fact: The closer participants are to each other, the quicker the network experience will be. “If you have an ordering protocol on your rollup that incentivizes latency gains,” he says, “the structure of the market you&#8217;re incentivizing is all actors to eventually co-locate in one place.”



“You may not get a rollup that has a single sequencer controlled by a single party,” he says, “but you may get a rollup that is controlled by a single data center in a single jurisdiction somewhere subject to a single set of laws, which is a huge surface area for regulation risk.”



<iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=BWG9983516568" width="100%"></iframe>







“It&#8217;s only one step worse than having a single sequencer — having your entire chain co-locating in a single Amazon or similar data center somewhere else within the world.”



“What we really want,” Miller continues, is “to have these systems geographically distributed across the world in many different places, such that no single sequencer is able to impose its utility function on the network and arbitrarily censor a set of transactions.”



“I don&#8217;t know what is the best, but I do worry that this desire that users have for super-fast block times,” he says, “would lead to geographically centralized chains, which would lead to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/is-ethereum-censorship-a-concern-post-merge">censorship</a> over time.”&nbsp;



“And that&#8217;s sort of what I&#8217;m seeing in the future.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Rollups: Is It All About Speed? Or Are We Forgetting Something?

It’s like an episode of the long-running TV crime drama series, CSI.&nbsp;



Gathered in a research facility – usually set to an energetic rock anthem that belies the boredom of lab work — a forensics team busily fills test tubes and draws samples from the latest victim of some horrific event. The researchers gather to share complicated theories and argue about how the perpetrators must have performed this episode’s terrible deed.



Constructing a complex story, they work their way back through the evidence and continue debating possibilities. But soon, in a span of about 40 minutes plus commercials, following some investigative work, a few plot twists – and perhaps a car chase – the team arrives at a dramatic conclusion and solves the crime, learning a valuable lesson in the process.



No car chases came to fruition during a recent episode of <a href="https://blockworks.co/podcast/bellcurve/8c68bd44-d477-11ed-853b-13d3eeeec621">Bell Curve</a>. Nevertheless, Hasu, strategy lead at <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/flashbots">Flashbots</a>, and Matt Cutler, CEO and co-founder of Blocknative, had their hands full with an investigation into the forensics of an <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/validator-frontruns-mev-bots">MEV exploit that seized $25 million in funds</a> from bots on the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/ethereum">Ethereum</a> network.&nbsp;



In this particular case, the evidence pointed squarely at the exploitation of a flaw in the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/mev-the-relays-problem">MEV relay mechanism</a> – and punctuated the fact that only one little bug in the relay system can potentially put the entire system at risk.



Hasu broke down the details of the exploit. The way it was supposed to work, he says, “is that the relay shows the block header to the proposer. And then the proposer selects the highest block header and signs it.” After receiving the signature, “the relay reveals the block body to the proposer and the proposer can then publish the full block.”



“In this case,” Hasu explains, there was a bug “that caused the relay not to check whether a particular part of the validator signature was actually valid.”



The validator sent an invalid signature, failing to make a full block, “so the relay couldn’t publish the block to the network.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The inevitable plot twist</h2>



When the relay released information about the MEV transactions to the proposer, “the proposer had all of the transactions,” Hasu says, so “they could construct their own block and steal the MEV.”



This heist alone, however, would have only resulted in a trivial amount of funds being stolen, Hasu explained. What takes this scheme to the epic level is the next step in the story arc.



The exploiters placed “very specifically parameterized traits,” Hasu says, “in very low liquidity Uniswap pools that baited very specific sandwich bots to make very risky trades.” They then re-sandwiched these particular trades to drain the sandwich spots of a fortune.



“You had this explosive cocktail where four sandwich bots lost, collectively, around 20 million dollars in that transaction.”



“Clearly, whoever did this,” Cutler comments, “it was well-orchestrated. It required some time to set up and test. And they had a very deep understanding of how this stuff actually worked and where there were gaps.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Case closed?</h2>



Upon solving the mystery, the pair then discussed the lesson to be learned from this exploit episode.



Cutler points out that the centralization of relay providers is partly at fault for the incident. “These are the sorts of things that happen when you have a small number of actors who are responsible for large sets of the network, handling lots of value, and you have very clever adversarial actors out there who are looking to gain an advantage, right?”



Because of the need for searchers to trust relay providers, Cutler argues, “they can sometimes maybe not be as careful as they should be.”



