Bessie Liu

Countries are looking to build their own central bank digital currency — though results may vary. 



Roberto Campos Neto, president of Brazil’s central bank, said at BTG Pactual’s CEO Conference on Friday that the pilot for his country’s digital currency will “start right now.”



The project is likely to be ready for its rollout by December of this year.&nbsp;



Banks have been widely cooperative with the project, according to Campos Neto, who added that central bank digital currency (<a href="https://blockworks.co/tag/cbdc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBDC</a>) implementation will allow each bank to individually issue the state-sanctioned digital asset.



Alongside the development of digital currencies, the Brazil banking head referred to two other prominent projects said to shape the future of finance: PIX, a fiat payments initiative, and <a href="https://ob-public-files.s3.amazonaws.com/20221003_Biannual_Report_OFB.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Open Finance</a> — a project founded on the principle that customers should own their own financial data.



“I think these three things can change the history of financial intermediation in Brazil, transforming our system into something efficient and today in the world there is no one so advanced,” Campos Neto said.



In Japan — which has been notoriously strict on cryptocurrencies — the country’s central bank is planning to pilot its “digital yen” in April.



Proof of concepts will be executed in March to test feasibility and basic functionality, the Bank of Japan said in a <a href="https://www.boj.or.jp/en/paym/digital/dig230217b.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">statement</a>.



Private businesses and banks — including three of Japan’s largest banks — will participate in the trial. Transactions are set to to be simulated, meaning no actual retail and consumer transactions are designed to be made during the pilot.



“Whether to issue a CBDC should be decided by discussions among the Japanese public,” the Bank of Japan said. “With a view to facilitating such discussions, the [bank] will continue to make thorough preparations to respond to changes in circumstances in an appropriate manner.” 



Other CBC programs have fared quite differently. Nigeria’s CBDC program has been called “a dark experiment…with deadly consequences.”



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<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true">A very dark experiment is under way in Nigeria, with deadly consequences. Since October 2021, 99.5% of Nigerians have refused to use the central bank&#39;s digital currency, the so-called e-Naira, preferring to continue using cash. So what did the central bank do? It doubled down.&mdash; Nick Corbishley (@NickCorbishley) <a href="https://twitter.com/NickCorbishley/status/1626183018791464962?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">February 16, 2023</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
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The eNaira first launched in October 2021, meeting a chilly reception from Nigerians. It <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/cbdc-project-gives-private-players-unfair-advantage">hasn’t been the only hurdle</a> CBDCs around the world have gone up against.&nbsp;



After the country’s citizens <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/nigeria-cbdc-push-limits-cash-withdrawals">balked at adopting the eNaira and continued to use cash,</a> its central bank began to replace high denomination cash bills in the economy, Nick Corbishley, a financial journalist, <a href="https://twitter.com/nickcorbishley/status/1626183018791464962?s=46&amp;t=7Yb6Crzn9zFgNAGe5mcsNg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tweeted</a>. 



The sentiment led to businesses shuttering and angry protests, he said.



“Unless stopped in its tracks, this monetary experiment is coming to all of us, one way or another,” Corbishley tweeted.



About 114 countries <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ukraine-bank-finds-stellar-blockchain-brings-key-advantages">have explored CBDCs</a>, according to Atlantic Council’s CBDC tracker. Eleven countries have fully implemented a digital currency, and 17 have CBDCs in the works.



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CBDCs Are Gaining Steam, Though Results May Vary

Sebastian Sinclair

The Central Bank of Nigeria is attempting to drum up the use of its central bank digital currency, or CBDC, by enforcing limits on the amount of cash citizens can withdraw from their local banks.



Nigeria’s central bank asked deposit banks and financial institutions to cap over-the-counter maximum cash withdrawals for individuals to $224 a week, in a <a href="https://www.cbn.gov.ng/Out/2022/CCD/RevisedCashWithdrawal.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">directive</a> issued on Tuesday, 



Corporate organizations&#8217; free withdrawals will also be limited to $1,154 per week, the bank said. Withdrawals above those limits will attract processing fees of 5% and 10% respectively. 



