Liz Coyne

In the weekly roundup episode of Blockworks&#8217; podcast &#8220;<a href="https://youtu.be/vCTrvyOZeVE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">On the Margin</a>,&#8221; Michael Ippolito, co-founder, Blockworks, sits down with Senior Editor Tyler Neville to talk about the news this week, including: Peter Thiel calling bitcoin a &#8220;Financial Weapon,&#8221; US share buybacks, Coinbase&#8217;s Q1 earnings, and State Street lending its technology to institutional trading platforms like Pure Digital. 



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&#8220;On the Margin&#8221; is a two-part show.&nbsp;Once a week, Mike interviews industry experts, and then at the end of the week he is joined by co-host <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/newsletter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyler Neville</a> where they break down the top crypto and macro stories. Episodes go live every Wednesday and Saturday morning.



Subscribe to &#8220;On the Margin&#8221; today on <a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lyn-alden-explains-connection-between-inflation-bitcoin/id1558223079?i=1000513411286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Apple</a> or <a href="https://spoti.fi/3bTa9uw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spotify</a>, or watch episodes on <a href="https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvER9nHSRN3xVs_p-dl7L7K_ZgL6lSudu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YouTube</a>.

Financial Weapons, Stock Buybacks and Coinbase Earnings

David Canellis

Katherine Ross

Casey Wagner

Michael McSweeney

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Party pooper in chief</h2>



There are concerns over whether the SEC’s targeting of Uniswap Labs will rain on DeFi’s parade heading into the next potential phase of the current bull market.&nbsp;



Gensler’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-issues-uniswap-wells-notice">legal threats</a> may chase innovators offshore and trigger a Web3 brain drain. Or perhaps crypto projects, which may have launched in the US, simply won’t debut at all, for fear of a Wells notice — or worse.&nbsp;



Uniswap Labs CEO Hayden Adams <a href="https://twitter.com/haydenzadams/status/1778126466984575166">swore</a> to fight any lawsuit that comes its way, but the market has still sharply reacted. <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/uni">UNI</a> — the native crypto of the Uniswap exchange which doubles as a DAO governance token — sank as much as 45% after the notice was disclosed last week and has barely bounced back.



UNI’s losses were enough to pull the DeFi sector below centralized finance (CeFi) in terms of market dominance for the first time in over three years, per data from The Tie.



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Each line shows indexed market dominance for different sectors, based on capitalizations of cryptocurrencies related to those segments. CeFi consists of native tokens for exchanges including OKX’s OKB and Bitfinex’s LEO, alongside those for centralized lending platforms like Nexo, and many more.



DeFi is otherwise made up of cryptocurrencies tied to DAOs and protocols including Uniswap, Maker, Athena, and Aave, among others. CeFi is currently about 4.3% of the total crypto market while DeFi represents nearly 3.6%.



Despite their outsized mindshare, memecoins are only 2% of crypto. Memecoins held practically the same dominance in April 2021, as bitcoin neared its first major peak of that year. So, memecoins aren’t exactly bigger today than during the last bull market.&nbsp;



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Dogecoin’s lackluster performance against bitcoin is largely to blame for the segment lagging behind. A raft of new memecoins have indeed exploded in value, but that hasn’t been enough to make up for dogecoin’s underperformance.



Other big plays of this cycle — DePIN, real-world assets and decentralized social media — are seeing varied success. DePIN’s dominance has actually been cut by more than half over the past three years, from 1.85% to 0.72%.&nbsp;



But again, a segment leader has dragged the rest down with it, with filecoin (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/fil">FIL</a>)’s bitcoin ratio collapsing by more than 65% over the past year. Render, which powers the decentralized computing marketplace of the same name, is now practically tied with FIL for largest DePIN cryptocurrency by market cap, after its bitcoin ratio more than doubled in the past year.



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SocialFi has meanwhile tripled its market dominance in three years, from 0.03% to 0.09%. Tokens tied to real-world asset platforms like Centrifuge, Goldfinch and Ondo have gained even more, blowing past SocialFi, as well as last cycle’s favorites move-to-earn and fan tokens.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/socialfi-web3-social-media">What is SocialFi? Unpacking crypto’s answer to social media</a>



All this goes to show that finding success in crypto markets isn’t just about picking the next big narratives. It also takes backing the right horses in each race, with age seemingly often working against former front-runners.



The same can’t be said for bitcoin. Its market dominance is near its three-year highs, now 54%, as rival <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/layer-1">layer-1s</a> lose ground on the whole.



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— David Canellis



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data Center</h2>



<ul>
<li>The total ETH locked in Ethereum mainnet DeFi is up to 16.32 million ETH ($48.62 billion), the most in over a year. SOL in Solana DeFi has so far <a href="https://defillama.com/chain/Solana?currency=SOL">stayed</a> flat in April.</li>



<li>Meanwhile, nearly 21,909 validators are <a href="https://www.validatorqueue.com/">queued</a> to join the Ethereum blockchain — a six-month high.</li>



<li>Base now has more native <a href="https://defillama.com/stablecoins/chains">stablecoins</a> than Avalanche: $2.05 billion to $1.72 billion. Most of it is USDC, after a recent pledge to move Coinbase customer deposits to the network.</li>



<li>Margin.fi’s <a href="https://defillama.com/protocol/marginfi?tvl=true&amp;medianApy=false&amp;denomination=SOL">bleeding</a> has slowed since its founder quit. It lost one-third of its total SOL stake in the days following, dropping from around 4.4 million SOL to 2.84 million SOL.</li>



<li>$256.6 million in longs have been <a href="https://www.coinglass.com/LiquidationData">liquidated</a> on centralized exchanges in the past 24 hours.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">All aboard the ETF train</h2>



It’s 13F szn.&nbsp;



The SEC’s 13F form requires institutional investment managers to disclose their holdings quarterly if they manage over $100 million in assets.&nbsp;



Throughout our reporting since January, multiple analysts and experts have highlighted the 13F filing because this batch is our first look at who’s investing in the newly launched funds on an institutional level.&nbsp;



On the other hand, it’s still early for a lot of institutional investors. So we may not see a lot of funds with a lot of assets under management (AUM) disclose holdings in a spot bitcoin ETF…yet.&nbsp;



Valkyrie’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/valkyrie-bitcoin-etf-wallet-address">Steven McClurg told Blockworks in February</a> that the firm had spoken to financial advisers and “overwhelmingly, the response is that they’re not ready yet.”



Because the quarter only ended last month, it’s still early for some of these firms to file their 13Fs, and many of the larger positions will likely be reported closer to May. But the early bird gets the worm, right?&nbsp;



So who is already in this space? There are a lot of smaller financial planner offices with exposure to various bitcoin ETFs. One of the first such firms to disclose holdings was Burkett Financial Services, which holds roughly 600 shares of BlackRock’s IBIT.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-interview-bitgo-ceo">Despite bitcoin ETF approval, institutions are on the sidelines: BitGo CEO</a>



Then you have firms like <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1729677/000108514624001693/xslForm13F_X02/infotable.xml">LexAurum</a>, which holds nearly 12,000 shares of IBIT worth roughly $430K at current prices.&nbsp;



Brookstone Capital Management owns 85,000 shares of Fidelity’s bitcoin ETF and roughly 9,000 of Bitwise’s ETF, according to SEC <a href="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1599584/000106299324008407/xslForm13F_X02/form13fInfoTable.xml">filings</a>.&nbsp;



These numbers may not be flashy or as big as some in crypto want. But they show that institutions are slowly entering the market and, if this trend continues, the appetite for <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-etf">bitcoin ETFs</a> — and potentially other crypto-based ETFs — is poised to grow.



— Katherine Ross



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Tax man inbound&nbsp;</h2>



Hopefully everybody filed their taxes yesterday, or at least sought an extension. The <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/irs">IRS</a> is betting a lot of crypto players probably didn’t, however.&nbsp;



Guy Ficco, the IRS’s chief investigating officer, said over the weekend that the agency is preparing to battle more crypto tax crimes this year.&nbsp;



2024 may be one of the final years under the current US crypto-tax policy framework. In March, the Department of Treasury released its 2025 revenue proposals, including new ideas on how to cash in on crypto trading and related activities.&nbsp;



The IRS says it&#8217;s finally time to bring all digital assets under existing wash trading rules, a change that, if passed, would nix a popular — and oftentimes lucrative — trading strategy already banned in equity markets.&nbsp;



The Department wants to add a 30% excise tax on electricity used for any companies that mine crypto. If the proposal is adopted, miners would be required to report the amount and type of electricity used and the cost, when purchased externally.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/us-treasury-2025-greenbook-crypto-taxes">US Treasury once again proposes new crypto tax rules to “modernize” code&nbsp;</a>



Miners that lease equipment would also be responsible for reporting electricity values and firms that use off-grid power would have to pay 30% of estimated costs.&nbsp;



The Biden Administration first proposed excise taxes — along with a slew of other crypto tax rules — on miners last year, citing environmental concerns.&nbsp;



The plans haven’t gotten off the ground yet, so no need to rush to learn any new rules. In the meantime though, there are some things you can do now to make next April 15 a little easier.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/taxable-crypto-events-usa-2024">Keep a record of everything</a>. If you made a trade (even if it’s crypto to crypto) it’s probably a taxable event, so write it down. Airdrops have a tax burden, too, so don’t forget to record the initial value of whatever you received. There’s no such thing as free money!



— Casey Wagner



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Works</h2>



<ul>
<li>The Bank of England still hasn’t made up its mind on whether to <a href="https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/britcoin-hold-bank-of-england-blockchain-tech-152500661.html">issue</a> a CBDC, Yahoo Finance writes.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Franklin Templeton’s crypto team <a href="https://twitter.com/fti_da/status/1779979775651561691?s=46">explored</a> Runes, the upcoming token standard built on Bitcoin.&nbsp;</li>



<li>A group of banks and payment firms are <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-15/barclays-citi-are-among-banks-testing-tokenized-deposits-in-uk">testing</a> tokenized deposits in the UK, according to Bloomberg.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Microsoft <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/microsoft-invest-15-bln-emirati-ai-firm-g42-new-york-times-reports-2024-04-16/">bought</a> a $1.5 billion stake in G42, an AI startup based in the UAE, Reuters reports.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Sullivan &amp; Cromwell may <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-15/ftx-controversy-derails-top-law-firm-s-bid-for-binance-role?utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_campaign=socialflow-organic&amp;utm_content=markets&amp;cmpid%3D=socialflow-twitter-markets&amp;utm_medium=social">lose</a> out on a job working with the DOJ on Binance oversight because of the law firm’s work for FTX, per Bloomberg.&nbsp;</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Morning Riff</h2>



Leave it to <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/ftx">FTX</a> to generate some bipartisan unity in Congress.



Senators <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/elizabeth-warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, D-Mass., and Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, are about as far apart politically as two lawmakers in Washington can get.&nbsp;



But when it comes to <a href="https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2024.04.12%20Letter%20to%20CFTC%20re%20FTX.pdf">prying</a> details out of the CFTC on their meetings with disgraced FTX CEO Sam Bankman-Fried, it’s time to link arms.&nbsp;



Specifically, the pair want to know what was said between SBF and agency Chair Rostin Behnam, who reportedly messaged directly with the recently convicted crypto mogul.



Warren (perhaps rightfully) is <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/legislation-crypto-greatest-enemy">viewed as an enemy of crypto</a>. But digging into possible coziness between the US government and one of the industry’s most infamous scammers? Sounds good to me.&nbsp;



— Michael McSweeney



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Empire Newsletter: Uniswap’s SEC woes drag DeFi below CeFi

Andreessen Horowitz raised $7.2 billion, co-founder Ben Horowitz disclosed in a new blog post on Tuesday.&nbsp;



The funds were raised for five of their “venture strategies” including American Dynamism, Games, Apps, Infrastructure and Growth. The largest raise was for growth, coming in at $3.75 billion. Games and American Dynamism each raised $600 million.



While it’s not clear how the freshly raised funds will be used, the firm’s Games venture has previously expressed interest in Web3 <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/gaming">gaming</a>.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/a16z-2024-ideas-list">A16z’s crypto ideas list for 2024 spotlights AI, gaming</a>



“Games are also driving innovation across the entire consumer ecosystem, pioneering best-in-class mechanisms for user engagement, retention, and monetization, such as microtransactions, battle passes and Web3 tokens,” the venture’s page <a href="https://a16z.com/games-fund-one-building-the-future-of-games/">said</a>.&nbsp;



Crypto was not among the initial raises, though Bloomberg <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-16/andreessen-horowitz-raises-7-2-billion-plans-more-for-2025">reported</a> that the firm is “still on track to raise additional funds” next year, citing people familiar.&nbsp;



“This marks an important milestone for us,” Horowitz <a href="https://a16z.com/new-funds-new-era/">said</a> in a blog post.&nbsp;



Last fall, Axios <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/a16z-venture-capital-crypto-fundraise">reported that the venture capital firm</a> was eyeing $3.4 billion for some of its funds.&nbsp;



The report from last October backs up Bloomberg’s reporting from earlier today, stating that the new investing vehicles could come in 2025.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/a16z">A16z</a>, in late March, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-startup-accelerators-growing">announced that it picked 25 start-ups</a> for its spring 2024 crypto startup accelerator.&nbsp;



The firms received a $500,000 investment in exchange for a16z receiving 7% equity.&nbsp;



Outside of its accelerator, the VC firm has been actively investing and leading rounds in the crypto world. It led a <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/espresso-shared-sequencers-funding-a16z">Series B funding round</a> for Espresso Systems.&nbsp;



“At its core, crypto is a technology movement that builds tools for better human cooperation at a larger scale — especially when the cooperating parties mutually distrust one another,” Ali Yahya, general partner at Andreessen Horowitz, <a href="https://a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/investing-in-espresso/">said</a> in a post at the time.



In February, a16z announced that it was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/a16z-series-b-eigenlayer-investment">investing $100 million in Series B</a> funding for EigenLayer.



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A16z raises $7.2B

Ben Strack

New television spots by crypto stalwarts Coinbase and Grayscale are set to air during NBA and NHL playoff games, the companies told Blockworks.



The commercials come around the highly anticipated bitcoin halving — slated to occur on April 19 or 20 — when per-block mining rewards are set to drop from 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The Coinbase commercial, posted on X Monday, shows a spotlighted motorbike in a warehouse-type setting apparently used for pizza deliveries.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“Over time, your money gets you less,” a voice states. “Does bitcoin?”&nbsp;



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">Food for thought: What if money was designed to get you more over time, not less?<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/Bitcoin?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#Bitcoin</a> <a href="https://t.co/z8eHF8JltQ">pic.twitter.com/z8eHF8JltQ</a>&mdash; Coinbase 🛡️ (@coinbase) <a href="https://twitter.com/coinbase/status/1779902729860591745?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">April 15, 2024</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
</div></figure>



The commercial shows how much pizza a person could have bought with one bitcoin in 2012, as one box appears on the back of the bike. A stack of boxes is added to show how much 1 BTC was worth in 2016.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-different-institutions-investors">This Bitcoin halving will be different — the institutions are here</a>



By 2020, the flood of boxes knocks over the bike. Cardboard rains down further to quantify the 2024 value of a bitcoin in pizza terms.&nbsp;



“Roughly every four years, the future supply of bitcoin is reduced,” the spot states. “So historically, you get more. Not less.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



The ad is set to start airing Wednesday on TNT, ESPN and ABC during NBA playoff games, a <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/coinbase">Coinbase</a> spokesperson told Blockworks. It will run through April 22.&nbsp;



Grayscale Investments’ ad, published to YouTube on Monday, touts the company’s standing as the world’s largest crypto asset manager. The firm’s Bitcoin Trust ETF (<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/gbtc">GBTC</a>) holds roughly $20 billion in assets under management <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/gbtc-net-outflows-etf">despite consistent net outflows</a> in recent months.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“Sometimes investing feels like you’re going at it alone, especially when it comes to adding crypto to your portfolio,” the ad states as a man tries to row a racing boat and hang a painting by himself. “But it doesn’t have to be that way.”



<iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/OLcEYi7Ov4M?si=RgylABhg930iTG44" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>







It ends with the tagline: “Crypto investing begins here.”



In addition to appearing online, the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/grayscale">Grayscale</a> spot will air on CNBC, CNN, Golf Network, News Nation and NHL Network, a spokesperson told Blockworks — including during the NHL playoffs.



The upcoming crypto commercials during popular sporting events come after companies in the segment opted not to advertise during the Super Bowl in February.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-firms-super-bowl-advertising">Crypto players skip Super Bowl ads, plot other marketing opportunities</a>



Coinbase is not new to getting out its message during the NBA playoffs, launching a <a href="https://twitter.com/coinbase/status/1648043528797278215">campaign</a> focused on updating the financial system for last year’s postseason games.&nbsp;



The crypto exchange was one of the crypto companies to advertise during the 2022 Super Bowl. It more recently ran a television spot in February featuring a sad Abraham Lincoln on a penny, and the tagline: “Money is happier when it’s digital.”



Grayscale ads have <a href="https://twitter.com/Grayscale/status/1773741995087053057">appeared</a> in various <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-must-advertise-airports">airports and train stations</a> for years.



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Coinbase and Grayscale unveil new TV spots in time for bitcoin halving 

Macauley Peterson

Crypto exchange OKX released the public mainnet of its zkEVM rollup, X Layer, late Monday.



This new platform integrates with the OKX Exchange and OKX Web3 Wallet, enabling users to bridge assets easily, similar to Coinbase’s Base optimistic rollup and Bybit’s Mantle Network spin off.



The major difference is X Layer’s use of the Polygon zkEVM CDK, which has been live on testnet since November.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/okx-launching-l2-polygon">Centralized exchange OKX launches decentralized L2 with Polygon CDK</a>



This makes it part of the so-called “<a href="https://blockworks.co/podcast/lightspeed/e14b89fa-e5f0-11ee-94eb-d754c5abecb8">Aggregation Layer</a>” (or AggLayer), Polygon’s bid to address UX-pain points like liquidity fragmentation among Ethereum layer-2 networks, Polygon CEO Marc Boiron said.



The platform is expected to quickly host a wide array of dapps, including well-known DeFi offerings like Curve and QuickSwap, <a href="https://www.okx.com/learn/x-layer-mainnet">according</a> to a blog post by Chief Marketing Officer Haider Rafique, published Tuesday.



“The impressive roster of talented developers who have already started to build on X Layer is a testament to the potential of the network,” Boiron said.



The AggLayer currently consists of the Polygon zkEVM and Astar Network, but asset transfers between them are not yet available, an <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/okx">OKX</a> spokesperson told Blockworks.



X Layer cuts down on transaction fees by using an alternative to Ethereum for data availability (DA), technically making it a validium rollup, similar to Polygon’s plans for <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/polygon-pos-to-validium">upgrading its own PoS chain</a>.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/layer-2-secured-by-ethereum">So your layer-2 is ‘secured by Ethereum’ — what does that mean?</a>



The exchange’s token <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/okb">OKB</a> serves as a gas token, so the chain is tailor-made for users branching out from the exchange experience to Web3. Otherwise, using the chain requires bridging OKB from another chain, like Ethereum. An OKX spokesperson told Blockworks that an OKB faucet was not currently available on mainnet.



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/polygon-zkevm-post-mortem">Polygon’s zkEVM</a> uses ETH, as do most rollups, but does not yet make use of <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-improvement-proposal-4844">Ethereum’s blob space</a> created following the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-dencun-upgrade-mainnet">recent Dencun upgrade</a>. So it will be a few weeks before Polygon’s own chain sees the benefit of cheaper alternatives to Ethereum call data.



Crypto.com also has a zkEVM-based rollup in development — Cronos Chain — that uses rival zkSync’s rollup tech stack.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-rollups-using-zkstack">Cronos broadens scaling roadmap from Cosmos to Ethereum</a>



Looking ahead, X Layer aims to enhance wallet services, improve transaction speeds and provide comprehensive support and documentation for developers, Rafique wrote.



OKX has increasingly taken an “ecosystem” approach, including the launch of its own Web3 wallet that competes with MetaMask.



The exchange is a contributor to the Polygon CDK and plans to “provide an advanced tech-stack for builders in collaboration with Polygon Labs, according to Rafique.



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OKX turns on its L2 mainnet, joining the exchange chain club

Cryptocurrencies extended their decline Tuesday while stocks posted a modest rebound following Monday’s stronger-than-expected retail sales data.&nbsp;



Bitcoin and ether slid around 3% each Tuesday, erasing Monday’s slight gains. Bitcoin hovered around $62,400 at time of publication. The largest cryptocurrency looks poised to enter its next halving — expected to happen late this Friday — in the red.&nbsp;



While some traders are betting on the halving being bitcoin’s next catalyst for a run, researchers warn that the event is likely already priced in.&nbsp;



“The halving itself is already known to all market participants, so something like a decrease in issuance that’s already well-known theoretically shouldn’t impact the market at all,” Michael Zhao, researcher at Grayscale, said.&nbsp;



Equities on Tuesday inched into the green. The S&amp;P 500 and Nasdaq Composites gained about 0.1% by mid-way through the trading session.&nbsp;



US retail sales in March increased 0.7%, according to data released by the Commerce Department Monday. Analysts had expected a 0.4% rise. The report, coupled with last week’s hotter-than-expected inflation data, has traders skeptical that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates before this summer.&nbsp;



A healthy consumer market, as good as it may seem, is not boding well for the interest rate cutting schedule. CME futures <a href="https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/interest-rates/cme-fedwatch-tool.html?redirect=/trading/interest-rates/countdown-to-fomc.html">data</a> show a 0.4% chance of a rate cut in May and a 19% chance central bankers will slash rates in June.&nbsp;



“More recent data show solid growth and continued strength in the labor market, but also a lack of further progress so far this year on returning to our 2% inflation goal,” Fed Chairman Jerome Powell said Tuesday during a panel discussion at the Washington Forum on the Canadian Economy.&nbsp;



Rates are going to have to stay higher for longer, he added, confirming the widespread market sentiment.&nbsp;



“Fed Expectations has hopes for a June rate cut dashed by the hot CPI report and now the market must deal with the possibility of just two — or even fewer — rate cuts in 2024,” Tom Essaye, founder of Sevens Report Research, said. “Remember the market started the year expecting seven cuts.”



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Cryptos slip as Powell doubles-down on delaying rate cuts

Jack Kubinec

Jeff Albus

One key driver behind Solana’s current congestion issues is giving the network a break.



Hardhat Chad, the pseudonymous creator of the Ore project, has <a href="https://x.com/HardhatChad/status/1780249831207837726">announced</a> the project will suspend all mining activities, effective immediately. This decision comes just weeks after Ore&#8217;s launch, amid growing pains for the Solana network that have included severe congestion issues and network instability.



Ore’s price more than <a href="https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/ore">tripled</a> on news that the token’s supply would be paused, from around $93 before the announcement to over $300 shortly after, before drawing down to around $215, according to CoinGecko. Solana extended its bearish week even further, falling roughly from $131 to $127.



Ore is a blockchain-based project that implemented a proof-of-work (PoW) token distribution mechanism on the Solana network to explore a possibly more engaging and equitable way of distributing cryptocurrency.



Since Ore began trading earlier this month, the network’s diehards have flocked to what some <a href="https://x.com/odai_0x/status/1776079833484640715">dubbed</a> Bitcoin on Solana.&nbsp;



Bitcoin uses a PoW mechanism to distribute new coins and validate transactions. While secure, this system has been known to result in high energy consumption and slow transaction times.



The Solana blockchain, which has high throughput and low transaction costs, operates differently. It uses a proof-of-history (PoH) consensus combined with proof-of-stake (PoS), which significantly speeds up transactions and reduces costs.



Ore was introduced as an experiment to explore how proof-of-work could be implemented on Solana as a fun and fair token distribution mechanism. It aimed to merge the security and distribution model of PoW with Solana&#8217;s high-speed transaction capabilities.



Shortly after launch, Ore became the most active program on Solana by transaction count, according to the project&#8217;s creator.&nbsp;



Amid the deluge of transactions, as many as 75% of non-vote Solana transactions were not going through in early April, according to a Dune Analytics <a href="https://dune.com/scarn_eth/solana-tx-fail-rate">dashboard</a>. That figure is closer to 60% now.



While colloquially referred to as “failed” transactions, Solana’s <a href="https://solana.com/docs/core/transactions/retry">problem</a> is actually that the network is failing to schedule some transactions effectively. That means they’re dropped from the network before ever being included in a block. Regardless, to the end user, a frustrating fraction of on-chain actions are failing to land.&nbsp;



Ore highlighted how Solana’s low fees can actually work against the network when the transaction cost isn’t high enough to discourage spam.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/solana-network-congestion-transaction-volume">Solana’s cheap fees are turning out to be a curse — for now</a>



This realization has led to the current pause in Ore mining activities, allowing Hardhat Chad and their team to redesign the Ore contract for a Version 2 (v2). The next iteration aims to optimize the existing system, address inefficiencies that gave some miners an asymmetric advantage, and introduce structural incentives for holding the token, which were previously lacking.



“Welcome back, Solana,” one industry watcher <a href="https://x.com/AuronnBE/status/1780260014034153735">wrote</a> on X.&nbsp;



As Solana continues to deploy patches like v1.17.31 to improve performance and manage congestion, Ore&#8217;s v2 is being developed to better align with these network upgrades. All existing Ore tokens will be upgradable one-for-one into the new v2 token, ensuring fairness and continuity for current participants.



The mining halt is only temporary, as Ore hopes to bring its PoW concept back to Solana under more favorable conditions.



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Solana price falls further as Ore suspends mining on the network

Zack Shapiro

The Securities and Exchange Commission is investigating whether the Ethereum Foundation’s sale of ETH since the September 2022 “Merge” constitutes an unregistered securities offering in violation of US law, according to <a href="https://fortune.com/crypto/2024/03/20/sec-gary-gensler-ethereum-security-commodity-crypto-foundation/">Fortune</a>.



If the reports are true, then this investigation — just ahead of the SEC’s May deadline for a decision on an Ethereum spot ETF (more on that later) — raises the question: Did Ethereum’s switch to proof-of-stake transform it into a security?&nbsp;



The short answer is “no.”&nbsp;



The slightly longer answer is “still probably no.”



ETH tokens are not, in and of themselves, “securities” in the way that stocks or bonds are. They do not confer legal ownership of any business entity or contractual rights to any kind of payments — they are just code in a decentralized database.&nbsp;



When we talk about ETH “being a security,” we are instead actually asking whether the offer and sale of ETH tokens (in a particular context, between a particular buyer and seller) constitutes an “investment contract” under the dreaded Howey test. Under the Howey test, the offer and sale of an asset like ETH constitutes an investment contract if (1) someone invested money, (2) in a “common enterprise,” (3) in the expectation of profit and (4) where that expectation is based on the “essential managerial efforts of particular others.” 



The four Howey “prongs” have already been discussed and debated to death in the crypto space, so I’ll avoid beating a dead horse here. But if you look closely at the language from Howey, I think two things quickly become apparent about the sale of ETH tokens over time:



First, the sale of pre-mined ETH tokens to investors in Ethereum’s 2014 ICO sure looks a lot like an “investment contract.” ICO participants invested money (BTC) in order to receive their allocation of ETH (Howey prong #1). That BTC was pooled to fund a common effort led by Vitalik and the Ethereum Foundation to develop the Ethereum blockchain and produce the ETH tokens (Howey prong #2). Given that the Ethereum blockchain “pre-launch” at the time of the ICO, the only plausible motivation to take part in the ICO was to make money on the price appreciation of ETH (Howey prong #3). And, at the time of the ICO, if Ethereum was going to succeed as a protocol and ETH was going to succeed as an asset, Vitalik and his developers were going to have to roll up their sleeves and put in some good old “managerial efforts” to make the tokens worth anything (Howey prong #4).



Had the SEC brought suit around the time of the Ethereum ICO, they would have almost certainly won in court, and that may well have been the end of ETH.&nbsp;



However, the SEC didn’t bring suit, and the statute of limitations for such a claim (typically five years) would have run out in 2019. And importantly, the Ethereum ecosystem has evolved in ways since its ICO that make current sales of ETH tokens look less like an investment contract than they once did.&nbsp;



For one thing, the proliferation of applications (think DeFi and NFTs) utilizing ETH for “gas” provides a &#8220;consumptive utility&#8221; for ETH tokens that challenges the notion that current-day purchases of ETH are solely, or even mainly, based on profit expectation.&nbsp;



Even more important, however, is the so-called “<a href="https://www.sec.gov/news/speech/speech-hinman-061418">Hinman speech</a>” delivered in 2018 by Bill Hinman, then the director of corporation finance at the SEC, where he proposed that a digital asset’s classification under Howey could evolve over time.&nbsp;



According to Hinman’s logic — to the extent that Ethereum’s success no longer hinges on the efforts of a particular entity, like Vitalik or the Ethereum Foundation — the sale of ETH tokens would no longer fulfill the requirement of the final Howey prong that there be “particular others” upon whose efforts a buyer would rely for their profits. 



Read more from our opinion section: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/staking-eth-no-security">Staking or not, ETH is no security</a>



Therefore, regardless of the legally dubious nature of the ICO, the Ethereum network (at least from 2018 onwards) has become “sufficiently decentralized.” This means that its native token constitutes a digital commodity like bitcoin, rather than an investment contract, subject to SEC jurisdiction.



Since the Hinman speech, the securities law status of ETH has been at a bit of a stalemate. The SEC has never explicitly endorsed the notion that ETH (even pre-merge) is a digital commodity — which they readily concede with regard to bitcoin. And Gary Gensler regularly<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIcNGfF8FDA"> ties himself in knots</a> before Congress trying to evade questions about his view on ETH’s current legal status.&nbsp;



But the fact remains that (at least until now) the SEC has never brought an action specifically alleging that primary or secondary sales of ETH constitute investment contracts under Howey (like they did with over a dozen other tokens in the Coinbase, Binance and Kraken lawsuits). The SEC even went as far as to approve the listing of ETFs based on ETH futures contracts that trade on the CME, which would be hard to understand if the Commission felt that ETH tokens traded as unregistered securities.



But what about Ethereum’s migration to proof-of-stake? Does the fact that ETH tokens can be staked for “yield” change the legal situation and turn either (A) current-day sales of ETH, or (B) the act of staking ETH into securities offerings under Howey?&nbsp;



In my opinion (and I spend an unhealthy amount of time thinking about crypto securities law), no.