“And that trust, when it gets pierced,” he says, “there can be significant economic consequences of that, which is why we all go for trustless, permissionless systems.”&nbsp;



“That reduces the likelihood of any of these sorts of situations happening.”



Hasu counters Cutler’s argument saying that a larger number of relay providers does not, in fact, reduce risk.&nbsp;



The validator, he explains, is free to choose from any available relay provider, so it only takes one faulty relay to successfully attack the entire system. Adding more relay providers could do the opposite, he says, actually increasing the probability of vulnerabilities.



A social layer must be considered, Cutler retorts. In an “alternate timeline” of many relay code producers, Cutler suggests, “perhaps one of those code producers says, ‘Hey, I noticed that we&#8217;re not checking everything here.’”&nbsp;



“Hey, everybody, this strikes me as something that&#8217;s vulnerable.”&nbsp;



“And we all go, ‘Oh, good catch. Thanks.’”



<iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="200" scrolling="no" src="https://playlist.megaphone.fm/?e=BWG3707208634" width="100%"></iframe>







It’s a case of getting more eyes on the subject, Cutler says. “The more people who are thinking about it, the more likely gaps are to be spotted.”



Or, Cutler jokes, “Just write code that doesn&#8217;t have bugs. We&#8217;ve been saying that for 60 years now, right?”&nbsp;



But it’s never as simple as it seems in any forensic drama. “The reality is, Cutler concludes, “this stuff is complicated.”



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

$25M MEV Exploit Teaches a Valuable Lesson About Relay Providers

Concerns around possible censorship of Ethereum transactions was prevalent in the weeks leading up to and after the Merge, but the latest data shows that this upward trend may be reversing.



The Merge introduced changes to the process of block building alongside the transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake, that introduced some risk of centralization, particular with respect to MEV — or maximum extractable value.



Tracking site <a href="https://www.mevwatch.info/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MEV Watch</a> reveals that the percentage of censored blocks has dropped from its all-time high of 79% to roughly 70% over the past month. Anything less than about 99%, means Ethereum remains censorship free.



MEV refers to the maximum amount of income that can be earned by validators from the automated process of re-ordering transactions for inclusion in a block.



If MEV in a block exceeds standard <a href="https://www.blockworksresearch.com/glossary#block-reward" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">block rewards</a>, validators may choose to re-organize a block to capture the income generated by MEV for themselves. 



In order to prevent malicious MEV practices, validators choose to use MEV-Boost relays which allow them to request blocks from a network of builders.



But after the US Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) <a href="https://blockworks.co/tornado-cash-sanctions-expose-potential-defi-achilles-heel" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sanctioned crypto privacy service Tornado Cash</a>, popular MEV-Boost realy provider Flashbots — which is based in the US — decided to remain OFAC-compliant, meaning it would ignore any transactions which were restricted by OFAC.



That alone is not enough to censor Ethereum, although it can delay some transactions, Uri Klarman, CEO of relay provider bloXroute Labs previously told Blockworks.



“If I had an OFAC-restricted transaction, it [would] take more time for my transaction to be included, but eventually a validator, which isn’t ignoring [OFAC transactions] would include it,” Klarman said.&nbsp;



Nevertheless, the concern within the Ethereum community is that if the proportion of censored blocks were to become too high, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-is-not-under-attack-understanding-mev-boost-relays" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">it could threaten</a> a fundamental ethos of Ethereum — credible neutrality — as well as a desirable feature of most public blockchain networks: censorship resistance.



Coming up with technical solutions to preserve these values is a major goal of the Ethereum community.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Developing SUAVE</h3>



Ethereum developers have also launched a new project to combat censorship.



Dubbed SUAVE, short for “Single Unifying Auctions for Value Expression,” the project aims to decentralize block building itself.



SUAVE was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-is-not-under-attack-understanding-mev-boost-relays" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first teased </a>at Devcon, the Ethereum foundation’s annual conference, where Philip Daian, a Flashbots steward, said its latest technology would “make TradFi look embarrassing.” The project&#8217;s latest vision was unveiled in a <a href="https://writings.flashbots.net/the-future-of-mev-is-suave/">blog post</a> on Nov. 22. 



At a high level, SUAVE will be a new blockchain that acts as a plug-and-play <a href="https://www.blockworksresearch.com/glossary#mempool" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mempool</a> and decentralized block builder for other blockchains. 



