Billy Luedtke

The internet is built on a fragile foundation of trust assumptions — and it’s breaking. Every time we browse the web, make online purchases or share personal information, we rely on unspoken assumptions about how platforms manage our data and ensure our security. But trust assumptions are inherently flawed.



A trustless internet, grounded in decentralized technologies like blockchain, can reduce these risks by ensuring that actions are verifiable and secure without requiring blind trust. If we don&#8217;t act now to address the internet’s trust problem, we’ll continue to see data breaches and manipulation that undermine both personal privacy and societal stability. By developing new trust protocols and adopting decentralized solutions, we can secure the future of the web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What are trust assumptions?</h2>



A trust assumption is a condition that you blindly assume is true. While that may seem vague or overly simplistic, trust assumptions are actually a critical component of security audits, and form the bedrock upon which security assessments are built.&nbsp;



Imagine a security auditor tasked with evaluating a simple iPhone game. There are hundreds of components to consider, from the device running the app to the compiler processing the code. Not to mention the app itself, which likely contains thousands of lines of code and dozens of interactions with other systems — think connecting to GameCenter for multiplayer or using Google to let users sign in. The auditor cannot realistically verify every single component or piece of code; instead, they are forced to make trust assumptions.



Read more from our opinion section: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blockchains-still-arent-great-at-communication">Blockchains still aren’t great at communication</a>



The auditor might decide to make the trust assumption that GameCenter is secure and will function exactly as indicated by Apple, or that the iPhone hardware will match the stated specs for the operating system and compiler to function as indicated. By assuming certain conditions are true, the auditor can concentrate their efforts on probing other aspects of the system that are more likely to harbor risks. However, once a trust assumption is stated in a security audit, the accuracy of the audit hinges entirely on that assumption being correct. If any trust assumption proves to be flawed, the entire program could be compromised.



Trust assumptions aren’t limited to security auditors; in fact, users make scores of trust assumptions everyday when navigating the web. When you log into a social media site, you trust that it won’t harvest and sell your data to untrustworthy third parties; that it employs adequate security practices and will keep your account and data secure; and that it won’t simply pull up stakes and delete all of your content.&nbsp;



But modern society is built on an increasingly complex web of trust assumptions, and avoiding them simply isn’t possible. It’s why many users continue to get burned by data breaches, most recently like that of <a href="https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-08-13/hacker-claims-theft-of-every-american-social-security-number">national public data</a>, which led to the breach of 2.9 billion people’s sensitive information. It’s also why search engines like Google can convince you you’re browsing “incognito,” while actively <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/chrome-incognito-mode-privacy-warning/">gathering and selling your browsing data</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Encoding sociology</h2>



It’s clear that trust assumptions breed vulnerabilities, so how can we reduce room for error with a more secure solution?&nbsp;&nbsp;



Read more from our opinion section: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/decentralization-for-data-security">Without decentralization, our data will never be safe</a>



Countering the trust assumption are “trustless systems.” Operating on the principle of, “don’t trust, verify,” these systems allow every action performed on the network to be easily authenticated. Between cryptographic algorithms and decentralized consensus mechanisms, trustless systems establish security and integrity without needing participants to know or trust other network participants. This method has been especially novel in improving tasks like verifying payments or transferring digital assets, where actions are straightforward and can be easily verified.



However, while the cypherpunks got it right with Bitcoin, not all online interactions can or should be made trustless — at least for now. Consider, for instance, the Better Business Bureau, which helps resolve disputes between companies and their customers. The site must filter out illegitimate complaints, which involves subjective judgment and layers of context, making it difficult to fully automate. Given the complexity of language and the current limitations of AI, discerning clear-cut rules to determine a valid complaint is challenging, so human moderation is very necessary.