With regard to present-day sales of ETH tokens — whether directly from the Ethereum Foundation or on the secondary market — I don’t think ETH’s staking functionality makes much of a difference under Howey. That is, the ability to stake does not make ETH tokens any less useful for individuals who might buy them for their consumptive utility (i.e. gas fees).&nbsp;



And while the Ethereum Foundation does indeed still hold a large supply of ETH tokens, there is no reason to think that the introduction of staking makes the foundation’s “managerial efforts” “essential” to the financial success of ETH in some way that was not the case at the time of the 2018 Hinman speech.



The question of whether the act of staking ETH in order to receive “yield” in the form of staking rewards constitutes an investment contract under Howey is more nuanced — but properly understood, the answer should still be no.&nbsp;



Read more from our opinion section:&nbsp;<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ether-commodity-or-not" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ether is the Schrödinger’s cat of crypto</a>



When you run a validator node and stake 32 ETH tokens in exchange for rewards, what you are actually doing is providing a service to the Ethereum network and getting paid for that service. You only get the reward if you honestly validate blocks, and you stand to lose your stake to “slashing” if you attempt to validate dishonestly.&nbsp;



This is very different from the type of passive “yield” you might expect to receive from holding a bond or a dividend-paying stock or real estate asset (which rewards ownership and not activity). Unlike with these traditional financial instruments, you are not relying on “managerial efforts” of other people in order to profit when you stake ETH directly, but rather on your own skill and honestly as a validator.



This question becomes trickier, however, when we move from direct proof-of-stake validation to “staking services” such as those run by exchanges like Coinbase and collaborative staking protocols like Lido and Rocketpool.&nbsp;



At one end of the extreme, you could see an argument for how custodial staking services could look quite security-like under Howey (given how reliant depositors would be on the staking service provider’s efforts in order to earn yield).&nbsp;



At the other end of the spectrum, you could imagine a purely on-chain tool that allowed users to jointly stake their ETH in collective, automated, validator nodes with clearly defined behavior looking much more like direct staking than an investment contract.&nbsp;



Where the specific services by Coinbase, Lido and Rocketpool fall on this continuum is very much an open legal question — and one that in Coinbase’s case is being actively litigated in federal court in the Southern District of New York.&nbsp;



But none of this makes ETH itself, even when being used for staking purposes, an investment contract and therefore none of this seems to justify the SEC’s new investigation.



Why, then, might the SEC be pursuing this type of weak claim about Ethereum?&nbsp;



Observing the success of the Bitcoin ETF — and the SEC&#8217;s dissatisfaction with its launch — suggests that the investigation into Ethereum might be a pretext to deny the upcoming spot ETH ETF application.&nbsp;



Moreover, acknowledging Ethereum’s transition to a commodity despite its seemingly illegal ICO genesis could concede a legal strategy meant to apply to other token projects that the SEC believes aiming to circumvent securities classification (in other words, creating a loophole).&nbsp;



The SEC’s actions could be seen as a strategic move to maintain regulatory leverage over the crypto market, rather than a clear-cut determination of Ethereum’s status as a security.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>


<div class="wp-block-post-author-biography">Zack Shapiro is the Managing Partner at Rains and leads the law practice. Previously, he was co-founder and general counsel of BZR, a startup backed by Founders Fund, Greycroft, and Abstract Ventures. Zack is a graduate of Williams College and Yale Law School, and started his legal career clerking in the federal courts for the S.D.N.Y. and the 2nd Circuit, and at Davis Polk &amp; Wardwell. Zack serves in various advisory roles in the crypto industry, including as a member of the Pleb Lab Accelerator advisory board, and as a Legal Fellow at the Bitcoin Policy Institute.
</div>


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No, ETH isn’t suddenly a security now

It appears ever more likely that fund issuers will launch crypto ETFs in Hong Kong very soon. This move could catalyze acceptance of such funds elsewhere, with some speculating that other regulators in Asia could be next to follow suit.



In the US, the Securities and Exchange Commission had held out on approving spot bitcoin ETFs for years, restricting investors from engaging with cryptocurrencies through regulated financial avenues. This barrier prevented the broader financial adoption and accessibility of blockchain assets.



That all changed in January when the SEC <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-approves-bitcoin-etf">approved 10 spot bitcoin ETFs for trading</a> on US exchanges. This approval not only marked a significant shift in policy but also led to approximately $12.5 billion in net inflows to these funds, demonstrating a robust market appetite.



Fast forward just weeks after the US bitcoin ETF approvals, to when the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/london-stock-exchange-crypto-etn-proposals">United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority said it would support</a> “recognized investment exchanges” listing physically backed bitcoin and ether exchange traded notes (ETNs) for professional investors.



The London Stock Exchange indicated that such listings <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/london-stock-exchange-crypto-exchange-traded-notes">could be expected by the end of May</a>.



Now in <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/hong-kong">Hong Kong</a>, fund issuers have indicated in recent days that they are looking to launch spot bitcoin and ether funds soon.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/hong-kong-reportedly-looks-to-approve-crypto-etfs">Hong Kong could green light spot bitcoin and ether ETFs next week: Report</a>



HashKey Capital and Bosera International noted in a Monday <a href="https://group.hashkey.com/en/newsroom/bosera-hashkey-co-launch-spot-etfs">post</a> they had gained approval from Hong Kong’s Securities and Futures Commission to offer crypto-related asset management services.&nbsp;



A HashKey spokesperson declined to comment further.



A representative for Hong kong-based China Asset Management said the firm is planning to launch a spot bitcoin ETF and a spot ether ETF.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Still, issuers do not appear to have official approval to launch such funds. An SFC spokesperson did not immediately return a request for comment.&nbsp;



“Regarding the approval progress, we are currently not in a position to provide comment, as it is the decision of SFC,” the China Asset Management spokesperson told Blockworks in an email.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/uk-crypto-regulation-panel-das">Developments in the UK</a> and Hong Kong “reiterate the global ripple effect of the spot ETF approvals in the US,” according to Tim Bevan, CEO at crypto ETP issuer ETC Group.



Michael Silberberg, head of investor relations at Alt Tab Capital, added in a statement that the Hong Kong move was likely to attract more institutional investors. He believes that this would result in more liquidity and better price discovery.



“As other jurisdictions observe Hong Kong’s approach, it will likely encourage similar regulatory frameworks worldwide, further legitimizing bitcoin as an investable asset class and driving more growth in BTC and across the market,” Silberberg said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Who’s next to approve such products?</h2>



While the US became the latest to approve spot <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-etf">bitcoin ETFs</a>, other countries had beat them to it.



Canadian fund group Purpose Investments launched its spot bitcoin ETF on the Toronto Stock Exchange in February 2021 — the world’s first bitcoin ETF backed by physically settled bitcoin.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etf-fee-level">Purpose Investments, Grayscale defend their higher fees as outflows continue</a>



QR Asset Management <a href="https://blockworks.co/brazil-bitcoin-etf-follows-similar-launches-in-canada">launched Latin America’s first spot bitcoin ETF</a> in Brazil in June 2021.



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/us-europe-spot-bitcoin-etf">Europe’s first spot bitcoin ETF</a> went live on Euronext Amsterdam last year, though crypto ETNs — debt instruments typically collateralized by the underlying exposure — had existed there for years prior. &nbsp;&nbsp;



Karim Saber, a research associate at crypto ETP issuer 21Shares, said Asia appears poised to take the lead in approving new spot bitcoin ETFs given higher-than-average crypto adoption rates in countries like South Korea, Japan and Singapore.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/apac-web3-2023">The future of Web3 lies in the Asia-Pacific</a>



“The victory of the bitcoin-friendly South Korean opposition party in April&#8217;s election enhances the likelihood of the country approving BTC spot ETFs in the near future,” he told Blockworks.&nbsp;



The winning party had pledged to prioritize offering investors access to such products, Bloomberg <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-04-05/south-korean-party-pledges-access-to-us-bitcoin-etfs-in-race-for-votes">reported</a> earlier this month.&nbsp;



While South Korea’s recent political shift could lead to regulators approving a bitcoin ETF as soon as this year, Saber noted, Japan and Singapore might not be far behind.&nbsp;



The Government Pension Investment Fund (GPIF) of Japan said last month it was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/japan-pension-fund-considers-bitcoin">considering investing in “illiquidity assets” like bitcoin</a>.



That came about a month after the Japanese government advanced a proposal that would allow investment limited partnerships to acquire and hold crypto assets.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/japan-crypto-policy-step-forward">Japan’s crypto policy takes a positive step forward</a>



A March <a href="https://www.independentreserve.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Independent-Reserve-Cryptocurrency-Index-Singapore-2024.pdf">survey</a> of Singaporeans by Independent Reserve found that one-third of respondents would consider investing in an overseas spot bitcoin ETF.



While the Monetary Authority of Singapore has expressed <a href="https://www.zaobao.com.sg/finance/singapore/story20240117-1462706">concerns</a> about retail access to spot ETFs, crypto adoption is evolving in the country.&nbsp;



Singapore app Grab, for example, allowed users to start making payments in BTC, ETH and stablecoins last month. The move highlights “the growing integration of cryptocurrencies into mainstream commerce,” Saber said.



“Therefore, we anticipate Singapore and Japan to increasingly pursue regulatory approval following South Korea,” he added. “The approval in Hong Kong could catalyze discussions this year as Asian countries vie for prominence as the next financial center for innovation.”



Bevan said he expects Japan and South Korea could approve such products in the next six to 12 months — noting that while timelines are hard to predict, “they are all playing catch-up with the US.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Progress in the UK and Australia</h2>



The <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/fca">FCA</a>’s change of stance related to United Kingdom-listed crypto ETNs currently applies to products accessible only to professional investors.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



But the regulator’s cautious “phased approach” is likely a step toward retail access once it assesses the products’ impact with that “more informed participant base,” Mandy Chiu, head of financial product development at 21.co, previously told Blockworks.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etfs-in-uk">After US bitcoin ETFs, the UK fights for retail to have the same freedom</a>



Over in Australia, additional spot bitcoin ETFs could soon be available as well.



The Global X 21Shares Bitcoin ETF (EBTC) launched on Cboe Australia in May 2022. The fund provides holders an interest in bitcoin held in cold storage by Coinbase.



Asset manager Monochrome last year <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/australian-spot-bitcoin-etf">applied for Australia’s first fully-licensed spot bitcoin ETF</a> under new regulatory guidelines. Monochrome CEO Jeff Yew previously told Blockworks that the proposed fund would be uniquely authorized under the country’s “crypto asset” licensing category, which allows the fund to hold bitcoin directly on the fund level.&nbsp;



It is unclear whether this distinction will attract investors to such a fund. The Global X fund has $93 million in assets under management after about two months on the market — a far cry from several of the much-younger US spot bitcoin ETFs.&nbsp;



“Monochrome expects to receive a positive response for the Monochrome Bitcoin ETF (IBTC) within a matter of weeks, not months,” Yew said.



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After crypto ETF movement in Hong Kong, other Asia regulators could act 

Binance.US tapped the New York Federal Reserve’s former compliance chief to its board of directors. 



Martin Grant, who served as the Fed’s compliance and ethics officer until 2022, will help “oversee financial reporting processes and internal controls,” <a href="https://blog.binance.us/martin-grant-joins-board/">according</a> to a press release from Binance US.



“The American digital asset industry is at an inflection point, and I am excited to help guide the future of one of the country’s most influential and customer-centric crypto platforms,” Grant said.



Grant’s addition “reflects the strength of our business and demonstrates our commitment to maintaining the highest standards of compliance and integrity. We look forward to benefiting from his expertise and counsel as we continue to navigate the current regulatory environment and position Binance.US for long-term growth and success,” <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/binance">Binance</a> US interim CEO Norman Reed added.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/binance-settlement-message-to-crypto-industry">Yellen: Historic Binance settlement “sends message” to crypto industry</a>



The Securities and Exchange Commission targeted both Binance US and Binance in a lawsuit <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/binance-changpeng-zhao-face-sec-charges">filed last June</a>. The SEC alleges that the two — which are separate entities — offered and sold unregistered securities and also failed to register as an exchange.&nbsp;



Last year, the Department of Justice also announced a multi-billion dollar settlement with the crypto exchange, and former CEO <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/changpeng-zhao">Changpeng Zhao</a> was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/changpeng-zhao-binance-steps-down">ousted as part of the terms</a>.&nbsp;



Another part of the settlement requires Binance to allow some teams from the Department of Justice to review Binance’s activities. It will also be overseen by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. 



Binance’s Chief Compliance Officer Noah Perlman said on a panel last week that the settlement is an “opportunity” for Binance to “uplift the [compliance program],” the Wall Street Journal <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/top-crypto-exchanges-look-to-move-beyond-settlements-with-u-s-regulators-fddbeb29">reported</a>.



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Former NY Fed compliance chief joins Binance US board

The Bitcoin halving is looming, as the quadrennial event is expected to take place at the end of the week.&nbsp;



The halving, which marks the fourth such event in bitcoin’s history, will knock rewards down to 3.125 BTC per block from 6.25.&nbsp;



However, a lot has changed since the last time the rewards were halved in 2020 from the launch of the spot bitcoin ETFs to bitcoin notching new all-time highs just last month.



BitGo CEO Mike Belshe sat down with Blockworks ahead of the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-halving">halving</a> to discuss the overall market environment, bitcoin and the launch of the ETFs.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/etfs-helped-legitimize-bitcoin-halving-cme">ETFs helped ‘legitimize’ bitcoin ahead of halving: Q&amp;A</a>



Keep reading for excerpts from Blockworks&#8217; interview with Belshe.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Blockworks: How is <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitgo">BitGo</a> approaching the space post-bitcoin ETFs?



Mike Belshe: What we have found, as an industry, in the last year and a half to two and a half years, is that there&#8217;s a political thing going on that is influencing the interpretation of laws and regulations. And because of that, the traditional players are largely locked out. But all of a sudden, they&#8217;ve got the ETF vehicle, which has been approved. It&#8217;s the one shining light that they can definitely use without feeling like they&#8217;re putting their entire businesses at risk. It allows them to participate in Bitcoin, to provide access to their own clients for Bitcoin, and yet not necessarily have to take all of the exposures that they would have to take if they tried to do what BitGo does. So instead, they lean on BitGo to make that happen.



Blockworks: You guys have direct exposure to ETFs, correct?



Belshe: So we&#8217;re handling two of them so far. I think there are many more that you&#8217;ll be hearing about very soon. We provide all the regulatory compliance that [bitcoin ETF issuers] would need to expect. We’re regulated in three different states as a Trust Company. We&#8217;ve got South Dakota, New York and Wyoming now. And then, of course, we have money transmission licenses and other things that we do so we&#8217;re a very easy player for anybody that&#8217;s looking for that secure storage to work with.



Blockworks: Can you give some insight into the conversations that you&#8217;re having with these institutions following the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-approves-bitcoin-etf">spot bitcoin ETF launches</a>?



Belshe: The business this year is just growing so fast. I actually think the institutions aren&#8217;t as much in as you would think. We have our existing institutional clients, and they&#8217;re all going to retail on their own — and that retail demand has been growing.