“Customers should be encouraged to use alternative channels…to conduct their banking transactions,” the bank said. Those include internet banking, mobile banking apps, debit cards and the country&#8217;s CBDC, the eNaira, among other means.



Central Bank Governor Godwin Emefiele conceded in October that his institution couldn’t account for the use of 85% of Nigeria’s cash in circulation, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-10-27/cash-clampdown-in-nigeria-seeks-to-curb-currency-hoarding-kidnappings" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bloomberg reported</a>. That, in effect, was jeopardizing monetary policy across the cash-hungry nation of Africa’s largest economy, he said at the time.



The West African nation has also struggled to deal with individuals hoarding cash as it attempts to counter illegal activity, including theft and kidnappings.



Under the directive, a $44 per day limit would apply to those individuals seeking to withdraw from ATMs while over-the-counter third-party checks exceeding $112 would not be accepted.



In rare circumstances, where individuals or organizations require cash for “legitimate” purposes, a limit of $11,226 and $22,452 will apply respectively.&nbsp;



Those will also be limited to one withdrawal per month and subject to rigorous identification and document requests including presenting a driver&#8217;s license and approval by the bank authorizing the withdrawal, among other things.



Nigeria became the first African nation to launch a retail central bank digital currency <a href="https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/11/15/na111621-five-observations-on-nigerias-central-bank-digital-currency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">in October 2021</a>, with a design aimed at complementing physical cash but not replacing it entirely.



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Nigeria Limits Cash Withdrawals in CBDC Push

Casey Wagner

<div id="highlights-block_628fba706c69f" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>Emerging markets see potential in central bank digital currencies for increasing financial inclusion and decreasing cash dependency</li>
 <li>Infrastructure and privacy concerns continue to be top barriers</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



With more than half of central banks worldwide working on digital currency initiatives, the US dollar-dominated payment network may in relatively short order become a thing of the past, according to the <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap123.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bank for International Settlements</a>.&nbsp;



Emerging markets are at the forefront of the central bank digital currency (CBDC) movement, industry leaders say, a trend attributed to these economies having more pressing, fundamental needs than those of more developed markets.&nbsp;



“Emerging economies appear to view CBDCs as a way to jump start their economies,” said Steve Aschettino, a Norton Rose Fulbright partner concentrating on fintech. “More-developed nations have existing and widely adopted electronic payment mechanisms already in place. While one may say this is an advantage, their existing payments technology can also serve as a barrier to the creation and broad adoption of a CBDC.”



Emerging markets looking into CBDCs have similar goals and motivations, the BIS said in a <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap123_a_rh.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> earlier this month.&nbsp;



“Providing a cash-like digital means of payment, in light of reduced cash usage and an increase in private digital payment services, is the most common consideration,” the report said. “Other significant considerations include strengthening competition among payments service providers (PSPs), increasing efficiency and reducing the costs of financial services.”&nbsp;



<a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/jamaica-to-launch-cbdc-this-summer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jamaica</a>, Brazil, Nigeria and Haiti are among the countries currently looking into establishing or expanding CBDC pilots. For cash-driven economies such as Jamaica, CBDCs allow for cheaper, safer and more efficient transactions, Central Bank of Jamaica Governor Richard Byles said.&nbsp;



“If you can imagine what it costs a business, especially a high cash-volume business, to manage that cash: to keep it, to store it, to transport it — digital currencies get rid of all that,” Byles said in a recent interview.



CBDC infrastructure provider EMTECH has worked with the Bank of Ghana, the Central Bank of the Bahamas and the Central Bank of Nigeria on CBDC infrastructure projects in recent years. The company most recently partnered with HaitiPay, a Haitian fintech company, to demo a CBDC and fintech proof-of-concept in the region. The goal was to showcase the impact a CBDC can have on the Haitian economy, according to Carmelle Cadet, founder and CEO of EMTECH.  



“Being born and raised in Haiti, I have a view of how many people are unbanked and underbanked,” Cadet said. “When I discovered what blockchain was, I realized that there was a solution that could bypass where people are from and how much money they had and get them access to better financial resources.”&nbsp;



Although interest in digital currency has grown, most CBDCs are still in early pilot stages, and those that have progressed further are not yet widely used, said Kenneth Goodwin, director of regulatory and institutional affairs at Blockchain Intelligence Group. The Central Bank of the Bahamas’ Sand Dollar, which became the world’s first CBDC in 2020, has faced distribution issues, he said.