“SUAVE goes beyond sequencing for a single blockchain. We designed SUAVE to be the mempool and block builder for all blockchains,” Hasu, pseudonymous strategy lead at Flashbots <a href="https://twitter.com/hasufl/status/1595492568157937665" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tweeted</a>.  



Through building a decentralized sequencing layer, the Flashbots team wants to “give domains control over their own validation guarantees and ensure smaller domains stay decentralized.”



Domains <a href="https://twitter.com/natanb55/status/1469103889056256005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">means</a> any combination of layer-1 or layer-2 blockchains, but also side-chains, shards, and even centralized exchanges.



Flashbots does not intend to participate in the marketplace beyond bootstrapping, the company noted.&nbsp;



“We consider this strategy the most aligned with our mission and the health of the entire ecosystem,” the company said.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

censorship

Ethereum Reverses Post-Merge Censorship Trend

<div id="highlights-block_6352c6431a391" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>52% of blocks from MEV-boost relays enforced OFAC sanctions in the past seven days</li>
 <li>81% of the MEV-Boost relay market is dominated by Flashbots</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



<a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/flashbots-has-a-new-plan-make-tradfi-look-embarrassing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flashbots</a> — a research and development company vying to reduce the harm of Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) — has been at the center of centralization and censorship concerns since Ethereum’s <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/ethereum-switches-to-proof-of-stake-after-7-years-of-work/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">move from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake</a>.



MEV is extra revenue that can be made by rearranging the order of transactions in a block. It can emerge in the blockchain several ways, but most commonly through decentralized exchange (DEX) arbitrage.



If two DEXes offer the same token at different prices, for example, one can buy the token on the lower-priced DEX and sell it on the higher-end DEX with, in theory, zero risk.&nbsp;



Such opportunities are uncovered by “searchers,” blockchain participants running complex, on-chain algorithms. The setup is intended to submit profitable trades to a public mempool on the protocol to await validation.&nbsp;



Some searchers also use algorithms to run generalized front-runners — bots that detect profitable transactions in the public mempool and replace the existing address with their own transaction — fundamentally receiving the original searcher’s MEV.



This is where Flashbots comes in. To prevent other searchers from frontrunning transactions, the organization developed a tool — MEV boost — that allows its clients to directly submit MEV transactions to validators without having to reveal them to the public mempool.



Flashbots, or any other MEV-boost relay, acts as a mediator between block proposers and block builders, Friederike Ernst, chief operating officer at Gnosis — a decentralized infrastructure company and the co-host of the Epicenter Podcast — told Blockworks. 



Proposers will indicate how much they would be willing to bid for a block, then, once the highest bidder is secured, builders generate the block and send them off to validators. The problem, however, is that, so far, there are very few builders — leading to a centralization of builders in the ecosystem, Ernst said.



“In principle, this has been a particularly big issue since the Merge,” Ernst said.&nbsp;



Ethereum validators must have security deposits of at least 32 ETH (roughly $41,000) to run a dedicated staking node on the blockchain.&nbsp;



In an ideal world, a greater distribution of solo stakers would be able to mitigate centralization and bolster security. But ETH holders often have neither enough money, nor technical expertise, to operate a validator in such a fashion.



Solutions such as Rocket Pool can allow <a href="https://rocketpool.net/#stake-run-node" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decentralized staking</a> with 16 ETH (soon as little as 8 ETH), and simplify the staking process, while others participate in staking pools such as those provided by <a href="https://lido.fi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lido</a> and <a href="https://stakewise.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">StakeWise</a>, or centralized exchanges acting as custodians powering nodes via customers’ ether. 



MEV extraction is resource-intensive, and therefore is at risk of increasing validator centralization post-Merge, <a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/mev/#validator-centralization" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to the Ethereum Foundation</a>, as validators earn less without it.



This, combined with Flashbots’ decision to remain OFAC-compliant after the US Treasury <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/tornado-cash-sanctions-expose-potential-defi-achilles-heel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sanctioned</a> crypto mixing service Tornado Cash, has caused the wider Ethereum community to question if the world’s second-largest cryptocurrency is <a href="https://twitter.com/koeppelmann/status/1580893089077809153" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">under censorship attack</a>.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">We reached another sad milestone in censorship: 51% This means if the censoring validators would now stop attesting to non-censoring blocks they would eventually form the canonical, 100% censoring chain. <a href="https://t.co/JrYUjowLpt">pic.twitter.com/JrYUjowLpt</a>&mdash; Martin Köppelmann 🇺🇦 (@koeppelmann) <a href="https://twitter.com/koeppelmann/status/1580893089077809153?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 14, 2022</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



As the largest MEV-boost relay, Flashbots — which dominates nearly <a href="https://www.mevboost.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">81%</a> of the market — is delaying transactions, including sanctioned Tornado Cash wallets — meaning transactions that interact with addresses related to the crypto-mixer are effectively banned from Flashbot blocks.