Read more from our opinion section: <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blockchain-audits-ey">Stop calling them audits</a>



Because some processes will always require a degree of trust, it is crucial to develop protocols that effectively monitor and manage trust assumptions, so as to identify their potential blind spots and fortify them against manipulation. These protocols can pin-point dependencies, reveal potential vulnerabilities and assess the trustworthiness of network participants. For example, users could see how many others trust a website before sharing their personal data, turning blind trust into an informed, measured decision that enhances security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Leveraging the power of trust</h2>



There has never been a more critical time to rethink how we handle trust online. As our digital and real-world identities become more intertwined, the consequences of misplaced trust grow increasingly dire. And while embracing trustlessness is ideal for certain use cases, a more effective solution for others may lie somewhere on the spectrum.



By developing and leveraging better tools to monitor and evaluate digital trust, we can gain deeper insights into online security and create a safer environment for everyone. Strengthening these trust mechanisms is not just important — it’s necessary. We deserve an online world where reliability and safety are the standard, not the exception.



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The fatal errors plaguing the internet, and how we can fix them

David Canellis

Casey Wagner

Katherine Ross

The internet turned 35 earlier this week, and it seems only fitting that Ethereum would undergo arguably its largest upgrade ever just one day later.



Ethereum’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/ethereum-dencun-upgrade-mainnet">Dencun</a> hard fork went off <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/blast-pauses-block-production">mostly</a> without a hitch on Wednesday. Its arrival delivered a bevy of nine improvement proposals, with the blob-centric EIP-4844 being by far the most memeable.



For more than a decade after Tim Bernes-Lee (himself a <a href="https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22557765/www-nft-tim-berners-lee-sothebys-source-code">dabbler</a> in NFTs) first conceived the World Wide Web, internet users languished inside a slow, cumbersome internet plagued by bandwidth bottlenecks.&nbsp;



Dial-up modems could only handle up to about 50 kilobytes per second. The platforms we now take for granted — YouTube, Spotify, Twitch and TikTok —&nbsp;were as unfeasible back then as high-frequency trading on many layer-1 DEXs are today.



The arrival of broadband in the early 2000s immediately 10x’d consumer-grade internet to 512 kb/sec. Impossible ideas could now be realized into billion-dollar dot-com powerhouses, radically overhauling the dynamics of our culture and turning us all terminally online.



Now, two decades later, TV is all but dead, replaced by a gamut of streaming services. AR headsets backed by hyper-fast wireless blend our physical worlds with the same digital space that Bernes-Lee laid out in his 1989 paper outlining the web.



What broadband did for the internet, blobs are now doing for Ethereum.



Blobs give the raft of layer-2s their own space through which to post transactions to the Ethereum mainnet without clogging up the blockspace intended for other users.



They have their own fee market, which means regular folk and their protocols of choice won’t have to compete with rollups and sidechains for blockspace — leading to lower fees for all involved.



Dencun and its blobs have already massively <a href="https://dune.com/Marcov/layer-2-transaction-cost">reduced</a> fees for the layer-2s that have adopted the new rules. For example, Optimism and Base fees are down to a fraction of an American penny per transaction compared to nearly $1 before the fork.



YouTube debuted in 2005, a half-decade after the rollout of the first consumer-grade broadband services. Justin.tv, the precursor to Twitch, came two years later.



It could be that layer-2 fees rise over time as more layer-2s compete for blobspace. The true impact of Ethereum’s successful push toward a cohesive and holistic multi-chain ecosystem, powered by “blobband,&#8221; probably won’t be felt for years to come.



But the groundwork has now been laid. Welcome to Ethereum’s blobband era.



— David Canellis



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Data Digest</h2>



🙃 Solana has <a href="https://defillama.com/chains">flipped</a> Ethereum layer-2 Arbitrum for total value locked (TVL) to become the fourth largest DeFi ecosystem — a first since November 2021.&nbsp;



🌊 A quarter of a billion dollars was <a href="https://www.coinglass.com/LiquidationData">liquidated</a> on centralized exchanges over the past 24 hours, 60% longs.