“I speak to John Rolle, who is the head of the Central Bank of the Bahamas, he&#8217;s not a big fan of the idea of all of this, quite frankly,” Goodwin said. “His job has become a lot more challenging because he&#8217;s taking this digital asset and trying to find a way to implement that into the system where they used to have a fiat currency.”&nbsp;



A huge benefit of CBDCs for central banks, Goodwin said, is the ability to better understand where — and how — people are spending. The transparency, of course, brings up privacy concerns as well.&nbsp;



“Anytime you digitize any platform, you&#8217;ll increase both cybersecurity risk and data privacy risk,” Goodwin said. “Data privacy is very, very key in terms of who owns the data, whether that data is being owned by the individual or is being owned by the central government, and that is a huge issue.”&nbsp;&nbsp;



Infrastructure is also a key concern, Aschettino said. Limited broadband access in many countries looking into CBDCs can significantly limit distribution, he said.&nbsp;



“These countries have to do a full assessment first to see that the citizens have access to the internet,” Goodwin said. “They&#8217;re going to have to do an assessment first and not get caught up with the technology, which is what often happens, they get caught up with the technology, but they don&#8217;t think about the infrastructure.”



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Why Emerging Markets Are Leading the Charge on CBDCs

<div id="highlights-block_61f7623b07be0" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>Binance has restricted 281 Nigerian-based personal accounts</li>
 <li>Of those, around a third have been restricted at the request of international law enforcement.</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Binance, the world&#8217;s largest crypto exchange by trade volume, has restricted 281 personal Nigerian accounts with more than a third being at the behest of law enforcement.



In a <a href="https://www.binance.com/en-NG/blog/all/a-letter-from-our-ceo-to-nigerians--our-commitment-to-user-protection-421499824684903365" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">letter</a> on Saturday, Binance CEO Changpeng “CZ” Zhao said user security remained Binance&#8217;s &#8220;top priority&#8221; before citing that anti-money laundering measures and account restrictions were in place.



Around 79 other cases that were facing restrictions have been resolved while all non-law enforcement-related cases are expected to be resolved within two weeks. More Binance personnel are being deployed to expedite the matter CZ said. 



Of the 281 accounts, 38% have been restricted at the request of international law enforcement, the letter said.



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-width="550" data-dnt="true"><a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/boycottbinance?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#boycottbinance</a> Binance is locking NIGERIAN accounts using P2P and related services. They locked plenty accounts already in Nigeria. My 5btc locked in binance. Use binance at ur own risk.<a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/boycottbinance?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#boycottbinance</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BinanceStopScamming?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#BinanceStopScamming</a> <a href="https://twitter.com/hashtag/BINANCESTOPSCAMMINGNIGERIANS?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">#BINANCESTOPSCAMMINGNIGERIANS</a>&mdash; hoseaolu (@honetnetworks) <a href="https://twitter.com/honetnetworks/status/1487381321097830400?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw">January 29, 2022</a></blockquote><script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script>
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Last week, users began complaining of issues on <a href="https://twitter.com/Sir_Dubem/status/1486281036812140552?s=20&amp;t=O2nCMRLRqxjEZfy9JszY0w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Twitter</a> revolving around Nigerian-based Binance accounts. #Binancestopscammingnigerians was seen trending before CZ responded with the letter.



In February of last year, Binance briefly suspended deposits in Nigerian naira following orders from the country central bank for local banks to close accounts linked to various cryptocurrency platforms.



Crypto is seen by many in the 190 million-strong population of Nigeria as a means to circumvent monetary controls and to serve the underbanked or unbanked. Crypto exchanges have, for quite a while, offered up a means to transact peer-to-peer at a time when more than half in the country are <a href="https://globalfindex.worldbank.org/sites/globalfindex/files/chapters/2017%20Findex%20full%20report_chapter2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unbanked</a>.







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