Over the past seven days, <a href="https://www.mevwatch.info/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">52%</a> of blocks from MEV-boost relays enforced OFAC compliance. 



Flashbots co-founder Stephane Gosselin stepped down from his position during this time “following a series of disagreements with the team.”



“It is crucial for there to be a diverse and competitive MEV ecosystem to preserve censorship resistance and other values that make our industry so exciting,” Gosselin <a href="https://twitter.com/thegostep/status/1578520702574960640/photo/1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tweeted</a>.



Although it is unclear if censorship resistance concerns are what ultimately led Gosselin to leave Flashbots, the founder did post a poll on Twitter asking if censorship needed to be solved technically or politically.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Does censorship need to be solved technically or politically?&mdash; Stephane (@thegostep) <a href="https://twitter.com/thegostep/status/1580181830632103936?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">October 12, 2022</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



Gosselin did not respond to a request for comment.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Steady on a slippery slope</h3>



All in all, however, Ethereum developers, for the most part, say censorship anxieties are exaggerated.&nbsp;



Uri Klarman, CEO of bloXroute Labs, a blockchain distribution network, told Blockworks that although more validators are turning to tap MEV boosts — and almost all them are using the Flashbots relay system — Ethereum will not likely turn into a censoring blockchain.&nbsp;



“If I had an OFAC-restricted transaction, it [would] take more time for my transaction to be included, but eventually a validator, which isn’t ignoring [OFAC transactions] would include it,” Klarman said. “I would get a worse user experience — the transaction would take longer to be executed, but it will still be executed.”



Still, Klarman said, in an ideal situation, validators should not be able to censor at a building level at all. That’s a sentiment shared by Ernst.



“I would take the view that maybe extracting MEV is a bad thing and we should preclude this,” Ernst said. “By large, transactions on Ethereum are not encrypted, and we run into an issue where validators in principle can be opinionated about which transactions to include — and can push their own interests.”



Although Ernst does not think validators should be legally faulted for serving their own interests, she added, “morally, you can [fault them].”



“What we need to do is make sure validators don’t know what they’re signing,” she said. “We need to come up with a way to obscure the transactions that they’re signing from validators themselves.”



Ernst’s concerns have not gone unnoticed.&nbsp;



The Ethereum Foundation is looking into solutions to resolve blockchain censorship through the <a href="https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/pbs_censorship_resistance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">proposer/builder separation (PBS)</a>. 



PBS is an evolving research area for Ethereum developers where block building and block proposing are assigned different roles within the network.



Similar to what Ernst suggested, a validator would simply accept a block with the highest bid without seeing the content of the block body until it wins the bid. This way, MEV cannot be controlled by parties ordering block transactions.&nbsp;



Hybrid PBS is another proposed solution. In this model, there would be a witness who will be added as an intermediary node to prove the balance and nonce of the transaction sender. This would allow validators to statelessly verify blocks — meaning they no longer need to keep track of balances, deployed smart contracts, and associated storage within the entire transaction history.



The long-term goal of PBS is for it be protocol-native in Ethereum but a number of challenges still need to be addressed before PBS can be brought into use.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Ethereum Is Not Under Attack: Understanding MEV-boost Relays

<div id="highlights-block_634dba27c3ba7" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>SUAVE has been in the works for over a year, according to Flashbots developers</li>
 <li>Further details about the project will be announced this week</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Flashbots, a research and development organization <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/new-flashbots-upgrade-could-revolutionize-crypto-markets-after-the-merge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">with the goal to reduce</a> the potential harms of Maximum Extractable Value (MEV), revealed a new project to address centralization and censorship concerns on MEV extraction for Ethereum and Ethereum virtual machine-compatible blockchains.



The project, <a href="https://twitter.com/hasufl/status/1580983853824765952" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">code named SUAVE</a> which stands for “Single Unifying Auctions for Value Expression,” will be an open-source MEV-aware, privacy-focused, encrypted mempool for users and wallets, Philip Daian, a Flashbots steward said at Devcon Bogotá.