Some people are asking, ‘Where is this ETF demand coming from?’ And I think it&#8217;s still mostly retail demand — that is, retail clients going through Schwab, through TD Ameritrade. They’re going through their brokers and just now getting access to this asset class, which previously was just too hard to touch.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/2024-bitcoin-halving-new-era">The 2024 halving could usher in a new era for Bitcoin</a>



Now they just log in and buy. This is actually very good news for the industry, because there&#8217;s an endless amount of institutional demand, which we know is coming. So institutions are not yet in, and I believe they are coming, but the ETF was only approved in January…it&#8217;s not enough time for those evaluations to have been completed yet, which is why most of what we see so far is retail coming in. There&#8217;s some amount of the small hedge funds that are now coming in some amount of RAs can come in because they can make faster decisions and move quickly. And I think there&#8217;s a lot of headroom here for more demand.



Blockworks: We’ve heard similar things from Valkyrie, that some financial advisors, etc. are not quite ready to embrace the ETFs just yet, and that they need more time. Are you hearing similar rumblings?



Belshe: Some just need to see how bitcoin ETFs play out. The [Securities and Exchange Commission] was initially a no. Now they approved the products, but it’s not like these guys were like, ‘Great, the [bitcoin ETFs] are ready to go.’ A lot of them were on the sidelines, and now — even with the ETFs being launched — they need to see how it all shakes out.



Is it all going to go to BlackRock or to Fidelity, or heck, is Bitwise going to get some of this? Is it going to be really unstable? Is it going to get big really fast?



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-different-institutions-investors">This Bitcoin halving will be different — the institutions are here</a>



That&#8217;s all starting to shake out now. People are now looking at it and saying, ‘Yeah, this is a pretty robust ecosystem, the largest, fastest-growing ETF sector in the history of the market.’



Blockworks: Is this going to be a different halving than what we’ve seen before because of all the outside factors?



Belshe: I don&#8217;t tend to think about it in the short term. But long term, what is it really? Well, we have a distribution schedule for how new bitcoin [is] issued out into the world. That was put in motion all the way back in 2009. It hasn&#8217;t changed. That, by the way, is the first monetary policy in the history of humans that has been static for 15 years straight.



Humans can&#8217;t stop tinkering — the Fed changes things every quarter — and yet Bitcoin has managed to hold it steady by the exact same schedule that was put in place in 2009. It just shows the difference between what happens when you hand the rules over to the machines versus the emotions of people.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-outlook-for-public-miners">Financial trouble for bitcoin miners: A look back, and ahead as the halving looms&nbsp;</a>



You could ask the question: Why does it work this way? And that gets more into how do you build a currency of value without just giving yourself all the tokens. There are other currencies out there, like XRP, where Ripple gives themselves all the money to begin with, and then they say, ‘Come buy my coin.’ Alright, maybe some people are gonna do that and they&#8217;ve been fairly successful. Ripple still holds a chunk of XRP to this day. But it&#8217;s a lot harder to trust that, because you&#8217;re so dependent on Ripple and good stewardship of XRP.



And I’m not trying to say they haven’t been good stewards. I think they&#8217;ve been reasonably good. But with Bitcoin, they didn’t want that.



So instead, Satoshi Nakamoto put together this thing. I think it builds trust, and this is going to be just another milestone in building trust. Bitcoin is the one asset that&#8217;s going to do exactly what it said it was going to do, and not falter from the original plan.



This interview was edited for brevity and clarity.&nbsp;



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Despite bitcoin ETF approval, institutions are on the sidelines: BitGo CEO

<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Where to, digital gold?</h2>



Halving week is off to a tumultuous start.&nbsp;



Cryptocurrencies whipsawed over the weekend on growing geopolitical concerns after Iran’s Saturday drone attack on Israel.&nbsp;



Bitcoin (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/btc">BTC</a>) crashed to below $62,000 on Saturday evening, further extending the sell-off that began Friday when BTC dipped from $70,000 to $66,000 in a matter of hours. By early this morning, though, things had relatively stabilized.&nbsp;



Bitcoin is currently down more than 2% over the past 24 hours, sitting at $64,500 as of 11 am ET.



Ether (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/eth">ETH</a>) and Solana (<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/sol">SOL</a>) had bounced harder. Earlier this morning, ETH had been up 7% on the day while SOL had gained 9%. Both have since retraced slightly.



It is, of course, worth noting that when the threat of a wider regional war looms over a weekend, traders are limited as stock markets are closed.&nbsp;



The rush to traditional financial havens — gold, namely, which rallied 17% — started Friday. Oil prices hit their highest level since October last week.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-outlook-for-public-miners">Financial trouble for bitcoin miners: A look back, and ahead as the halving looms&nbsp;</a>



By this morning, oil prices were easing but gold was still rallying, with spot futures ticking up another 0.3%.&nbsp;



Crypto-related stocks fell on Friday along with bitcoin. COIN shares closed last week almost 7% lower, but were trading 0.6% higher pre-market this morning. MicroStrategy similarly lost 5% Friday and was trending 0.6% lower before the open today.&nbsp;



Looking ahead, aside from the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-halving">halving</a>, analysts have their eye on oil prices, which historically are a leading indicator for recession. The oil shocks of 1973, 1980 and 1990 all led to gas prices spiking +35%, and, in every case, the US economy also dipped into a recession.



“If oil prices spike enough to get US gasoline to $5.40/gallon this summer, a recession later in the year is a genuine possibility,” Nicholas Colas, co-founder of DataTrek Research, said.&nbsp;



When oil and gas prices spiked during the second Gulf War in 2023, the jump was an exception to the recession rule, but at that point the Federal Reserve had already been in a rate-cut cycle for two years. Quite different from our current situation.&nbsp;



Central bankers meet again in a little over two weeks, and expectations of a rate cut continue to dwindle. CME Group futures data shows only a 4.5% probability of a decrease.&nbsp;



— Casey Wagner&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data Center</h2>



<ul>
<li>Tokenized hedge fund Ethena saw net daily <a href="https://defillama.com/protocol/ethena?denomination=ETH#tvl-charts">outflows</a> for the first time over the weekend, altogether losing $31.58 million.</li>



<li>Net <a href="https://defillama.com/bridges/chains">flows</a> to <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/layer-2-2">layer-2s</a> Arbitrum and Optimism hit $278 million over the past week. Ethereum outflows reached $289 million across the same period.</li>



<li>Uniswap <a href="https://defillama.com/protocol/uniswap">volumes</a> haven’t slowed after <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-issues-uniswap-wells-notice">the SEC’s Wells notice</a>: still around $3 billion per day compared to around $1 billion in February.</li>



<li>Bitcoin is firmly the number one <a href="https://www.cryptoslam.io/blockchains">blockchain</a> for NFT volumes over the past month, week and day, currently more than double number-two Ethereum.</li>



<li>Solana’s active <a href="https://app.artemis.xyz/chains">addresses</a> are down to 1 million after hitting 30-month highs of 2.4 million in mid-March.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Hedge status still pending</h2>



Crypto seems to have overreacted to Iran’s attack on Israel over the weekend, with large parts of the market dumping up to 20%.



Stock markets weren’t dumping before the bell on Monday. Still, anything could happen, but it seems whatever crypto investors were worried about, equities folk haven’t minded too much.



At times like this, it would be nice if bitcoin were truly uncorrelated with the stock market. One could buy bitcoin as the world teeters. A hedge against dystopia, as has long been the value prop for gold.&nbsp;



But that’s not always the case — yet.<img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="624" height="419" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/5IffKOx5z-y60Z9a3AdPy4P3s87B_BZJCYOZl54L9T8-gUuA45NRhtgfen1Nev0FHfRECRpdhx70lGtVVMGgWn1o2TCWYxyf_SUatb-5vJu5-XpI4PlAOB34JbpM_hLtO_6aYLw4zzBCnmFHaEON5_o">



There have been instances where bitcoin was indeed a useful hedge. Times when it ran opposite to benchmarks amid high geopolitical tension and market uncertainty.



Bitcoin and ether rallied more than 50% as then-President Donald Trump ratcheted up his trade war with China in May 2019, with plans to boost tariffs on Chinese imported goods from 10% to 25%. The S&amp;P 500 fell more than 2.2% across that time.



Bitcoin spiked by 40% around the Jan. 6 Capitol riots in 2021, while the S&amp;P fell. Ether and the wider crypto market pushed even higher than bitcoin.



And while crypto initially sank alongside the S&amp;P as Silicon Valley Bank went belly-up last March, bitcoin and ether went onto pump more than 20% as the US government swooped in to make depositors whole. The S&amp;P meanwhile only really managed to pare back losses.



<figure class="wp-block-image is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/nuZrqxTHcyS6yFMariY6dwXpXZj1SfeU7Z0Jci1-Ex5_kHyvA2le45Z-UD1NglWx9-uc6Zo3gLYlkKuVE_24LCtamQFOkfbHuZmWF6F7OHovCs6L-JPxA8GMfAjrBgnsZwL5w37ihoN0DYfhIiQVIT0" alt="" style="width:596px;height:auto"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">(Bank busts are apparently good for bitcoin)</figcaption></figure>



Bitcoin even surged by more than a quarter in the immediate aftermath of the Oct. 7 Hamas’ attack on Israel. The S&amp;P 500 dipped about 5%.&nbsp;



At other times of stress, however, crypto has traded opposite of hedgers’ hopes. Bitcoin, ether and the rest of the digital asset market crashed alongside the S&amp;P 500 when Jamal Khashoggi was assassinated in Saudi Arabia in October 2018.&nbsp;



Bitcoin and ether tanked again, by almost 15%, as the Hong Kong protests ramped up in early June 2019, even as the S&amp;P 500 held strong, although crypto would sometimes rally as demonstrations waged on throughout the year.



Sometimes, crypto even trades just like everything else. When the US dramatically pulled out of Afghanistan in September 2021, bitcoin and ether shed more than 10% as the S&amp;P slipped 6%. <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Jns5mwvTHWHK36Yu4Y4scARBzlZiQM7tt8OyTDDAOpuMosbyUVPiS7XcSu3GZmuRi06O3nIg_sdNHT1ghQB0g29_CpAlkcjubkmaN9ltvVlj0eBlCgtAIppcxm9ci-fWRPy44cGLfYeDShiV-DOgz7M" width="624" height="417">



And then there’s bitcoin’s monstrous 50% collapse around the Covid-19 crashes in Q1 2020, which happened in unison with global markets. Despite all this, perhaps we’re headed for a time where bitcoin and crypto really do act like a safe-haven asset.&nbsp;



Although, judging by the weekend action, we’re still a long way from that kind of certainty.



— David Canellis



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">That’s a big one</h2>



Hong Kong may have just joined the European and American ranks, as it potentially allows some firms to launch spot <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-etf">bitcoin ETFs</a>. The Securities and Futures Commission, Hong Kong’s regulator, also seemed to beat out the SEC in simultaneously approving some issuers to launch spot ether ETFs.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ether-etf-approval-unlikely-soon">Ether ETFs coming in May? Here’s why many are bearish</a>



In a statement, China Asset Management said it was partnering with OSL Digital Securities and BOCI Prudential. The asset manager “plans to issue ETF products that can invest in spot bitcoin and spot Ethereum,” a translated version of the company’s statement <a href="https://mp-weixin-qq-com.translate.goog/s/L41jvBB5hthR4mXRoL1G2Q?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp">said</a>.



OSL, in a separate statement, <a href="https://osl.com/press-release/osl-appointed-first-exchange-sub-custodian-china-amc-spot-btc-eth-etf-hong-kong/">confirmed</a> the “approval in principle and launch of its inaugural spot bitcoin/ethereum ETFs in Hong Kong.”



HashKey <a href="https://group.hashkey.com/en/newsroom/bosera-hashkey-co-launch-spot-etfs">said</a> it also received approval alongside Bosera International. The two plan to team up to “jointly promote the issuance of spot ETFs for Bitcoin and Ethereum, providing investors with a secure, compliant and convenient way to directly participate in these markets.”



The news Monday, which was <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/hong-kong-reportedly-looks-to-approve-crypto-etfs">expected thanks to reports</a> late last week, was enough to buoy both bitcoin and ether after a volatile weekend. Ether gained roughly 7%.



This is <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/hong-kong">Hong Kong</a>’s moment to solidify itself as a major player in the crypto space. The Special Administrative Region has been plotting new regulations and attracting crypto firms for the past year. Outside of that, this could open a door for institutional demand in Asia.&nbsp;



In the US, the launch of the spot bitcoin ETFs led to <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-all-time-high">bitcoin hitting new all-time highs</a>, and a slew of institutions and retail buying into the new ETFs as firms look to gain exposure for themselves and their clients. Specifically, the launch of the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/ether-etfs">ether ETFs</a> — if executed in Hong Kong before the US — could give the overall market an idea of what to expect if, or when depending on who you ask about the ETFs, are launched in the States.



— Katherine Ross



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Works</h2>



<ul>
<li>Germany’s top federal bank, Landesbank Baden-Württemberg, has teamed up with the Bitpanda exchange to offer custody service, Bloomberg <a href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/germany-s-largest-federal-bank-to-offer-crypto-custody-services-1.2058976">writes</a>.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Guy Ficco, the criminal investigation chief at the IRS, <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2024/04/12/irs-criminal-investigation-chief-agency-prepared-crypto-tax-crimes-cnbc-crypto-world.html">warned</a> that his agency is prepared for an increase in tax evasion and fraud cases involving crypto.</li>



<li>English football team Real Bedford has <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv27e9qn4qno">scored</a> a cryptocurrency denominated investment from Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss. The team was bought by bitcoin podcaster Peter McCormack in 2021, as the BBC notes.&nbsp;</li>



<li>Crypto partnerships are back: STEPN <a href="https://twitter.com/TatsianaSTEPN/status/1779841057200484561">announced</a> that it teamed up with Adidas to launch 1,000 sneaker NFTs on Solana.</li>



<li>Former Trump official Steve Mnuchin’s quixotic bid to buy TikTok now <a href="https://nypost.com/2024/04/15/business/steve-mnuchin-seeks-ai-partner-to-rebuild-tiktoks-algorithm-sources/">includes</a> a plan to hire an AI firm to help rebuild its algorithm, according to the New York Post.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Morning Riff</h2>



Could a crypto-backed candidate kick Senator <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/elizabeth-warren">Elizabeth Warren</a>, D-Mass., out of office? An array of crypto execs are betting that attorney John Deaton could, according to <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/12/crypto-executives-put-money-behind-longshot-bid-to-oust-elizabeth-warren-00151882">Politico</a>.&nbsp;



Publicly available polling on Warren’s chances is scarce. A survey in March 2023 <a href="https://www.wgbh.org/news/politics/2023-03-27/analysis-as-warren-seeks-a-third-term-her-position-is-stronger-than-it-seems">showed</a> Warren with some vulnerabilities among Massachusetts’ famously prickly electorate —&nbsp;just 41% of survey-takers held a positive view, compared to 36% unfavorable. Another poll a couple of months later had Warren <a href="https://thebrunswicknews.com/sports/national_sports/new-poll-shows-sen-elizabeth-warren-vulnerable-in-2024-pollsters-say/article_9b1f3707-3b6a-5c65-81f7-5d5e781ee71c.html">narrowly</a> beating former Lt. Gov. Karyn Polito in a hypothetical matchup, plus a huge percentage —&nbsp;30% —&nbsp;undecided on their votes.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/elizabeth-warren-challenger-senate">Pro-XRP lawyer John Deaton launches bid against Elizabeth Warren</a>



I live two hours west of Boston. If weekend talk radio and the cat food aisle at Big Y is to be believed, there’s a constituency here ready to boot Democrats, both state and national, off their perch. Look at Republican Charlie Baker’s run as governor, and Mitt Romney’s too, the argument goes. Plus, Scott Brown proved in 2010 that a Republican can win a Senate race here —&nbsp;right?