🤪 Memecoin mania puts Solana number-one for DEX volume over the past day — $1.45 billion to BSC&#8217;s $1.14 billion



😴 All quiet on the crypto front as BTC hovers around $73,000 as ETH sits just below $4,000.&nbsp;



✋No budge in the benchmarks: S&amp;P and the Dow were flat during the pre-market trade. That’s no surprise, considering the VIX’s drop to 14 from its long-term average of 20.&nbsp;



✅ Good news: A bull market with a high VIX tends to spell “bubble trouble” — so lower volatility with higher prices may be a boon for traders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Is the SEC in the crypto market’s rear-view mirror?</h2>



The crypto pump is upon us.&nbsp;



<a href="https://blockworks.co/price/sol">SOL</a> is up 18% this week and almost 50% over the month. Binance’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/bnb">BNB</a> and <a href="https://blockworks.co/price/fil">Filecoin</a> are each up more than 80% over the past 30 days. Wormhole’s Portal Bridge has facilitated more than $113 million in transfers from Ethereum to alt chains like Solana, Sui, and Arbitrum over the past week.



Has the market forgotten that in the eyes of the SEC, they are all securities? Probably. Or maybe traders are just confident that Coinbase and Binance will emerge victorious in their legal battles with the regulator.&nbsp;



In June 2023, the SEC filed back-to-back lawsuits against Coinbase and Binance for allegedly selling unregistered securities, among other things. The regulator named <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/judge-questions-sec-limits-coinbase-hearing">13 cryptocurrencies available on Coinbase</a> and <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/binance-sec-hearing-motion-dismiss">ten that trade on Binance securities</a> —&nbsp;despite none of these issuers being named co-defendants in the cases.



The SEC has also not filed any individual lawsuits against these alleged security token issuers, opting to take a different approach than it did in 2020 when it sued Ripple over its XRP token —&nbsp;a suit that ultimately did not play out in the regulator’s favor.



Both cases are still playing out in the legal system, and you might remember the SEC was notably absent from the Department of Justice’s <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/binance-settlement-message-to-crypto-industry">historic $4.3 billion settlement</a> with Binance back in November.



But if you look at token prices, you’d think the SEC had dropped the cases.



Coinbase and Binance are both waiting for rulings in their <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/coinbase-pushes-to-dismiss-sec-lawsuit">motions to dismiss</a> their respective cases. If the suits are not fully dismissed, the exchanges will move on to the discovery process.&nbsp;



— Casey Wagner



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">MicroStrategy keeps its foot on the gas&nbsp;</h2>



Can’t stop, won’t stop?



After offering an oversubscribed round where MicroStrategy (MSTR) raised nearly $800 million in senior convertible notes — mind you, they initially sought to raise $600 million before upsizing to $700 million last week — the company has proposed <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/microstrategy-second-convertible-senior-notes-offering">another $500 million</a> in convertible notes.



MSTR could, all-in-all, raise around $1.3 billion from its convertible notes offerings to fund its bitcoin purchases.



While this represents a new approach to the same tactic we’ve seen from MSTR in the past, Michael Saylor’s firm might have found a way to ensure that the stock remains more <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/microstrategy-stock-vs-bitcoin-etf">attractive than the bevy of bitcoin ETFs</a> on the market today.



By the numbers: MSTR has about $48 million in cash on hand as of December, but it has roughly $15 billion worth of bitcoin at current prices.



It’s fair to note that while the company may spend that cash on hand, MicroStrategy appears to largely plan to add to its BTC hoard. The stock was around before the bitcoin ETFs, and so far, it looks like it won’t only stick around, but may even outperform.&nbsp;



Compare IBIT and MSTR, for example. MSTR is outperforming BlackRock’s ETF even as the <a href="https://blockworks.co/news/microstrategy-bitcoin-supply-rivals-blackrock-ibit">two go head-to-head over who holds the most bitcoin</a>.



MSTR’s bitcoin buying spree has proven to be a win-win for them: Wall Street’s happy and, more importantly, the crypto crowd goes bonkers when the company announces a new buy. And, trust me, the company is always announcing new buys. This year alone, MSTR has bought nearly 16,000 bitcoin.