“We’re going to provide optimal user execution that harnesses MEV,” Daian said. “So we’re going to use MEV as this decentralized engine in the long term, to make sure the users get really the best execution on their trades in a way that’s really going to make TradFi look embarrassing very shortly.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">What is the SUAVE vision for MEV?</h3>



MEV refers to the maximum amount of income that can be extracted from block production after validators include or reorder transactions on a block.&nbsp;



If the MEV available in a block exceeds standard block rewards, validators could then reorganize the blocks to capture the value of the income generated by MEV for themselves, making it a risk for exploitation and centralization.



Flashbots has been actively working on reducing these problems through MEV-Boost, software that enables builders to auction blocks to validators and prevent MEV centralization by allowing each party to earn a contribution for their efforts.&nbsp;



SUAVE’s goal is to decentralize and democratize MEV-Boost by making it open source and widely available, even to competitors and users.



The overarching goal is to avoid entrenching centralized forces, such as private or exclusive order flow into the way relays and block builders do business, Daian said, “because these will destroy the system that we love, as a whole.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Risk of centralization and a decentralized solution</h3>



After the <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/tornado-cash-sanctions-expose-potential-defi-achilles-heel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tornado Cash sanctions</a>, Flashbots, a US entity, began omitting transactions related to the <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/crypto-mixers-and-privacy-coins-can-they-resist-censorship/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cryptocurrency mixer</a> to remain OFAC-compliant. That’s led to a new worry — censorship.



As one of the largest MEV-Boost relays, Flashbots has the power to delay the incorporation of sanctioned transactions into Ethereum blocks — or slots as they’re now known, following the proof-of-stake consensus switch.



Flashbot’s avowed obligation to follow regulatory requirements has caused concern <a href="https://twitter.com/koeppelmann/status/1580893089077809153" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">among some</a> in the Ethereum community. But the consensus among developers seems to be that the concerns are <a href="https://twitter.com/basilesportif/status/1581906143538221058" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mostly overblown</a>.



The Flashbots team is well aware of the potential pitfalls, and Daian said Flashbots “[does] not intend to impose our utility functions, or our legal risk analyses, on the Ethereum network, full stop.”



Indeed, the launch of SUAVE — a project that the Flashbots team has been working on for over a year — is expressly aimed at distributing the power of MEV, even if that means helping Flashbots’ competitors.



Further details about SUAVE are expected this week.



Macauley Peterson contributed reporting.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

Flashbots Has a New Plan: ‘Make TradFi Look Embarrassing’

Sebastian Sinclair

Macauley Peterson

<div id="highlights-block_633582cf84ede" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>Labrys said it has been internally tracking protocol censorship since the merge and was troubled by what it has found</li>
 <li>Practically this is not problematic if censorship free blocks are simply delayed for a brief period of time, according to Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Following Ethereum network&#8217;s transition to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) earlier this month, a new addition to the ecosystem is already sparking censorship concerns in some circles.



Australian blockchain development agency Labrys told Blockworks that roughly 25% of new blocks added to the Ethereum chain post-Merge currently adhere to the Office of Foreign Asset Control’s (OFAC) requirements.



Labrys said it has been internally <a href="https://www.mevwatch.info/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tracking</a> protocol-level censorship since the Merge and was troubled by what it had discovered.



“It is concerning to see how quickly the potential for censorship has grown unchecked since the Merge and it’s projected to get much worse,” Labrys’ CEO Lachlan Feeney said. “It is critical for the long-term success of the entire blockchain industry, not just Ethereum, that layer-1 blockchains remain credibly neutral.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Block building under proof-of-stake Ethereum</h3>



Under PoS, Ethereum users who hold more than 32 ETH can stake their ETH in a validator and earn a staking yield.&nbsp;



While staking can prove profitable, one way to increase returns is via a software add-on to take advantage of the Maximum Extractable Value (MEV) — formerly Miner Extractable Value under Ethereum’s old consensus model.



New software developed by crypto research organization Flashbots, dubbed Mev-boost, is predominant, allowing validators to increase the staking annual percentage rate by 1.5% — depending on network demand.



But there is a trade-off. When enabled, validators cease allocating which transactions go into their blocks and instead outsource block building to what is known as MEV-boost Relays, Labrys explained.