Call me skeptical. Warren was viewed as a weak candidate heading into the 2018 race, and she won by a hair over 60%. Brown won against a terrible candidate in 2010, and then lost to Warren a few years later. Plus, Massachusetts has a thing about GOP governors who prove willing to tack to the center.&nbsp;



Deaton is an intriguing candidate. But as Politico notes, Deaton isn’t well-known here, and the fact that he <a href="https://www.wpri.com/news/elections/ri-lawyer-john-deaton-moves-to-mass-to-challenge-sen-warren/">just</a> moved to Massachusetts will definitely be used against him. If Deaton wants to beat Warren, he’ll need to focus on what’s really got people here grumbling — housing unaffordability, infrastructure and the cost of food. Hammering on about XRP won’t cut it.&nbsp;



— Michael McSweeney



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Empire Newsletter: Bitcoin wasn’t a hedge — this time

As the Bitcoin halving nears, miners express ongoing concerns about the potential need to shut down less efficient mining rigs due to reduced block rewards.



When the halving happens less than a week from now, the Bitcoin network’s per-block mining rewards will halve from 6.25 BTC to 3.125 BTC.



This impending reduction has led to worries about increased cost inefficiencies that may render smaller contributors unprofitable. These apprehensions are not new, having surfaced prior to past halving events as well.



In anticipation, a number of mining companies have sought to strengthen their balance sheets, deploy more efficient machines, and diversify their revenue streams to better withstand the upcoming changes.



However, some observers believe these fears are generally overblown. They point out that larger mining outfits have historically managed to adapt and thrive amidst the cyclical market fluctuations typically associated with block halvings.



They predict a similar <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/coinbase-primer-investors-bitcoin-halving">outcome for the upcoming cycle</a>, where initial disruptions may give way to a phase of price discovery, driven by the increased scarcity of Bitcoin.



This could potentially lead to higher Bitcoin prices, which would help to offset the reduced block rewards. That in turn may alleviate some of the financial pressures on miners and possibly restore profitability to their operations.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/miners-stockpiling-btc-before-halving">Miners keep adding to BTC stockpiles in homestretch before halving</a>



Industry giants like Marathon Digital and Riot Platforms seem to have a clear edge over most of their peers in at least one category; their balance sheets consist of more than $1 billion each in combined cash and BTC.



Chase White, a senior analyst at Compass Point Research &amp; Trading, previously said private miners without easy access to public markets capital are more likely to have to shut down operations in the aftermath of the per-block <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/mining">mining</a> rewards cut.



Despite expecting “pain for everyone,” White added that miners carrying low or no debt, who pay the lowest amounts in terms of energy costs, and who are equipped with the most efficient mining fleets are likely to be fine.



Not all mining companies fit these criteria.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-impact-on-at-home-miners">‘BTC will have to hit $79K’: At-home miners brace for the Bitcoin halving</a>



And so, the question remains: Which firms will come out on the other side of the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-halving">halving</a> intact, and stronger?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Past financial troubles for miners</h2>



Several sources had trouble coming up with any major miners hurt badly by the last halving event four years ago.



According to Kayla Joyce, an associate at the law firm Holland &amp; Knight, the 2024 halving event differs from its predecessors in 2016 and 2020. She predicts it may lead to a wave of consolidation and defaults across the now matured space.



She did not disclose which firms she believes are most at risk, however.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-halving-crypto-miner-consolidation">Bitcoin miner consolidation appears imminent as halving looms</a>



“The 2020 halving seemed to have less of an impact because the bitcoin mining industry was a smaller space prior to the 2021 crypto bull market,” Joyce told Blockworks. “Investors only started pouring money into the industry in 2021.”



Hardship across the mining sector was not primarily due to the 2020 halving, but rather resulted from the 2022 crypto winter. This downturn followed a period where mining firms accumulated substantial debt to fund aggressive growth initiatives.



Crypto mining data center operator Compute North <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/compute-norths-business-goes-south">filed for bankruptcy</a> in September 2022 after raising $385 million in debt financing that February. The company said in bankruptcy filings at the time that it owed as much as $500 million to at least 200 creditors.



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-miner-core-scientific-to-file-bankruptcy-stock-tanks-30">Core Scientific then filed for bankruptcy</a> in December 2022. It noted at the time that while its cash flow was positive, it was insufficient to repay an equipment financing loan.



<a href="https://blockworks.co/news/core-scientific-emerges-from-bankruptcy">The Texas-based company emerged from bankruptcy</a> in January — reducing its net debt to $571 million by converting equipment lender and convertible note holder debt to equity.&nbsp;



Core Scientific CEO told Blockworks last month that going forward, the company intends to be more “pragmatic” on its infrastructure growth strategy and more “opportunistic” on the machine purchase side.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/adam-sullivan-core-scientific-bitcoin-halving">Core Scientific CEO: Machine buys, deleveraging key around Bitcoin halving</a>



Though Argo Blockchain did not go bankrupt amid the 2022 bear market, the London-based firm said late that year <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/argo-bankruptcy-still-on-the-table">it was looking to avoid such a fate</a> despite holding “insufficient cash” to sustain operations for much longer.



Argo mined 103 bitcoin last month and held digital assets worth the equivalent of 26 BTC ($1.82 million), as of March 31. Last month, the company also closed on the sale of its facility in Mirabel, Quebec for $6.1 million



It used the proceeds of the sale to repay the Mirabel facility&#8217;s remaining mortgage of $1.4 million and also paid back a portion of its outstanding debt to Galaxy Digital. Argo still owes Galaxy $12.8 million, down from its original $35 million debt balance to the company.&nbsp; &nbsp;



Overall, the company reduced its debt by $12.4 million during the first quarter, Argo Blockchain CEO Thomas Chippas said in a statement.



He added: “As we approach the halving, we continue to focus on streamlining our operations and running as efficiently as possible.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A look at hash cost, miners’ fate this time around</h2>



Looking at the hash price and hash cost of public mining companies, it is clear that some are better positioned than others as they head into the halving.



Hash price takes bitcoin price, network difficulty, block subsidy and transaction fees into account. It <a href="https://data.hashrateindex.com/chart/bitcoin-hashprice-index">measures</a> the potential earnings a miner can expect from a specific quantity of hash rate. This is positively correlated with changes in BTC price and negatively associated with shifts in bitcoin mining difficulty.



Hash cost, though similar to hash price, offers a different perspective by measuring the cost to the miner.



Reducing hash cost — via improving efficiency by deploying newer machines or securing lower energy rates — has been a key focus for the segment’s firms as the halving looms.&nbsp;



The hash price for bitcoin stood at roughly $106 per petahash per second (PH/s) on Monday, according to Hashrate Index <a href="https://data.hashrateindex.com/chart/bitcoin-hashprice-index">data</a>. This figure takes into account intraday variations in price and transaction fees.



Wolfie Zhao, head of research at TheMinerMag, notes that the hash price will be cut in half after the halving, resulting in earnings of just over $50 per petahash per second (PH/s).



“In that scenario, most of the mining companies would still be mining with a gross profit, albeit much less than before,” he told Blockworks.



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1898" height="1056" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=1024&amp;h=1024" alt="" class="wp-image-84117" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=1898 1898w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=1536 1536w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TheMinerMag-Chart.png?w=80 80w" sizes="(max-width: 1898px) 100vw, 1898px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Source: TheMinerMag</figcaption></figure>



Some of the publicly traded miners with a higher hash cost don’t have much debt on their balance sheet, Zhao noted. Companies with elevated debt-to-equity ratios — like Greenidge, Terawulf and Stronghold Digital — are on the lower end of the all-in hash cost scale, he added.



“So it looks like most of the public miners will survive the halving after having survived the highly levered bear market of 2022,” Zhao said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Companies remain confident despite challenges&nbsp;</h2>



Bit Digital and Bitfarms had higher total hash costs than competitors during the fourth quarter, according to TheMinerMag data — amounting to about 74.2 PH/s and 70.3 PH/s, respectively.&nbsp;



Bit Digital CEO Sam Tabar told Blockworks in an email that the company plans to double the size of its fleet by the end of the year with more efficient miners.



The company may consider acquiring some of its hosting infrastructure to lower production costs. That decision “depends on the opportunity set and corresponding returns profile,” he added.&nbsp;



Beyond that, the company launched a business line in October that is focused on supporting <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/artificial-intelligence">AI</a> workstreams.



“The margins are substantially better than our mining margins, and helps absorb all of our fixed overhead costs, making us more resilient to hash price volatility,” Tabar said.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Ben Gagnon, chief mining officer at Bitfarms, said that the company&#8217;s low-cost power contracts and energy efficiency strategies will ensure profitability even after the halving.



The Canadian miner agreed to buy nearly 36,000 Bitmain machines in November as part of what it called a “transformative fleet upgrade.” That process will help the company more than triple its hash rate and improve its energy efficiency by about 40%.&nbsp;



“With this plan we are strongly positioned to thrive and take advantage of what we believe will be the most bullish post-halving market the industry has ever seen,” Gagnon told Blockworks.



Joe Flynn, an analyst at Compass Point Research and Trading, wrote in an April 9 research note that Stronghold Digital Mining goes into the Bitcoin halving “in a more difficult position relative to other miners.” This is due in part to its debt and limited access to capital markets.



Stronghold’s infrastructure and access to power is valuable, however, Flynn noted, as companies will need such resources to plug in the hoards of mining machines they have already ordered. He added that selling some of that infrastructure could boost Stronghold’s stock, which was down about 48% year to date, as of Friday morning.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“We ultimately think there&#8217;s value in its assets that could be taken out through [mergers and acquisitions], as there is ability to take out [general and administrative expense] and lower Stronghold’s high overhead as a current small public company,” Flynn wrote.



Stronghold CEO Greg Beard told Blockworks that if Stronghold is deemed an attractive M&amp;A target by an industry peer, such a deal would be “something to consider.”&nbsp;



“Generally speaking, companies that are misunderstood by the public market that have actual attributes and value that can be valued by other public companies…tend to be realized in that way.”



Despite its debt, Stronghold’s vertically integrated structure gives it levers to pull around the halving, Beard said.&nbsp;



For example, last month the company shut down operations at one of its Pennsylvania plants to take advantage of lower electricity prices by importing power instead. It intends to keep that in effect “until it becomes economically compelling to run it relative to purchasing electricity,” the company said in a news release.



“I think the challenge for a lot of miners is that if their power contracts are structured in a difficult way, they’re forced to buy power at a negative margin,” Beard said. “We don’t have that issue.”



While Stronghold is a potential target to be acquired post-halving, Applied Digital has already been on the sell-side of pre-halving deals — agreeing to sell its facility in Garden City Texas last month to Marathon for $97.3 million.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="http://v">Miner Marathon poised to acquire, expand after Bitcoin halving, exec says</a>



Applied Digital CEO Wes Cummins said in a statement that the company will focus on building out its HPC data centers.



“This strategic transaction represents a purposeful pivot, equipping the company to allocate financial and operational resources toward strategic sites in North Dakota, as well as bolstering our balance sheet strength,” Cummins said.&nbsp;



The company declined to comment further about its post-halving strategy.



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Financial trouble for bitcoin miners: A look back, and ahead as the halving looms 

US spot bitcoin ETFs saw net outflows last week, an occurrence seen just twice before over such a span since such funds launched three months ago.



The 11-fund category bled $83 million in assets from April 8 to April 12, according to BitMEX Research data — down from <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etfs-net-inflows-btc-price">net inflows of $485 million the week prior</a>.



Spot bitcoin ETFs have collectively welcomed $12.5 billion in positive flows to their coffers since Jan. 11.&nbsp;



The Grayscale Bitcoin Trust ETF (GBTC) has been the only US BTC fund to see consistent outflows, watching $767 million leave last week, the data <a href="https://twitter.com/BitMEXResearch/status/1779079059445617007">shows</a>.&nbsp;



Asset-gathering leaders — BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) and the Fidelity Wise Origin Bitcoin Fund (FBTC) — were not able to fully offset the GBTC negative net flows, reeling in $487 million and $90 million, respectively.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blackrock-q1-earnings-bitcoin-fund-inflows">BlackRock bitcoin fund accounts for 20% of the firm’s Q1 ETF net inflows</a> &nbsp;



The bitcoin fund segment saw just two weeks of net outflows prior to last week — losing $417 million in assets from Jan. 22 to Jan. 26 and hemorrhaging $888 million from March 18 to March 22.&nbsp;



Net inflows in one week <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/bitcoin-etf-snapshot-record-inflows">peaked at $2.5 billion</a> for the category from March 11 to March 15.



The latest outflows came during a week in which <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/btc">bitcoin’s price</a> fell roughly 5% to $65,650 by Friday. It dipped below $62,000 on Saturday.



Net money coming out of the US <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/bitcoin-etf">spot bitcoin ETFs</a> signals “increased profit-taking and investor caution” following the strong uptrend over the last two quarters, Fineqia research analyst Matteo Greco wrote in a Monday research note. 



Trading volumes into the funds were about average last week, Greco noted, standing at about $3.2 billion per day.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/btc-record-monthly-growth-streak-jeopardized">Why BTC’s record monthly growth streak could be in jeopardy</a>



James Butterfill, head of research at CoinShares, added in a Monday report that investors are seemingly hesitant since the positive price momentum has stalled.&nbsp;



Bitcoin’s price hit an all-time high above $73,500 on March 14 and was above $72,000 as recently as April 8. The asset’s price hovered around $66,200 at 7:30 am ET on Monday, down about 4.5% from a week ago.



“ETP [and] ETF activity dropped relative to the overall market, from 40% of total volumes on trusted exchanges over the last month to 31% last week, demonstrating this caution amongst investors,” Butterfill wrote.



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Bitcoin ETF snapshot: Outflows strike last week as BTC price uptrend stalls

Jim Lee, who spent nearly three decades at the Internal Revenue Service, has departed the agency to take up a role titled global head of capacity building at blockchain research firm Chainalysis.



Lee was most recently the head of IRS Criminal Investigation.&nbsp;



“Crypto is the future of finance, which also means it’s the future of crime,” read a header from Lee’s introductory <a href="https://www.chainalysis.com/blog/former-chief-jim-lee-joining-chainalysis/">blurb</a>.&nbsp;



While leading IRS-CI, Lee helped take down the dark web marketplace Hydra, seized crypto being used to finance Hamas and helped take down Welcome to Video, a crypto-based child exploitation site, Lee said.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/crypto-fraud-financial-scam">All fraud will eventually be ‘crypto fraud.’ And that’s okay.</a>



“[B]y equipping law enforcement agencies with the best-in-class tools and data to fight this activity, we can ensure that the crypto ecosystem remains as safe as possible, so that people around the world can realize its many benefits without fear of being targeted by criminals,” Lee added.