Adding to that, when bitcoin’s price rockets, so does the company’s stock. The company, at the end of 2023, was trading around $680. Now, the stock is getting close to $2,000 — up 200% in the last three months alone.



Suffice to say, Saylor and MSTR keep hodling. The company isn’t afraid to hit the buy button — even if it means raising some debt to do so — and the most recent debt offerings show that the company’s appetite remains ravenous.



—&nbsp;Katherine Ross



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Works</h2>



Welcome to The Works 👋 Your daily slice of crypto (and not-so-crypto) from around the Web. 🕸️



💸 Bakkt against the wall? The publicly-traded crypto company once owned by finance giant Intercontinental Exchange is facing an existential dilemma after <a href="https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/full?dockey=600-202403131740BIZWIRE_USPRX____20240313_BW401585-1">receiving a notice</a> from NYSE about its sub-$1 share price.&nbsp;



Bakkt’s been below a buck since the end of February, but it’s pledging to “cure” the problem. Stay tuned.&nbsp;



🧠 The crypto team at Franklin Templeton <a href="https://twitter.com/FTI_DA/status/1767969299350610040/photo/1">thinks</a> “meme coins have a strong relationship with their native networks.” The top response on X? “[w]e need a memecoin ETF” —&nbsp;something we’re sure Gary Gensler would love.&nbsp;



🐕Speaking of memecoins: X owner Elon Musk, visiting Tesla’s Berlin manufacturing plant, was asked when people can buy a car with dogecoin.&nbsp;



Musk’s response, according to a video from <a href="https://twitter.com/dogeofficialceo/status/1768087572234793050">X user @dogeofficialceo</a>: “At some point, I think we should enable that.” He then talked up how people can buy merch with the dog-themed memecoin.&nbsp;



🌱 A bitcoin ETF proposed last December would load up on 20% carbon credits, per a new <a href="https://www.nyse.com/publicdocs/nyse/markets/nyse-arca/rule-filings/filings/2024/SR-NYSEARCA-2024-27.pdf">regulatory filing</a>.&nbsp;



🤬 The CEO of Palantir, Alex Karp, is a bit, uh, <a href="https://twitter.com/micsolana/status/1768014042105253902">steaming mad</a> about short sellers.&nbsp;



😕 Today’s <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/6bba4771-a455-41f1-ba3b-2b9f43add832">why-is-this-a-crypto headline</a>: “What the Kate Middleton story tells us about bitcoin”



The short answer, per the FT’s Bryce Elder: “[a]bsolutely nothing.” Okie doke.&nbsp;



🚚 BitKey, Jack Dorsey’s bitcoin hardware wallet play, is (finally?) <a href="https://twitter.com/jack/status/1768003624330731842?s=46&amp;t=C4aoT7YJCbO_BZ2A-sRi4A">enroute</a> to people’s mailboxes. Get excited.&nbsp;&nbsp;



⚖️ Finders keepers: Australia’s finance regulator <a href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/8555694/asic-loses-case-over-comparison-sites-crypto-service/?cs=14231">lost a legal fight</a> against the Finder Wallet Pty Ltd, with a court saying the firm did not offer an unlicensed financial service.&nbsp;



🔬 Researchers over at the Bank of International Settlements <a href="https://www.bis.org/publ/work1171.pdf">dug into</a> DeFi borrower behavior in a new study.&nbsp;



🤔Summing it up: Investor and AngelList co-founder Naval Ravikant <a href="https://twitter.com/naval/status/1768130605613818092">believes</a> that crypto is “adversarial venture capital.” Makes you think.&nbsp;



—&nbsp;Michael McSweeney



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Morning Riff</h2>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1057" height="359" src="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-82500" srcset="https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=1057 1057w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=300 300w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=1024 1024w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=768 768w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=428 428w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=470 470w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=389 389w, https://blockworks-co.imgix.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/image.jpeg?w=80 80w" sizes="(max-width: 1057px) 100vw, 1057px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Translation: We’re so back (<a href="https://twitter.com/naval/status/1768143338929258932">source</a>)</figcaption></figure>



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Start your day with top crypto insights from David Canellis and Katherine Ross. <a href="https://blockworks.co/newsletter/empire">Subscribe to the Empire newsletter</a>.