Relays are off-chain services that accept privately-created blocks by individual block builders. In turn, those builders determine which block — out of the ones their relay has received — is more profitable and submit that block to the software to be compared against the most profitable blocks other relays could build. The winning block is then proposed by the validator. 



The problem, according to Labrys, is that MEV-boost relay providers operate as regular business entities, with a large portion of them deriving from the US and thus subject to US jurisdiction.



This means censoring transactions the government doesn’t approve of, including those deriving from mixing service Tornado Cash, or disallowing transactions from sanctioned addresses under the mandate from OFAC.



Last month, <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/tag/tornado-cash" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tornado Cash</a> — thought by US lawmakers to have been used to launder stolen funds linked to major hacks — was added to OFAC’s Specially Designated Nationals list, along with 45 associated Ethereum wallet addresses.



The issue is not that the relays refuse to relay blocks to Flashbots’ software, Labrys said. It’s that they’re relaying blocks that are stripped of any Tornado Cash transactions, essentially censoring these transactions and preventing them from getting confirmed on the blockchain.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">No cause for alarm</h3>



Ultimately it’s up to the validators to decide whether to restrict their block proposals to those with only OFAC-compliant transactions — or any other discriminatory criteria — and validators typically work with multiple relayers, not only Flashbots.



Bloxroute, for example, offers both a “Regulated” and a “Max Profit” stream. The regulated blocks will omit transactions from sanctioned addresses, but the Max Profit option simply selects the most valuable block construction.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">“Validators should be making these decisions, and I’m giving them options,” Bloxroute CEO Uri Klarman told Blockworks in an interview.</blockquote>



“There is currently a lack of regulatory clarity in terms of which participants of the Ethereum blockchain need to comply with OFAC’s decisions and in what way,” director of research firm Edison Group Milosz Papst told Blockworks in an email. He said that lack of clarity was spilling over to block builders.



But Bloxroute’s legal team has concluded that playing the role of a neutral middleman and providing optionality to the validators is sufficient to fulfill regulatory requirements.



In contrast, CommodityStream Inc., a replay provider under the Manifold brand, has taken the position that packaging of transactions in a certain way is not a legal necessity at all.



“CommodityStream views government or civil requests to block content at the [Remote Procedure Call] level as ineffective, inefficient, and overboard,” <a href="https://kb.manifoldfinance.com/docs/Block-Construction/blockconstruction-policies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">according to</a> Manifold’s documentation. The company “would pursue its legal remedies before complying with such a request.”



Ethereum’s core developers are generally not concerned — at least not yet. In a pre-Merge developer call on Aug. 18, the issue was discussed at length and the consensus was that the current MEV designs could be improved, to enhance, so-called proposer / builder separation (PBS), but were unlikely to result in censorship.



French developer Mamy André-Ratsimbazafy said uncensoring relays should give the most rewards to validators, providing a natural incentive not to censor. That’s the logic behind Bloxroute’s Max Profit service.



Flashbots itself has open-sourced its software, which will make it easier for alternative relay providers to crop up.



“If we have any open relay, then I think that censoring will fall flat on its face,” André-Ratsimbazafy <a href="https://youtu.be/jJaCaS0WbIw?t=2112" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">said on the call</a>.



At worst, the use of relayers censoring transactions from OFAC-regulated addresses would merely delay those transactions from being processed, according to Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin. 



Speaking on the Aug. 18 call he noted that even if 80% of validators were running censoring software, the other transactions would still be included into the blockchain, after 5 blocks (known as &#8220;slots&#8221; in proof-of-stake Ethereum), or about a minute, on average.



“The network will not censor [transactions] as long as some proposers don’t run censorship software — the network as a whole is not censoring,” reiterated Ansgar Dietrichs, an Ethereum Foundation researcher.



It will be up to the global Ethereum community, and all its stakeholders, to ensure that this remains true in the future, as the regulatory landscape evolves.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>

bloxroute

Is Ethereum Censorship a Concern Post-Merge?

John Gilbert

Drew Mailen

<div id="highlights-block_631a70aa5d2d0" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>When validators implement an upgraded version of Flashbots (MEV Boost) after the Merge, it could revolutionize a market that collected $730 million from MEV last year</li>
 <li>This upgrade will let validators use an open-source and democratic system to maximize revenue and share MEV with stakers</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Finding a traditional finance parallel for Flashbots is difficult. And it&#8217;s because they represent a radical departure from the culture and practice of finance on Wall Street. They aren’t the front-running whistleblowers and they aren’t the high frequency traders (HFT).