His role will initially focus on helping international agencies combat crypto crime.&nbsp;



The last time the <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/irs">IRS</a> cropped up in crypto hiring news, it was the reverse situation: Crypto tax experts joined the agency to help beef up its crypto tax compliance capabilities.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/irs-consensys-exec-compliance-hires">Crypto Hiring: IRS’s latest hires are long-time crypto industry colleagues and friends</a>



Lee said near the end of last year that the IRS’ crypto tax evasion cases were mounting, <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/irs-rising-crypto-tax-evasion-cases">Blockworks previously reported</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The talent deck begins to shuffle</h2>



While this week lacked many marquee hires, crypto companies added to their rank-and-file as crypto gears up for what could be another bull run.&nbsp;



Some of this movement came in the DeFi sector. Multiple anonymous Uniswap employees <a href="https://x.com/patagucci_girl/status/1778603024488784278">announced</a> they’d be leaving the company this week. One <a href="https://x.com/dcwj/status/1777722573683318785">said</a> they would be taking up a role at Blackbird Labs, the Web3 restaurant loyalty app.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/sec-issues-uniswap-wells-notice">SEC signals to Uniswap that enforcement actions are looming</a>



It wasn’t all departures for Uniswap on the hiring front though. Connor Chevli, formerly of Ava Labs, <a href="https://x.com/connorchevli/status/1778262704211312783">joined</a> Uniswap as a developer. Avara, formerly Aave, also made a <a href="https://x.com/MPtherealmvp/status/1777347826575409195">growth</a> hire.



Jack Corddry, formerly a developer at Frax Finance, <a href="https://x.com/jackcorddry/status/1778615136078704982">began</a> a development role at custody platform Waymont.&nbsp;



Elsewhere, Jordan Walker, who used to be the business development lead at Fidelity Digital Assets, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jordanwalker3_funds-familyoffices-ugcPost-7181589577772474369-CFLQ/?utm_source=share&amp;utm_medium=member_desktop">took</a> a role as head of business development at crypto investment firm Re7 Capital.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Other notable hiring news</h2>



<ul>
<li>Former TechCrunch journalist Jacquelyn Melinek and media personality Anthony Pompliano teamed up to <a href="https://x.com/jacqmelinek/status/1777682705104183435">launch</a> Token Relations, a firm helping crypto projects connect and communicate with their communities.</li>



<li>Binance’s Europe-based head of legal <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7183896644973670402/">left</a> the exchange.</li>



<li>Michiel Schop, formerly of Activision Blizzard, <a href="https://x.com/ChainsofWarNFT/status/1777779899807215711">joined</a> Cardano-based gaming project Chains of War.</li>
</ul>



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Crypto Hiring: Chainalysis enlists high-level IRS veteran

For venture capitalists looking for significant returns on their crypto investments, layer-1 blockchains that are compatible with Ethereum’s software are a pretty popular bet.&nbsp;



This week, two layer-1 blockchains compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) secured significant funding. Monad, which is developing a parallel EVM, raised $225 million in a round led by Paradigm.



Meanwhile, Berachain, an EVM-compatible layer-1 built with Cosmos’ software development kit (SDK), <a href="https://x.com/berachain/status/1778776309927191012">closed</a> a $100 million Series B funding round co-led by Brevan Howard Digital’s Abu Dhabi branch and Framework Ventures.



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/paradigm-leads-monad-parallel-evm-fundraise">Paradigm leads $225M round for high-throughput blockchain Monad</a>



Monad’s raise was the largest crypto venture round since cross-chain messaging protocol <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/wormhole">Wormhole</a> secured $225 million in November. Monad’s valuation wasn’t disclosed, though <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/cross-chain-protocol-investor-funding">Wormhole was valued at $2.5 billion</a> when it raised the same amount in the fall.&nbsp;



Monad justifies its lofty fundraising with the promise to deliver a much more performant <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/evm">EVM</a>. For context, Monad hit 10,000 transactions per second in testing, while Ethereum often <a href="https://etherscan.io/">sits</a> around 15 TPS.



The parallel EVM is yet to go to mainnet however, and as <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/solana-network-congestion-transaction-volume">Solana experienced this week</a>, the obstacles blockchains encounter in the real world can be unpredictable.&nbsp;



Berachain, which also has not yet launched its mainnet, is set to introduce a “proof-of-liquidity” (PoL) consensus mechanism. This model <a href="https://docs.berachain.com/learn/what-is-proof-of-liquidity">aims</a> to improve upon Ethereum’s proof-of-stake (PoS) by addressing limitations around liquidity and centralization.



Unlike PoS, where users delegate tokens to validators who lock them up as stakes, PoL incentivizes users to contribute liquidity to decentralized exchange pools. Users’ contributions are then rewarded with governance tokens, improving both the security and efficiency of the network.



Berachain’s PoL model separates its governance tokens (BGT) from its transactional gas tokens (BERA), to prevent the centralization of stake. This promotes a fairer distribution of rewards and influence among participants.



Notably, this proof-of-stake downside — the fact that too much of the liquidity supply can end up being staked — has been on the Ethereum Foundation’s mind as of late. With around a quarter of the ETH supply now staked, some EF researchers are proposing ways to discourage staking and keep ether liquid.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/empire-newsletter-eth-monetary-policy">Smell Ethereum’s cooking: What ETH has in common with pro wrestling</a>



And of course, Berachain’s active online community looks good to <a href="https://x.com/hiFramework/status/1778776939903242378">investors</a> as crypto’s memecoin phase carries on.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mini Q&amp;A: Dragonfly’s Tom Schmidt</h2>



Blockworks caught up with Tom Schmidt, partner at the crypto venture fund Dragonfly, to talk about the recent upswing in crypto VC activity.&nbsp;



Keep reading for excerpts from Blockworks’ conversation with Schmidt.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Blockworks: What are you seeing in the crypto venture world currently?



Schmidt: I think crypto VC is just starting to get a little bit warmer. The past two years have been really just ice cold. You know, these rounds are not super competitive, they happen pretty slowly. It’s great on my end because it gives you a lot of time to do deeper due diligence, build up time with the team, etc.



Overall though, it&#8217;s maybe reminiscent of fall 2020, in that we&#8217;re seeing institutions start to get more into crypto, we&#8217;re starting to see them come a little bit more into the rounds. We&#8217;re starting to see some interesting novel use cases and a little bit more excitement in the asset class.&nbsp;



But it isn&#8217;t like peak frenzy, you know, CNBC’s every other story is about crypto, which is great for <a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/venture-capital">VC</a> because I think there’s still great opportunity and deals to be had, but it&#8217;s not as sort of easy pickings as it was maybe a year ago.&nbsp;



Blockworks: Going off of that fall 2020 analogy, last cycle there were some bets that worked out and some bets that very noticeably didn&#8217;t. What are the lessons learned from the prior cycle and what sorts of investments do you think are going to pay off in four years’ time?&nbsp;



Schmidt: The beauty of being a proper venture fund is we have a very long fund life and so we can make bets that we think are going to pay off in five years or something like that. Obviously in venture too, there is this weird dynamic where you know most of your investments aren&#8217;t going to pan out. They&#8217;re going to be a zero or a 1x or something like that. And then you have one or two that are going to pay for the entire fund.



So there&#8217;s always going to be things where you invest, where you lose money. Like, that&#8217;s the nature of the business. I think the lesson from the past year has been don’t invest in anything that is going to blow up or embarrass you or embroil you in lawsuits.



There&#8217;s this component to crypto where everything is inherently a little bit procyclical, right? Like even Coinbase earnings, they go up when the price of bitcoin goes up and they go down when the price of bitcoin goes down. There&#8217;s some businesses that you look at that are maybe procyclical on the downside but conversely, they do not get paid and there&#8217;s no convexity when markets really rally, and those are the businesses that I&#8217;d try to avoid where you&#8217;re basically not getting paid for the risk that you&#8217;re taking.



This interview has been edited for brevity and clarity



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Other notable funding news</h2>



<ul>
<li>Bitcoin mining hardware producer Auradine <a href="https://x.com/Auradine_Inc/status/1778093722657243256">closed</a> an $80 million Series B.</li>



<li>A new report <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/vcs-funding-early-stage-bitcoin-projects">showed a spike</a> in pre-seed rounds for Bitcoin ecosystem startups.</li>



<li>Alpen Labs <a href="https://x.com/AlpenLabs/status/1778080721128599949">announced</a> a $10.6 million seed round led by Ribbit Capital to apply zero-knowledge proofs to Bitcoin rollups.</li>



<li>Blockchain beauty platform KIKI World <a href="https://x.com/kikiworld_/status/1777614313366131092">rolled</a> out a “community commerce platform” with a16z crypto and the venture arm of cosmetics giant Estée Lauder as financial backers.</li>
</ul>



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Funding Wrap: Monad raises $225M, Berachain bags $100M in big week for L1s

First there was the Solana Saga, now there’s the Sui SuiPlay0X1.&nbsp;



That’s the bet Sui developer Mysten Labs is making, as it <a href="https://x.com/SuiNetwork/status/1777990298385219986">announced</a> the pending launch of a handheld gaming device that natively integrates with the Sui blockchain. The product will be <a href="https://x.com/SuiNetwork/status/1777990300138393895">built</a> with Playtron’s device-agnostic gaming operating system, Sui said.&nbsp;



A marketing video posted by Sui showed a slick, PlayStation Portable-esque device, but any actual gaming handheld is in the very early stages, and the product isn’t set to hit the market until 2025.&nbsp;



Official details on the release remain relatively sparse, though VentureBeat <a href="https://venturebeat.com/games/suiplay-0x1-is-an-open-steam-deck-like-gaming-handheld-with-multiple-game-stores/">reported</a> some details based on interviews with executives involved in the partnership. The device will aim to integrate Sui wallets for users at the OS level, so game developers could do things like airdrop rewards directly to users.&nbsp;



But the elemental design choice of which chip to use is still to be determined, VentureBeat reported. A spokesperson for Sui did not immediately return a request for more information.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/solana">Solana</a>’s Saga phone did uninspiring numbers at launch before becoming highly sought-after among crypto natives due to BONK airdrops being offered by protocols developing apps for the phone.&nbsp;



Read more: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/solana-phones-sold-out">Solana fans suddenly BONKers over the Saga phone</a>



Like Solana, Mysten teamed up with an external developer for its handheld Web3 product. Playtron is a handheld gaming software startup that <a href="https://x.com/PLAYTR0N/status/1774316904251068686">came</a> out of stealth with $10 million in funding roughly two weeks ago. Mysten Labs, along with Polychain, Circle and CMT Digital, were crypto companies that have invested, The Verge reported.



Playtron’s calling card is an operating system that can support games from different platforms, perhaps opening up the notoriously siloed gaming space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">When one chapter ends, another begins</h2>



Bored &amp; Hungry, the Long Beach, California-based hamburger restaurant, is <a href="https://x.com/longbeachcounty/status/1777043411490746835">closing</a> up shop roughly two years after its 2022 founding. The shop, opened and branded around the Bored Ape NFT said to be owned by founder Andy Nguyen, let some customers <a href="https://www.web3isgoinggreat.com/?id=first-crypto-burger-purchase-at-bored-ape-restaurant-illustrates-why-people-dont-widely-do-this#:~:text=Instagram%20video%20of%20%24APE%20transaction">pay</a> using APE tokens.&nbsp;



It’s not the end of the road though, as Bored &amp; Hungry also opened three stores in the Philippines and another in South Korea. The burger chain’s branding has been acquired by Seoul-based Hungry DAO. The company will hold pop-ups this year in Hong Kong, Singapore and Dubai, Nguyen <a href="https://x.com/AndyTheNguyen/status/1777349077954592981">said</a> on X.&nbsp;



In other APAC-based-NFT-themed-restaurant news, a restaurant in Australia <a href="https://www.theurbanlist.com/melbourne/a-list/nouns-deli">rebranded</a> to become Nouns Deli, with branding based on the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/nouns-fork-two-dao-treasuries-spending">NFT collection and DAO</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">One interesting stat:</h2>



<ul>
<li>A Flipside dashboard <a href="https://flipsidecrypto.xyz/marqu/solana-nft-marketplaces-organic-wash-trading-F-UoCh">suggests</a> that over the past 90 days, 50.84% of trading volume on the Magic Eden NFT marketplace has been wash trading.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Also of note:</h2>



<ul>
<li>Crypto: The Game, the online survival game where competitors vie for an 80 ether prize, has <a href="https://x.com/cryptothegame_/status/1778816423990878528">whittled</a> the pool from 800 contestants down to 570.</li>



<li>Shooter game MetalCore <a href="https://x.com/Immutable/status/1777825818221428801">became</a> the first playable title on the Immutable zkEVM network.</li>
</ul>



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Web3 Watch: Sui unveils handheld Web3 gaming device

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0xpibblez

Research Analyst

The AO Computer: Spawning an Agent Economy

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Speakers 

Balaji S. Srinivasan (@balajis) is an angel investor, tech founder, and <a href="https://twitter.com/balajis/status/1552329807437844480?ref=balajis.ghost.io">WSJ bestselling</a> author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09VPKZR3G?ref=balajis.ghost.io">The Network State</a>. Formerly the CTO of Coinbase and General Partner at Andreessen Horowitz, he is an early investor in many successful tech companies and crypto protocols, including Akasa, Alchemy, Benchling, Cameo, CoinTracker, Culdesac, Dapper Labs, Deel, Digital Ocean, Eight Sleep, EPNS, Farcaster, Gitcoin, Golden, Instadapp, Lambda School, Levels Health, Locals, Messari, Mirror, OnDeck, OpenSea, Orchid Health, Prospera, Replit, Republic, Roam Research, Skiff, Soylent, Stability AI, Starkware, Stedi, Superhuman, Synthesis, and Zora Labs, to name a few. Balaji was also an early investor in many important crypto protocols including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche, NEAR, Polygon, Chainlink, XMTP, ZCash, and more. Dr. Srinivasan was the cofounder of Earn.com (acquired by Coinbase), Counsyl (acquired by Myriad), Teleport (acquired by Topia), and Coin Center. He holds a BS/MS/PhD in Electrical Engineering and an MS in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University.

Balaji S. Srinivasan

Chris Dixon founded and leads a16z crypto, which invests in web3 technologies through four dedicated funds with more than $7 billion under management. He has been a general partner at Andreeseen&nbsp;Horowitz since 2013.



Chris is the author of&nbsp;<a href="https://readwriteown.com/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Read Write Own</a>:&nbsp;Building the Next Era of the Internet&nbsp;(Random House).



Previously, Chris was the cofounder and CEO of two startups, SiteAdvisor and Hunch. SiteAdvisor was an internet security company that warned web users of security threats. The company was acquired by McAfee in 2006. Hunch was a recommendation technology company that was acquired by eBay in 2011.



Chris has been a prolific seed investor, cofounding Founder Collective, a seed venture fund, and making a number of personal angel investments in various technology companies.



Chris started programming as a kid, and was a professional programmer after college at the high-speed options trading firm, Arbitrade. He has a BA and MA in Philosophy from Columbia and an MBA from Harvard.