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Blobs, MSTR and more: This is Ethereum’s broadband moment

Max Widmer

In the beginning there was the internet, and the internet was good.&nbsp;



It’s the underlying premise of Chris Dixon’s <a href="https://readwriteown.com/">Read Write Own</a> — a book about blockchains that anyone can read. For an industry plagued by a struggle to communicate its vision en masse, Dixon’s a timely messenger. He’s also one of the more <a href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/chris-dixon/?list=midas&amp;sh=4d8e05b85355">prescient</a> investors you’ll find in emerging tech today.&nbsp;



Dixon embarked on Read Write Own a few weeks before FTX collapsed, when the industry’s sentiment was already plummeting. For a while, it appeared like the curtains were closing on crypto, a burgeoning movement repeatedly battered by a litany of bad faith scams and what some might consider a “branding problem.” Public disillusion had grown so widespread, thought Dixon, that people were blinded to the revolutionary elements the technology actually possessed. He couldn’t escape a gnawing sense that someone was going to have to articulate the blockchain thesis in layman&#8217;s terms, and that someone would have to be him.&nbsp;


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<figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/hAYgeQEN1djE5Np-t_Lo6G4FT33nosmyBIbMbp3arrG2cS5treMAX4hRVxbBWrDTLaWyI5Imzot1y9Cm68vaLnn_-1_5thFziXOn_GfvBlMpHzXFD4arQyw7Gq5EdsK-Vp8eVfQqWfegiqiSfJrxkXU" alt="" style="object-fit:cover;width:150px;height:150px"/></figure></div>


Read Write Own, by Chris Dixon (2024)



Weathered crypto enthusiasts will find a freshly-glossed blockchain thesis in Read Write Own, a book they can proudly hand out to skeptical friends and concerned in-laws. But in the humble opinion of this writer, Dixon didn&#8217;t write the book for weathered crypto enthusiasts; he wrote it for anyone still scratching their heads over what crypto is trying to solve.



Dixon has a real gift for explaining technical jargon to nontechnical readers. It’s a sorely needed skill in an industry famous for its perplexity. I, for one, felt like I was wearing a new pair of glasses as I flipped through Read Write Own, grateful for a clarity I hadn’t known existed.&nbsp;



In the book’s early chapters, we are transported to the mid-90’s internet with Lorax-ian nostalgia. What we find is a vast, uncorrupted frontier; the conditions ripe for a bustling and harmonious habitat. These were the halcyon days, where you could build whatever you wanted, and own whatever you built. In Dixon’s retelling of the early web, you can practically hear the birds chirp; breathe the fresh, unpolluted air; make out the Truffula Trees lining the horizon.&nbsp;


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<figure class="aligncenter is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4qk4JSFtvEc4CU4wsuoSs6ZsbQl8P1qt_P1Sfmylk2yuXT4AdT_jIAM1hnXc3t5nLkiyaIZnfTU_R9QNU06iic4aiATZt-izF3sMjrRbE6iFRj0Q_lDm_zXfzM6000oqTuxIx6G1Q61-sPCvU0bc_5E" alt="" style="object-fit:cover;width:150px;height:150px"/></figure></div>


The Lorax, by Dr. Seuss (1971), A story about&nbsp; a vulnerable ecosystem that comes under attack



The early web inflamed the hearts and minds of artists, philosophers and entrepreneurs — pioneers who arrived like westward prospectors drawn to gold. Early on in Read Write Own, Dixon introduces initial settlers like John Perry Barlow, a poet-turned-activist who spent the sixties dropping acid with <a href="https://www.wired.com/story/the-ghost-of-john-perry-barlow-lives-in-his-posthumous-memoir/">Timothy Leary</a> and writing lyrics for the Grateful Dead. Barlow would go on to draft a <a href="https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence">declaration</a> for a free and open internet, in which he scripture-ized what he believed were the fundamental assurances of cyberspace: “A world that all could enter without privilege or prejudice;” a world where “anyone, anywhere could express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity;” a world “independent of tyrannies.”



