Crypto wallets patch zero-day vulnerabilities to safeguard user funds

Leading multi-party computation wallet providers, including Coinbase, Binance and ZenGo, have patched critical vulnerabilities discovered in widely used cryptographic protocols, potentially affecting millions of users.

Dubbed BitForge, the vulnerabilities identified and unveiled by the Fireblocks Cryptography Research Team on Wednesday could have allowed attackers to steal private keys from users’ wallets.

The disclosed vulnerabilities “effectively downgrade the protection offered by the MPC system to that of a conventional single key system,” Idan Ofrat, co-founder and chief product officer at Fireblocks told Blockworks.

GG-18 and GG-20 protocols were found to be vulnerable at the pseudocode level — the inherent design or logic of the protocols — enabling attackers to exploit the flaw by exfiltrating the full private key, a Fireblocks spokesperson said.

In simpler terms, it’s like having a flaw in the blueprint of a building. Even if you build the structure perfectly according to the blueprint, the flaw is inherent in the design itself.

“BitForge only impacts MPC wallet providers that utilize the GG-18, GG-20, and Lindell17 protocols,” the spokesperson said. “Even if another provider is using a different MPC [multi-party computation] protocol, it is important to ensure they undergo regular code audits and have the cryptography resources to immediately patch security vulnerabilities.”

Some implementations required just 16 signatures for key extraction, while others could have necessitated as many as 1 billion. The Lindell17 vulnerability, on the other hand, emerged from wallet providers deviating from the protocol’s academic paper, which has since been updated. 

The vulnerability created a backdoor for attackers to expose part of the private key when signing fails, Fireblocks said. In 2020, the GG protocols were updated to patch an earlier vulnerability, but these modifications inadvertently created additional flaws. 

Fireblocks is advising all providers implementing these protocols to include required zero-knowledge proofs to enhance security. Users can check their exposure status through the BitForge Status Tracker.

While major players like Coinbase have resolved the vulnerabilities, the risk to smaller providers underscores the need to consult security experts to stay a step ahead, Fireblocks co-founder and CTO Pavel Berengoltz said.

“In cybersecurity, It is a common protocol for security researchers to provide information about a vulnerability they discovered to affected vendors privately and give the vendors 90 days to fix the vulnerability prior to disclosing it to the general public,” Ofrat said. “This allows the vendor ample time to mitigate the vulnerability while also making sure that security issues are eventually published for the public good to advance the entire ecosystem forward.”

Fireblocks identified 16 affected providers and open-source libraries but refrained from publicly naming the companies, emphasizing industry collaboration and providing a chance for fixes. 

“As GG-18, GG-20, and Lindell17 are some of the most popular MPC protocols used by wallet providers, we wanted to provide users with the ability to find out whether they are currently impacted by BitForge,” the spokesperson said.

Ofrat recommends that wallet users check with their providers or consult Fireblocks’ BitForge Status Tracker to see if their wallet may be affected.

James Cirrone contributed reporting.

---

Get the news in your inbox. Explore Blockworks newsletters:

• The Breakdown: Decoding crypto and the markets. Daily.
• Empire: Crypto news and analysis to start your day.
• Forward Guidance: The intersection of crypto, macro and policy.
• 0xResearch: Alpha directly in your inbox.
• Lightspeed: All things Solana.
• The Drop: Apps, games, memes and more.
• Supply Shock: Bitcoin, bitcoin, bitcoin.