Chris Dixon

Sreeram Kannan is founder of the EigenLayer project on Ethereum, which introduced the concept of restaking. Until recently he was a tenured associate professor at UW where he directed the UW Blockchain Lab, focussed on designing new blockchain infrastructure protocols.

Sreeram Kannan

Keone Hon is the co-founder/CEO of Monad Labs, a team of systems engineers bringing parallel execution and high performance to the Ethereum Virtual Machine.

Keone Hon

Li Jin

Ben is a co-founder of Optimism, a leading Ethereum L2 ecosystem. He served as Chief Scientist before becoming a director at the Optimism Foundation. In his free time, he makes Ethereum-based parody songs under his stage name, Weird ETH Yankovic.

Ben Jones

Evan Cheng is the co-founder &amp; CEO of Mysten Labs, the developer behind the groundbreaking Sui layer 1 protocol. In addition to being the winner of the the winner of the prestigious 2012 ACM Software System Award, Evan has an extensive background in platform development, with more than 24 years building developer-facing technology and leading engineering teams at companies such as Apple and Facebook. Prior to founding Mysten Labs, Evan led the Novi Research at Meta developing cutting-edge blockchain technologies.

Evan Cheng

Nick White

Kristin is the CEO of the Blockchain Association, the Washington, D.C.-based trade association representing more than 100 of the industry’s leading companies. She also serves as a board member of the Filecoin Foundation for the Decentralized Web. Kristin serves as a liaison between policymakers and the cryptocurrency industry to assist in the creation of legislation and regulation that promotes the growth of the cryptocurrency ecosystem in the U.S. She is also a leading, public voice advocating for the cryptocurrency and blockchain industry through top-tier media interviews, op-eds and letters to the editor, and global speaking engagements. Kristin is a renowned voice for the industry, having been featured on Fortune’s 2020 40 under 40 list, CoinDesk’s 2021 50 people who defined the year in crypto, and CoinTelegraph’s 2022 top 100 Influencers in Crypto and Blockchain. Prior to leading the Blockchain Association, Kristin helped blockchain and technology companies achieve their public policy objectives in Washington. She served as a Senate and congressional aide on Capitol Hill for nearly ten years, much of which was spent focusing on technology policy.

Kristin Smith

Eli&nbsp;is a co-founder and CEO of StarkWare, and Chairman of its Board of Directors.



He has been researching cryptographic and zero knowledge proofs of computational integrity ever since he received his Phd in Theoretical Computer Science from the Hebrew University in 2001.&nbsp;Eli&nbsp;is a co-inventor of the STARK, FRI and Zerocash protocols and a Founding Scientist of the Zcash Company. Over the years he held research positions at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, Harvard and MIT, and, most recently, was a Professor of CS at Technion, which he left to co-found StarkWare.

Eli-Ben Sasson

Luca is the CEO of Pudgy Penguins, a next-generation IP company.

Luca Netz

Vance Spencer is the co-founder of<a href="https://framework.ventures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Framework Ventures,</a> one of the largest VC firms in the blockchain industry. Under the leadership of Vance and his co-founder Michael, Framework was arguably the first VC firm to <a href="https://decrypt.co/16943/why-framework-ventures-is-going-all-in-on-defi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“go all in”</a> on the emerging Decentralized Finance (“DeFi”) ecosystem, notching up major early investments in several multi-billion dollar apps and networks like Chainlink, Aave, Synthetix, The Graph, and more. Over the last year, the firm has raised $400M for its third fund, and has also expanded into additional maturing verticals like web3 gaming, real world assets, and social crypto. Before Framework, Vance and his co-founder Michael launched and sold Hashletes, a digital collectible startup with official licensing from the NFL. Prior to entering the crypto space, Vance worked at Netflix in Los Angeles and Tokyo, where he was part of the team responsible for the relaunch of the Japan business, eventually joining the team leading corporate development for most of northern Asia.

Vance Spencer

Santiago Roel Santos (CryptoPunk #9159) is an investor focusing at the intersection of DeFi and the Web3 metaverse (NFTs/gaming). Most recently was a Partner at ParaFi Capital, one of the largest crypto funds specializing in DeFi. Prior to that, he was at Sageview Capital investing in Internet and software and, before that, at JP Morgan investment banking. Santiago began investing in crypto in 2012.

Santiago Roel Santos

Bryan Pellegrino is a co-founder of LayerZero. He is focused on building an interoperability solution that scales to every chain while maintaining the core principles of censorship resistance, permissionlessness, and immutability. Before LayerZero, Bryan worked in AI research and ranked among the best poker players in the world.

Bryan Pellegrino

Lucas Bruder is the CEO of Jito Labs, which builds high performance MEV infrastructure for Solana. Jito Labs' main products, Jito-Solana and the Jito Block Engine, are running on more than 27% of Solana stake. Before co-founding Jito Labs, Lucas worked on robotics control systems for self-driving bulldozers and embedded firmware at Ouster and Tesla. He has a degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University.

Lucas Bruder

Kyle Samani is a Co-Founder and Managing Partner at Multicoin Capital, a thesis-driven cryptofund that invests in tokens and companies reshaping entire sectors of the global economy. Prior to Multicoin Capital, he co-founded Pristine (Upskill, 2017), an enterprise software company that enables deskless workers with solutions for smart glasses. Based in Austin, Texas, Samani is widely recognized as a thought leader on blockchain and cryptoeconomics. He holds degrees in Finance and Management from NYU Stern and has been programming since he was 10 years old. Follow him on Twitter @KyleSamani.

Kyle Samani

Congressman Tom Emmer was sworn in for his first term in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 6, 2015. He is currently serving his fifth term.



After serving as the Chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee for the 116th Congress and again for the 117th Congress, Tom was elected by his fellow Republican colleagues to be the House Majority Whip. Currently, he sits on the House Financial Services Committee.&nbsp;



Born in 1961, Tom grew up in Minnesota and attended St. Thomas Academy. He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Alaska-Fairbanks and his JD from William Mitchell College of Law.



After practicing law for several years, he opened his own law firm. The next 20 years were spent balancing family, business, coaching hockey, and serving on the city councils in Independence and Delano.



Before coming to Congress, he served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2004-2008.



He and his wife Jacquie have been married for over 30 years and have seven children. They reside in Delano.

Rep. Tom Emmer (R-MN)

Prior to founding Ikigai Asset Management in 2018, Travis spent 10 years in traditional finance. From 2008-2010, he was an investment banker at Simmons &amp; Company in Houston, focusing on energy M&amp;A. From 2011- 2015, he was a senior analyst at Magnetar Capital in Chicago, investing in long/short energy equities and non-control private equity and debt. From 2015-2017, Travis was a Portfolio Manager at Point72 in New York, where he managed a L/S portfolio of energy and materials equities. Travis has a BS in Accounting and a MS in Finance from Texas A&amp;M University.

Travis Kling

Zaki Manian is a Co-Founder of Sommelier, the most powerful coprocessor yet for DeFi traders and Liquidity Providers. He’s also a Co-Founder of iqlusion, which provides infrastructure like a data center and a Cosmos validator for next-gen crypto technologies. Previously, Zaki helped build the Cosmos ecosystem, including launching the first public Cosmos testnet, and served as a director of Tendermint. Zaki has been a leading developer in the blockchain space since 2014, when he taught himself cryptography and began contributing to projects including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Zcash, and Tendermint. Having studied history of science at the University of Pennsylvania, Zaki’s skill sets in software engineering, programming, and computer science are largely self-taught.

Zaki Manian

Ceo @ <a href="http://helius.dev/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">helius.dev</a>, co-host of the Ligntspeed podcast.

Mert Mumtaz

Sandy Kaul is senior vice president, Franklin Templeton, providing advisory consulting for the firm and thought leadership as part of the Franklin Templeton Institute. She delivers actionable intelligence and insights on the future of the investment and wealth management industry for the firm and its clients. Ms. Kaul has cultivated deeply informed insights and has an extensive background in driving market leading research, thought leadership and predictive models centered on the evolution of the investment and wealth management industry. She identifies and champions opportunities to address industry advancements and drive transformation, with a focus on innovative distribution trends and digital disruption. She delivers strategic insights to inform the firm's decision-making on partnerships and investments, including within Franklin Templeton's growing digital asset business. Ms. Kaul has over 25 years of well-rounded industry experience and is a frequent speaker at industry events and a widely published author. She combines her unique blend of sell-side, buy-side and consulting insights to drive her research and thought leadership around what constitutes best practices and where innovation is occurring. Ms. Kaul joined Franklin Templeton in 2022 from Citi, where she served as Managing Director and Global Head of Business Advisory Services, and launched and built out the Citi's Business Advisory Services practice, a market leading provider of industry thought leadership spanning Citi's Markets and Global Wealth organizations. Ms. Kaul rejoined Citi in 2009, after originally starting her career there in 1985 as a Futures Research Analyst covering the soft commodities markets with Citi's predecessor firm, Shearson Lehman Brothers. She joined Commodities Corporation/Goldman Sachs Asset Management in 1995 as a Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) and Portfolio Manager. After managing money for nearly six years, Ms. Kaul shifted her attention to consulting where she led the strategy practice within the Financial Services division of the renowned dot.com firm, Scient, and then went on to become a Partner at the capital markets niche management consulting firm m.a.partners/Detica. Ms. Kaul holds a bachelor's degree in history and political science from Colgate University.

Sandy Kaul

Matt Hougan is one of the world’s leading experts on crypto, ETFs, and financial technology. He is Chief Investment Officer for Bitwise Asset Management, a pioneer in cryptoasset index funds with more than $1.2 billion in assets under management. He was previously CEO of ETF.com, where he helped build the world’s first ETF data and analytics system, the leading ETF media site, and the world’s largest ETF conference, Inside ETFs. Hougan is co-author of both “A Comprehensive Guide to Exchange-Traded Funds” and “Cryptoassets: The Guide to Bitcoin, Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies for Professional Investors” from the CFA Institute’s Research Foundation. He is a crypto columnist for Forbes, and a three-time member of the Barron’s ETF Roundtable.

Matt Hougan

Muneeb Ali is the Co-Founder and CEO of <a href="https://trustmachines.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trust Machines</a>, the company building out the Bitcoin economy. Earlier, he co-created <a href="https://stacks.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stacks</a>, a Bitcoin layer for smart contracts. He received his Ph.D. in Distributed Systems from Princeton. He is one of the main characters in George Gilder's book Life After Google and was a technical advisor to the HBO show Silicon Valley.

Muneeb Ali

3LAU

<div class="wp-block-group">
Mike dudas is a founding partner of <a href="https://www.6thman.ventures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">6th man ventures</a>, an early stage crypto vc firm. mike is also founder of <a href="https://linksdao.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linksdao</a>, a community-first, nft-membership enabled golf &amp; leisure clubpreviously, mike was the founder &amp; ceo of <a href="https://www.theblockcrypto.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the block</a>, a leading research &amp; media company in cryptodudas earned a ba from Stanford and an mba from kellogg
</div>

Mike Dudas

Mr. van Eck joined the Firm in 1991 and its Executive Management Team in 1998. He serves as the President, Chief Executive Officer and an owner of Van Eck Associates Corporation. Additionally, he is the President and CEO of Van Eck Securities Corporation. Furthermore, Mr. van Eck is a Trustee, the President and Chief Executive Officer of VanEck ETF Trust, VanEck Funds and VanEck VIP&nbsp;Trust.



Furthering VanEck’s mission to anticipate asset classes and trends, Mr. van Eck has created strategic beta, tactical allocation, emerging markets, and commodity-related investment strategies in mutual fund, ETF, and institutional formats. Mr. van Eck founded the Firm’s ETF business in 2006. One of the world’s largest ETF sponsors, the Firm offers ETFs, branded VanEck, globally across equity and fixed income asset&nbsp;classes.



Mr. van Eck holds a JD from Stanford University and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams College with a major in Economics. He has registrations with the National Futures Association and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. Mr. van Eck is a Director of the National Committee on United States-China Relations. He routinely appears in the media, including CNBC and Bloomberg Television.&nbsp; Mr. van Eck was a 2013 Finalist for Institutional Investor's Fund Leader of the Year and was a finalist for ETF.com’s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2019 and 2022.

Jan F. van Eck

Soona Amhaz is founder and managing partner of Volt Capital, a venture firm that backs early-stage crypto startups including many leading protocols and companies like Nansen, Sound, Magic Eden, Squads, Farcaster, LayerZero, and Magic. Prior to starting Volt Capital, Soona co-founded On Deck and operated in the big data/AI space, scaling companies from seed stage to post-Series C.

Soona Amhaz

Tom is a Partner at Dragonfly Capital. He previously led product at 0x, worked as a product manager at Facebook and Instagram, and worked in software engineering at Apple and Microsoft.

Tom Schmidt

Michael Anderson is the co-founder of<a href="https://framework.ventures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Framework Ventures,</a> one of the largest VC firms in the blockchain industry. Under the leadership of Michael and his co-founder Vance, Framework was arguably the first VC firm to <a href="https://decrypt.co/16943/why-framework-ventures-is-going-all-in-on-defi" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“go all in”</a> on the emerging Decentralized Finance (“DeFi”) ecosystem, notching up major early investments in several multi-billion dollar apps and networks like Chainlink, Aave, Synthetix, The Graph, and more. Over the last year, the firm has raised $400M for its third fund, and has also expanded into additional maturing verticals like web3 gaming, real world assets, and social crypto. Before Framework, Michael and his co-founder Vance launched and sold Hashletes, a digital collectible startup with official licensing from the NFL. Before entering the crypto space, Michael served as a product manager at both Snapchat and Dropbox, where he helped build out their monetization platforms.

Michael Anderson

Sam is the Head of Product and Strategy at Skip, a team building cross-chain infrastructure for application-specific blockchains. He is also Co-founder of Timewave, an organization that creates tools for intelligent on-chain resource allocation and trustless cooperation.

Sam Hart

Haseeb is a Managing Partner at Dragonfly. He was previously a partner at Metastable Capital, and has a background in software engineering at Airbnb and Earn.com (acquired by Coinbase).

Haseeb Qureshi

Joe McCann is the Founder, CEO, and CIO of <a href="http://asymmetric.financial">Asymmetric</a>, a modern-day crypto fund. Asymmetric is backed by Marc Andreessen, Chris Dixon, and Circle Inc., as well as the founders of Solana, Multicoin, CoinFund and many other reputable investors and entrepreneurs.



With over 24 years of experience working on Wall Street to Silicon Valley and with skills ranging from systematic and quantitative trading to fundraising and running a venture-backed, open-source enterprise software company, McCann's perspective on technology and finance is rather unique. McCann is a frequent speaker on the global conference circuit, actively promoting emerging technologies and relevant business use cases to bring pragmatism to futurism.&nbsp;&nbsp;



Most recently, McCann was a Senior Director at Microsoft in the Cloud and AI organization focusing on incubations, M&amp;A, and startups. McCann also ran Quantitative and Systematic Trading for Cryptocurrencies at Passport Capital, a San Francisco-based hedge fund.  Before that, McCann was the Founder and CEO of NodeSource, The Node.js Company, the most popular and widely adopted open source project of the last decade.   McCann is also an advisor to a handful of companies like <a href="https://dharma.io/">Dharma</a> (a decentralized finance app on Ethereum, acquired by <a href="http://opensea.com">OpenSea</a>) and <a href="https://voltage.cloud/">Voltage</a> (Bitcoin lightning nodes-as-a-service), and <a href="http://zebec.io">Zebec</a> (a money-streaming protocol on Solana) and is frequently mentioned in publications ranging from <a href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/04/18/the-unbundling-of-everything/">TechCrunch</a> to <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/09/22/the-meteoric-rise-of-open-source-and-why-investors-should-care/#3fbdc35d5484">Forbes</a> and the <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/tech-firms-grapple-with-how-to-make-open-source-pay-1457031731">Wall Street Journal</a>.