With the patience of a high school history teacher, Dixon reminds us that this “land” was not ruled by an empire or a king or an unelected governing body; it was designed without borders or jurisdictions or tithes. Instead, it was built on a decentralized&nbsp; protocol network called the open web — a technological breakthrough more seismic for humanity than the printing press.



The rules of a decentralized network, advises Dixon, can be thought of like the rules of a language. A language is governed by a social consensus. It’s why anyone fluent in English, for example, can speak with any other English speaker anywhere in the world; and they can do so freely, equally and without restriction. The rules of a language aren’t imposed by anyone in power, they’re imposed by the community itself. Break the rules, there’s a risk no one will understand you. Break the rules, and you cease to interoperate.



Next, you can think of a protocol network like a highway system. Highway systems are free, open and anyone can build on top of them. The more that people build on top of a highway system, the more the highway system gets used, which organically attracts more things to be built along it.&nbsp;



Decentralized protocol networks are governed like languages and provide infrastructure like highway systems. It’s a helpful way of remembering things.


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A modern urban highway system. Source: Shutterstock/Captain Wang



Around the time Barlow wrote his treatise, Dixon dropped out of Columbia to pursue a career in the internet full time. He’d been on track to earn a doctorate in Ancient Philosophy, but the egalitarian promises of the open web were too compelling to ignore. “I was attracted by this amazing, amazing promise of a network that was truly decentralized and owned by the users,” he recently told writer and YouTuber <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzU51vGn59c">David Perell on a podcast</a>. “To me that was a remarkable thing, that we would link all the computers in the world, and we would do it in a way where there was no kind of intermediary that was taking tolls, money, power and control.”&nbsp;



It’s no secret that Dixon’s blockchain thesis is inspired by his philosophical roots or that he still loves the liberal arts. Abstract digital concepts are littered throughout Read Write Own, but they are routinely dismantled and conjured with new life. Take the way he writes about software, for example:



“Software is special because it has a nearly unbounded range of expressiveness […] [Software] is the encoding of human thought, just like writing or painting or cave drawing […] Software is so expressive that it is better thought of not as engineering but as an art form. The plasticity and flexibility of code offer an immensely rich design space, far closer in the breadth of possibilities to creative activities like sculpting and fiction writing than engineering activities like bridge building.”



One thing Dixon noticed right away about the internet of the 90’s was how it felt skeuomorphic — it was mainly utilized for digital adaptations of pre-internet things, like letter writing and mail-order commerce. This is a concept he <a href="https://cdixon.org/2020/10/19/doing-old-things-better-vs-doing-brand-new-things">comes back</a> to often, and a threadline I enjoyed revisiting. Skeuomorphic is the word Dixon uses to describe the way humans hold onto the past as we dip our toes into the future. This usually flares up at the onset of irreversible technological shifts. The symptoms include suppression of imagination, and groundbreaking things not appearing groundbreaking at all.&nbsp;



“The best ideas,” says Dixon, “seem strange at first or are not yet imagined.” 



Skeuomorphic is why Gutenberg’s first prints were made to look like handwritten bibles; why the first automobiles were branded as “<a href="https://nickwidmer.substack.com/p/horseless-carriages-are-worth-understanding">horseless carriages</a>&#8221;; and why early films were shot like plays. It wasn’t until filmmakers discovered that movies had their own “visual grammar,” as Dixon puts it, that filmmaking started to get exciting.  



Shortly after its skeuomorphic adolescence, the internet lost its innocence. Dixon marks this as the early 2000’s, when business models on the internet became “native.” This was when it became clear for entrepreneurs that owning a network outright was a lot more lucrative than sharing value with users, and when corporate networks became the biggest new landowners on the open web (I thought about it like the part in The Lorax when the tractors roll in).&nbsp;



Dixon describes the corporate network model as “walled gardens with one groundskeeper” or “theme parks controlled by a megacorp.” I envisioned them as superstores falling from the sky and landing on the highway of the open web with a meteoric thud.