That cat and mouse chase was rigged behind a dark veil of technological innovation — where high frequency trading was always two steps ahead of the whistleblower and regulator.



The creators of Flashbots saw a similar pattern in how traders exploited Maximum Extractable Value (MEV). But instead of calling out individual actors, they turned on the light. It won’t necessarily stop the front-running ‘<a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-23/crypto-trading-how-flashbots-work-to-front-run-ether-and-other-coin-purchases" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shenanigans</a>’ as its co-founder Phil Daian puts it, but it will help the community benefit from that trading activity.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



As a result of the MEV Boost upgrade, Figment, <a href="https://www.figment.io/staking" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a leading institutional staking service provider</a>, estimates validator rewards will increase up to 50% post Merge. We sat down with Figment to learn more about this paradigmatic shift. But before we explain how this new model works, we need to understand where the old failed.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">The old paradigm: A culture of secrecy</h3>



Robert Ellison, head of staking marketing at Figment, listed the Wall Street front-running of 2009 as a parallel example of some of the practices today. A close examination of the struggle between those front-runners and their whistleblowers illustrates why and how the traditional paradigm was flawed.&nbsp;



In 2009, Richard Gates leaked the front-running practice of HFT firms to the WSJ and then officially to the SEC in 2010. At the time, firms were placing servers next to exchanges and utilizing Spread Network’s strategically placed fiber optic cables to execute the fastest trades. This competitive advantage gave traders the ability to manipulate the market on a massive scale. Even though the practice was only used in 2% of firms, it accounted for 73% of stock order volume.



In 2010, Gates told the SEC that he was a victim of this practice. He claimed that Credit Suisse, the operator of a dark pool called Crossfinder, was intentionally providing unfair advantages to HFT traders over retail traders like himself. In his complaint, he shared rumors that Credit Suisse would market their pool to these traders by saying, “We have sheep in the pen. All you have to do is come and slaughter them.&#8221;



In 2015, Gates applied for a whistleblower reward that would grant him between 10% to 30% of an SEC settlement against Credit Suisse. And later that year, Credit Suisse agreed to pay $84.3 million in fines.&nbsp;



But by that time high frequency traders and exchanges had moved on to new strategies. For example, the <a href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180306006797/en/Hagens-Berman-Whistleblower-Client-Haim-Bodek-Again-Helps-Lead-SEC-to-Fine-a-Stock-Exchange-14-Million-This-Time-NYSE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYSE was using secret order types</a> that let a handful or firms jump ahead of other traders. New whistleblowers like Haim Bodek emerged and complaints were filed.&nbsp;



And at the time of Gates&#8217; whistleblower reward application, his own company, Powhatan Energy was facing its own complaints — amounting to $26 million in penalties. They alleged that the company intentionally exploited a loophole in the <a href="https://www.gtlaw.com/en/insights/2015/6/may-2015-brings-a-crop-of-ferc-loophole-manipulation-civil-penalty-assessme" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PJM Interconnection LLC&#8217;s markets</a>.&nbsp;



This example shows that SEC whistleblower incentives are too vulnerable to exploitation, and its bureaucracy too slow to make meaningful change. The system of extracting maximum value (MEV) from Ethereum transactions exposes the network to very similar types of front-running operations and like the traders on Wall Street, they are constantly developing new tactics. But as you will see, Flashbots offers a solution that is philosophically opposed to the old paradigm.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Front-running MEV explained</h3>



Unlike traditional exchanges, all trades in Ethereum, like normal transactions, have to settle on-chain instead of a clearing house. But before they are settled on-chain, almost all trades enter a mempool where in the proof-of-work (PoW) protocol miners prioritize higher gas fee transactions over lower fee ones. Validators will adopt this responsibility post merge.