Joe McCann

Colleen Sullivan is Co-Head of Ventures at Brevan Howard Digital. Prior to joining Brevan Howard Digital, Colleen co-founded and served as CEO of CMT Digital, where she was also a partner with the broader CMT Group and commenced activities in the crypto industry in 2013. Prior to starting CMT Digital, Colleen co-founded Sullivan Wolf Kailus, a boutique law firm that specializes in hedge fund, private equity, venture capital, digital assets, and other alternative investment products. Colleen also previously practiced law in the Investment Funds and Derivatives group at Sidley Austin LLP and, at age 25, co-founded a company called iOptions Group LLC, which developed hedging and monetization strategies for holders of employee stock options. Ms. Sullivan currently serves on the Advisory Board of the Chamber of Digital Commerce.

Colleen Sullivan

Avichal is a successful entrepreneur with executive experience at Google and Facebook, which acquired his previous company. As an angel investor, Avichal has invested in 15 unicorns and 5 decacorns including Airtable, Boom Supersonic, Color Genomics, Cruise, Deel, Figma, Newfront Insurance, Notion, Nova Credit, Pulley, and others. He co-founded Electric Capital in 2018 and has grown it to one of the largest crypto venture firms globally. Electric is an investor in many of the leading web3 protocols and companies such as Bitwise, Bitnomial, dYdX, Frax, Kraken, Magic Eden, NEAR, and Solana.

Avichal Garg

Vanessa Grellet is a Managing Partner at Aglaé Ventures. Vanessa is a Global Executive with over 20 years of expertise in the Financial Services and Tech industry. At Aglaé Ventures she manages the Web 3 focused fund. Prior to joining Aglae she was Head of Portfolio growth at CoinFund and Executive director at ConsenSys where she focused on driving adoption for Ethereum based products,  Strategic initiatives, Alliances and Channels.  She was involved in setting up the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA), the Accounting Blockchain Coalition (ABC) and the Blockchain for Social Impact Coalition (BSIC). Prior to ConsenSys she was a Strategy Executive at NYSE focused on investments and M&amp;A and a key member of PwC’s global wealth management team. Vanessa is a Founding Board member of AABC focused on Blockchain and Art, a member of the Advisory Council of ConsenSys, a Milken Institute Associate, a contributor to the  World Economic Forum Digital Future Council and part of <a href="https://cointelegraph.com/top-people-in-crypto-and-blockchain-2022/vanessa-grellet">Cointelegraph’s list of 100 most influential people for 2022</a>. Mrs. Grellet graduated Cum Laude from Law School (Paris II Assas) and Business School (HEC).

Vanessa Grellet

Stani Kulechov is a thought leader in blockchain technology, smart contracts, decentralized finance and web3 social. From an early age, he became fascinated with using technology as a tool to solve problems, empower people, increase access and enable stronger human connection.&nbsp;



Stani is a pioneer in decentralized finance. While still in college, he created one of the first decentralized, peer-to-peer protocols on Ethereum. He then went on to found Aave Companies, a technology company that develops decentralized protocols, developer tools and consumer applications powered by blockchain, smart contracts and token-based economies.&nbsp;



The Company is best known for creating the Aave Protocol – one of the largest and most popular, fully decentralized liquidity markets in the world. Users of the Aave Protocol supply and borrow cryptocurrencies while earning yield. In 2022, the Company introduced Lens Protocol – the social layer for web3.&nbsp;

Stani Kulechov

Barry is the cofounder of <a href="https://events.trustifi.com/api/o/v1/click/65c23bc8f626382a3afbcd5b/fff0f6/330618/38c45c/eb3beb/0a1240/119436/f394ce/c4bf49/e8666a/ef542d/85972d/627493/9a11d6/1f4096/1d247f/d58d79/c530d9/839df2/bdfa01/7316c5/c788a3/f74902/a30c45/38dabe/f58113/4f8f27/36d8f7/9ee4f4/99129c/db2655/8d1e66/9e626e/290212/fc3550/6d7b1f/38082b/616b1b/af8c50/8ebcbb/0df7b0/6423c4/c07c0b/e6dd1c/ba8ce6/6803c4/c37876/920221/297bc7/5a440b/f85ffc/ca2926/bacf60/3d1195/dc47d9/40aefc/e48a96/0052d7/57fa75/8cf655/c16b6b/f92718/0e7d73/abcb55/0dd73b/1b064a/069f8a/d5bc25/7c51b1/b0bcbd/28ac11/48d164/a0df45/7476ec/8558c8/dbcc78/521501/f2f211/13e330/aab4a2/b0ca1a/dd21ab/280ef4/e749da/debe9d/4974dc/0fb4a3/78f438/fb99c5/187646/4b3a51/0845db" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Skip</a> — the leading infrastructure platform for app chains. Skip's products deliver users, tokens, and data to the best app chains in crypto — Osmosis, Stride, dYdX, Celestia, and many more.

Barry Plunkett

Over the last decade, Meltem has become a trusted, prescient, and influential investor in crypto. After helping to successfully build two asset management firms (Digital Currency Group and CoinShares), she is striking out on her own as an aspiring cult leader.

Meltem Demirors

Anand Iyer is a venture capitalist with a focus on AI x blockchain infrastructure. He is the Managing Partner of Canonical Crypto and Venture Partner at Lightspeed. With over 2 decades of experience in the tech industry, Anand has a deep understanding of the blockchain ecosystem. Prior to Canonical and Lightspeed, Anand was a Venture Partner at Pear where he focused on their blockchain investments. And prior to that he was the CEO &amp; Founder of Trusted, which was acquired in 2018. Anand has held leadership roles at startups as well as technology giants such as Microsoft and Cisco. He holds a degree in computer engineering Purdue University.

Anand Iyer

Sunny Aggarwal is the Co-Founder of Osmosis Labs, the core team responsible for developing Osmosis, an appchain that serves as the DeFi hub for the Cosmos ecosystem. Sunny dropped out of UC Berkeley to join Tendermint, where he served as a Core Developer of the Cosmos SDK and Gaia blockchain, and contributed to the development and launch of Cosmos and IBC. Sunny then decided to build on top of the core infrastructure he had developed at Tendermint, and co-founded Osmosis with the goal of developing a DEX appchain that rivals even the most robust centralized exchanges.

Sunny Aggarwal

Alex is a software architect with over 15 years experience in engineering and startups. He is the co-inventor of zkSync and currently serves as the co-founder and CEO of Matter Labs. At Matter Labs, he leads a talented team focused on addressing blockchain scalability challenges using zero-knowledge proofs. Alex's passion lies in using technology to advance personal freedom, self-ownership, and decentralization.

Alex Gluchowski

Tarun is an alumni of D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES), Vatic Labs, an HFT firm, and Cornell. He fell into the blockchain world in 2011, when he was working on ASICs at DESRES and observed Bitcoin ASIC mining rigs substantially delay DESRES’s ASIC production. He has spent the last seven years working on simulation-based R&amp;D at the intersection of high-performance computing and AI and is applying this knowledge to the blockchain ecosystem.

Tarun Chitra

Jim Bianco is President and Index Manager at Bianco Research Advisors. He is also the President of Bianco Research LLC. Since 1990, Jim’s commentaries have offered a unique perspective on the global economy and financial markets. Unencumbered by the biases of traditional Wall Street research, Jim has built a decades long reputation for objective, incisive commentary that challenges consensus thinking.



 Jim appears regularly on CNBC, Bloomberg, and Fox Business, and is often featured in the Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg News, Grants Interest Rate Observer, and MarketWatch. Jim has a Bachelor of Science degree in Finance from Marquette University (1984) and an MBA from Fordham University (1989).

Jim Bianco

Hart is the Co-Founder of Risk Labs, the foundation supporting the UMA and Across protocols. UMA is an optimistic oracle that can verify arbitrary data on-chain. Across is a "intents-based" bridge offering cheap and near-instant cross-chain interoperability.



Hart studied computer science before working as an interest rate trader at Goldman Sachs through the financial crisis. In 2013 he co-founded Openfolio, a personal finance tracking platform that was acquired in 2017 by an asset manager. He now leads a team of oracle and interoperability researchers at Risk Labs.

Hart Lambur

Aidan Salzmann is the co-founder of Stride and Stride Labs. He has a background in product and engineering, having built multiple software startups before founding Stride. He holds a degree in Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley.

Aidan Salzmann

Anish Agnihotri

Ben Fisch is co-founder and CEO of Espresso Systems, the developers of the Espresso Sequencer network which brings decentralization and improved interoperability to L2s. Espresso Systems are also the developers of the CAPE data privacy application. Ben is additionally an assistant professor of computer science at Yale. Previously, Ben earned his PhD at Stanford working in the applied cryptography research group. His research on Verifiable Delay Functions (VDFs) sparked a multimillion dollar industry initiative (see VDF Alliance) and plays an important role in several blockchains including Ethereum 2.0, Chia, and Filecoin. His research on Proofs of Replication is the basis of Filecoin's incentive layer and consensus protocol. Filecoin is a live distributed storage system that already has reached a storage capacity exceeding 1.5 exabytes.

Ben Fisch

Jill is co-founder and Chief Strategy Officer of Espresso Systems, working on bringing interoperability and decentralization to rollups. Previously, Jill ran crypto investments for early stage venture capital fund, Slow Ventures. Jill was also a co-founder of the Open Money Initiative, a non-profit organization that researches how those without access to a free and open financial system manage their money. Jill has also conducted academic research on the use of cryptocurrencies in emerging markets as part of her graduate studies at Oxford University. She started her career as a fixed income trader at Goldman Sachs. She received an A.B. in Classics from Harvard University.

Jill Gunter

Scott Sunarto is the Founder &amp; CEO of Argus Labs, a crypto game developer/publisher behind the World Engine, backed by Haun Ventures. Scott was also the co-creator of Dark Forest, the category defining fully on-chain MMORTS game on Ethereum built using zkSNARKs

Scott Sunarto

A seasoned open-source developer with over 25 years of experience, Greg is the founder of&nbsp;Akash, an open network that provides permissionless access to cloud resources. Greg is also the CEO of Overclock Labs, which is the creator and largest contributor to&nbsp;Akash.



Before&nbsp;Akash, Greg founded AngelHack, the world's largest hackathon organization, which boasts over 200,000 developers across 164 cities worldwide. Greg began his career at IBM and later designed Kaiser Permanente's first cloud architecture in 2008.



With expertise in massively distributed systems, Greg is recognized for his contributions to widely adopted cloud-native technologies such as Kubernetes, Terraform, and Nomad. His work has been featured in top-tier publications, including The New York Times, CoinDesk, Cointelegraph, Forbes, TechCrunch, and Yahoo! Finance. Greg was instrumental in the passing of California's first Blockchain law, providing the first expert witness testimony at the Senate.

Greg Osuri

Sam MacPherson, co-founder and CEO of Phoenix Labs, significantly contributes to Spark, a leading platform in the decentralized finance (DeFi) sector. His extensive experience with the MakerDAO Protocol Engineering team provided him with a deep understanding of the technical and economic intricacies of the Maker ecosystem. Sam leverages this expertise to drive innovations at Phoenix Labs, influencing the broader DeFi landscape.

Sam MacPherson

Jake Brukhman is CEO and Founder at CoinFund, among the world’s first cryptonative investment firms. Born to two computer scientists, Jake learned how to code at the age of fourteen and achieved degrees in mathematics and computer science. Jake has expressed his passion for cutting edge, frontier technologies by being an early visionary advocate for decentralization and blockchain. At CoinFund, he’s made exciting investments in blockchain scalability and interoperability, DeFi, NFT infrastructure, zero knowledge proofs, and the intersection of web3 x AI.



Jake spent the prior 10 years of his career in pure and financial technology, serving as Partner &amp; CTO at Triton Research, a technical product manager and engineer at Amazon.com, and financial technologist at Highbridge Capital Management. He studied mathematics and computer science at the Rutgers College Honors Program, the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, and University College London.

Jake Brukhman

Robert is the CEO of Superstate, an asset management firm modernizing the infrastructure of investment funds. Additionally. he is an investor at Robot Ventures, an early-stage venture capital fund investing in fintech and crypto. Prior to starting Superstate, Leshner founded Compound Labs, which developed one of the first DeFi applications, in 2017. He has a degree in economics from the University of Pennsylvania and is a Chartered Financial Analyst.

Robert Leshner

Mike Silagadze is the founder and CEO of&nbsp;<a href="http://ether.fi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ether.fi</a>, the first ETH staking protocol that allows stakers to maintain full control of their keys throughout the entire staking process, making it the only truly decentralized liquid staking platform. Prior to founding&nbsp;<a href="http://ether.fi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ether.fi</a>, Mike was CEO and co-founder of Top Hat, which he grew into the market leader in student engagement software, with 500 employees and $60 million in annual revenue.



He is also an active speaker and lecturer in the higher education, technology, and startup communities, having lectured at the Rotman Commerce Entrepreneurship Organization, the ASU GSV Summit, MaRS, Tech Fest Toronto, SAAS North and T­E­Dx­Laurier­University, among many others.

Mike Silagadze

Adrian joined Tendermint/Cosmos in 2017 as the 3rd core developer and became later the head of partnerships. After Tendermint, Adrian joined the Web3 Foundation as a technologist. Before Anoma &amp; Namada, Adrian co-founded with Awa and Christopher Cryptium Labs a proof-of-stake validator (sold to Chorus One) and Metastate, an R&amp;D organisation that developed the largest upgrades of the Tezos protocol in addition to ZKP cryptography.

Adrian Brink

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Data Availability. Appchains. ZK Proofs. Chain Abstraction. Rollups. VM Optimization. Modular Money. Intents. Fee Markets. Interoperability. 

Modularity

Onchain Verifiability. Decentralized GPUs. DePIN. Agents. Inference. Co-owned AI. Open Source Models. Incentivized Training. 

AI x Crypto 

Shared Security. AVS Ecosystems. Liquid Restaking. Oracles. Scaling. Modular Services. Restaked Rollups. Casading Risk.

Restaking

Gaming NFTs. Studios. Fully Onchain Games. Next Gen Infra. AAA Games. AI x Gaming. In Game Items and Marketplaces. Up and Coming Games. 

Gaming

Layer 2. BitVM. Drive Chains. Spot ETFs. Ordinals. Bitcoin Restaking. Yield Opportunities. Macro Adoption. Scaling Solutions. 

Bitcoin

Bitcoin NFTs. Onchain Marketplaces. PFP Collections. Lending. Fractionalization. Web 3 IP. Creator Economy. Inscriptions. Onchain Art. Compressed NFTs.

NFTs

Universal Shared Composability. Scaling. EVM Optimization. Shared Sequencing. Bridging. Based Sequencing. RaaS. Tech Stacks. 