Dixon has no problem with superstores at face value. They arrive along the highway with sleek new features and disruptive applications, and when they get popular, traffic starts pouring in. Superstores have absolutely brought mass appeal to the internet. The problem, urges Dixon, has to do with the “ecosystem” of the internet, and how that ecosystem is impacted by superstores.&nbsp;



Today, a handful of corporations run the internet via corporate networks. They’ve become so popular and crushed competition so forcefully, that many users have forgotten there’s a highway system out there at all. Unlike decentralized networks, superstores need to “attract and extract” users in order to survive. When they get big enough, warns Dixon, superstores begin to exert a gravitational force all on their own — sucking all the life out of the ecosystem and into their orbit. My interpretation was this: When there’s only a handful of superstores on the internet, the internet becomes a company town, and when the internet becomes a company town, you become a product. And that, my friends, is not the internet John Perry Barlow imagined.&nbsp;



Today, the open web has had its canopy chopped. The top 1% of social networks account for 95% of social web traffic. The top 1% of search engines account for 97% of search traffic. That’s just the start. Should this trend continue, Dixon believes we’re looking at a deeply unfortunate online future. Kind of like an episode of Black Mirror, where users of the internet, Dixon says, “will become no better than serfs toiling in a field for the benefit of a corporate overlord.”&nbsp;



Blockchain networks, it turns out, are not built like walled gardens or theme parks or superstores — they’re built like cities. A city, says Dixon, that’s “built from the bottom up by the people who inhabit it […] where users have meaningful choices, rights and agency […] built by everybody, for everybody.” It’s also the simplified promise of Dixon’s blockchain thesis: “To restore a healthy civic life to the digital world.”&nbsp;



Read Write Own is a book about abstract ecological problems that anyone can read. That’s not a sentence you can typically say with a straight face, but in this case I believe it’s the truth. More than anything, though, it’s a book about restoring harmony. Not because we have to, but because we should.&nbsp;



The internet is broken. What if we can fix it?&nbsp;



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>


<div class="wp-block-post-author-biography">Max is Senior Brand Partner at Blockworks, where he consults businesses on their marketing strategies for the Digital Asset space. He is particularly interested in the way emerging technologies are influencing society and culture. He is based in NYC.</div>


<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



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The internet is broken. What if we can fix it?: On Chris Dixon’s ‘Read Write Own’

<div id="highlights-block_628d560713130" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li> Without substantial improvements to the country’s internet and electricity infrastructure, the plans will not make it far, experts warned</li>
 <li>“Project Sango” plans to create a digital national bank, a crypto wallet and infrastructure that will allow for property payments to be made in bitcoin</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Less than two months after adopting bitcoin as <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/central-african-republic-looks-for-quick-wins-becomes-second-country-to-adopt-bitcoin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">legal tender</a>, the Central African Republic has launched a “crypto hub” designed to attract people working in digital assets.



The program, “Project Sango,” includes plans to create a digital national bank, a crypto wallet and infrastructure that will allow for property payments to be made in bitcoin, according to an <a href="https://sango.org/sango.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">online presentation</a> the government released in tandem with a <a href="https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0NMB9KS92GbwaveRhi2n4FCGCTHaPS1jNhDkA2Rspzp1e6EAEea9BDVKrQ4mKT5yAl&amp;id=100068314766662&amp;m_entstream_source=timeline" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Facebook post</a> Monday.&nbsp;



The project will roll out legal cryptocurrency policies in phases, with plans to create a “crypto island” at some point.&nbsp;



The plans come as many question the role crypto can play in a country that lacks substantial digital infrastructure.&nbsp;



“This is a country with such limited internet availability, and, for that matter, limited availability of electricity,” said Steve Aschettino, a Norton Rose Fulbright partner concentrating on fintech. “To be able to enable bitcoin transactions requires at least two things: electricity and the internet.”&nbsp;