According to Ethereum.org, “<a href="https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/mev/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">maximal extractable value</a> (MEV) refers to the maximum value that can be extracted from block production in excess of the standard block reward and gas fees by including, excluding, and changing the order of transactions in a block.”&nbsp;



Third parties called MEV searchers have developed algorithms that look for MEV opportunities in the pool of transactions. Miners who select their opportunities then share some of the profit in return. Front runners have developed their own algorithms that systematically use data in public order books and mempools to cut in line.&nbsp;



Jumping ahead of other trades in a decentralized exchange (DEX) like Uniswap gives the front-runner an advantage. In what is called a sandwich trade, the front-runner first calculates the resulting price action of the queued trade to determine profitability, executes a trade with a larger gas fee to jump ahead, and immediately sells after the previous trade is settled. They only collect a profit if the price movement is more than the gas fee they paid to jump ahead.&nbsp;



Generalized front-running is another popular approach. It looks for profitable transactions/trades in the mempool, copies them, and increases the gas fee to cut in line. Unlike sandwich trades, this approach profits from MEV instead of price action on a DEX.&nbsp;



But these tactics aren’t predictable or consistent.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“Folks have realized there are different ways to engage with Ethereum. Typical users may just want to transfer ETH. However, folks engaging in MEV exhibit more of a reaction to what is happening on the network. It&#8217;s iterative and reflexive. They are watching the pending transaction pool, watching what others are doing,” Clayton Menzel, Figment’s head of protocols and opportunities, said.&nbsp;&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">So what is Flashbots? A new paradigm</h3>



Flashbots is a research and development organization aimed at reducing the negative network effects of MEV.



They created an open source solution that enables miners on the POW protocol and validators on the POS protocol to more efficiently work with MEV searchers. It hosts a private auction separate from the mempool. This system doesn’t stop all front-running on Flashbots but it prevents the generalized approach by hiding queued transactions from public view.



In the new upgrade to MEV Boost, Flashbots will make this auction more efficient by introducing a third party called the builder. In this version validators would no longer work directly with MEV searchers in block production. Instead builders will work with MEV searchers to build and auction potential blocks to validators. Each party would earn a profit for their contribution. And it makes the process more efficient and fair because it takes the burden away from validators and allows more participants to benefit.&nbsp;



The brilliance of this new paradigm is that it aims to solve inefficiencies instead of punishing bad behavior. Front-running tactics on the Ethereum network will most likely always exist. But through the right incentives they can channel that behavior into a transparent and democratic system that allows more participation in the MEV market.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Instead of relying on slow bureaucratic officials to punish bad behavior, it restructures the incentives to reduce negative network effects and make MEV more decentralized. It&#8217;s not guaranteed that every validator will adopt Flashbots after the merge. But if it increases staking yields and decreases the negative network effects of MEV, validators will risk losing stakers if they don’t engage with Flashbots or an alternative MEV solution.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



Figment recently announced that it will <a href="https://www.figment.io/resources/figments-mev-policy-supporting-neutral-secure-and-open-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">integrate MEV-Boost</a> into its Ethereum validators. So far, they have successfully tested MEV-Boost on Goerli, the final testnet that was conducted ahead of the Ethereum Merge. So far their studies have shown that the upgrade will significantly boost staking revenue. But it will also allow Figment’s ETH customers to participate in MEV.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Education is still needed&nbsp;</h3>



“Education is important. Flashbots makes research available, and creates open solutions where you can see MEV extraction. It helps you see what’s going on, offering a balanced view that recognizes both positives and negatives. Education and open discussion is also important,” said Ellison.&nbsp;



There is a lot of noise and not so much signal in this space. As ETH moves to PoS, people should be making better decisions on who to work with as far as infrastructure providers go. You can see the negative aspects of MEV, and now you can make your own choices as an ETH token holder. Figment is working hard to help people make informed staking decisions. They not only published their <a href="https://www.figment.io/resources/figments-mev-policy-supporting-neutral-secure-and-open-solutions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MEV policy ahead</a> of the Merge, they also hosted a <a href="https://twitter.com/Figment_io/status/1561726646239072257?s=20&amp;t=PKlQxEI3fetuycN8chW2lQ" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Twitter space</a> to help their community better understand the changes.&nbsp;



Currently there is no pressure for miners to share MEV rewards. Validators, on the other hand, arguably face higher reputational risk. As a result, once validators take over for miners post merge, competition is more likely to result in MEV rewards being shared around more broadly than they are today.



This content is sponsored by Figment.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thebreakdown">The Breakdown</a>: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Empire</a>: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/forwardguidance">Forward Guidance</a>: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/0xresearch">0xResearch</a>: Alpha directly in your inbox.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/lightspeed">Lightspeed</a>: All things Solana.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/thedrop">The Drop</a>: Apps, games, memes and more.</li>



<li><a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/supplyshock">Supply Shock</a>: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.</li>
</ul>