The Central African Republic plans to “finalize” the “Central African Backbone,” the fiber-optic Internet backbone connecting several countries in Africa, by the end of the year, making its blockchain ambitions possible, the country said.&nbsp;



The sandbox-like initiative is the latest example of emerging markets leaning into blockchain tech. Argentina recently rolled out a so-called “<a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/argentina-moves-to-incubate-crypto-startups-under-regulatory-eye/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovation hub</a>” that allows fintech and cryptocurrency startups to build under regulators’ watchful eyes. <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/panama-moves-forward-with-crypto-regulation-bill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Panama</a> and <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/jamaica-to-launch-cbdc-this-summer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jamaica</a> are also exploring crypto regulation and related use cases.&nbsp;



“Having embedded compliance and embedded supervision is something that can really accelerate innovation,” said Carmelle Cadet, founder and CEO of CBDC infrastructure provider EMTECH. “If you&#8217;re waiting for the regulatory framework to be in place before the innovation, that&#8217;s not happening right now.”&nbsp;



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



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Shrugging Off Crypto Doubters, Central African Republic Forges Ahead

Jacquelyn Melinek

<div id="highlights-block_61f075101ef5c" class="highlights">
 <ul>
 <li>“Blockchain offers us capabilities the internet couldn’t,” Animoca&#8217;s CEO said</li>
 <li>The company raised $359 million earlier this month in a round led by Liberty City Ventures</li>
 </ul>
 
</div>



Making a break from centralized platforms and connecting directly with creators is key to carving out Animoca Brands’ niche in the metaverse, the startup’s CEO told Blockworks.



“We believe that in the battle between content and distribution, content is king,” CEO Robby Yung said. “In the world of Web3, content will win out over distribution because we will see content itself becoming the platform.”



Yung pointed to the company’s recent <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/the-sandbox-parent-animoca-brands-raises-359m-to-build-out-open-metaverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nine-digit fundraise</a> as providing resources to build out its vision for the metaverse and enable digital ownership. 



In Yung’s view, nurturing the development of alt-chains and building toward a multi-chain future are key considerations for an open metaverse. Animoca — which incubates and backs NFT, blockchain gaming and metaverse projects — has supported development on blockchains including Flow and Polygon.&nbsp;



“[The metaverse] is attributable to openness, the multi-chain interoperable world, a diversity of platforms — many layer-1 and layer-2 chains that people can build on top of,” he said. “[The] last thing blockchain needs is ‘winners,’ and when we all coalesce around Ethereum, for example, that may not be good for innovation.”&nbsp;



And the market for individual ownership of virtual items will only grow as the metaverse expands, Yung said.&nbsp;



“Blockchain offers us capabilities the internet couldn’t,” Yung said. “There’s digital ownership of digital goods, which we feel is a game changer in how we conduct our lives online.”



Platforms now have too much power over the dissemination of copyrighted content, the CEO said.&nbsp;



“They were renting from platforms [like Netflix],” he said. “While it works for copyright holders, it doesn’t provide value to customers or return to creators of the content, either. Most of the value is taken by platforms distributing it.”.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">In the pioneering phase</h3>



As Animoca eyes new investments, it’s paramount for the company to key in on transparent businesses, Yung said.&nbsp;



It has previously backed over 150 NFT and metaverse-related companies, including OpenSea, <a href="https://cms.blockworks.co/dapper-labs-backer-animoca-scores-85m-to-further-invest-in-the-metaverse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dapper Labs</a>, Axie Infinity and Yield Guild Games. The firm is also the parent company of The Sandbox.



“We’re still in the pioneering phase of building out content verticals and technology platforms,” Yung saud.&nbsp;



Though it’s matured a great deal, the metaverse and the entire idea of digital ownership remains nascent, Yung said.&nbsp;



“The products out in the market aren’t indicative of where this industry will be 3 years from now,” Yung said. “Now that we have matured, you’re going to see products reflective of what the future holds, compared to last year and the year before because those were built on shoe strings.”